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Greenhalgh R, Klure DM, Orr TJ, Armstrong NM, Shapiro MD, Dearing MD. The desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) induces a diversity of biotransformation genes in response to creosote bush resin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 280:109870. [PMID: 38428625 PMCID: PMC11006593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Liver biotransformation enzymes have long been thought to enable animals to feed on diets rich in xenobiotic compounds. However, despite decades of pharmacological research in humans and rodents, little is known about hepatic gene expression in specialized mammalian herbivores feeding on toxic diets. Leveraging a recently identified population of the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) found to be highly tolerant to toxic creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), we explored the expression changes of suites of biotransformation genes in response to diets enriched with varying amounts of creosote resin. Analysis of hepatic RNA-seq data indicated a dose-dependent response to these compounds, including the upregulation of several genes encoding transcription factors and numerous phase I, II, and III biotransformation families. Notably, elevated expression of five biotransformation families - carboxylesterases, cytochromes P450, aldo-keto reductases, epoxide hydrolases, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases - corresponded to species-specific duplication events in the genome, suggesting that these genes play a prominent role in N. lepida's adaptation to creosote bush. Building on pharmaceutical studies in model rodents, we propose a hypothesis for how the differentially expressed genes are involved in the biotransformation of creosote xenobiotics. Our results provide some of the first details about how these processes likely operate in the liver of a specialized mammalian herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Greenhalgh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Dylan M Klure
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Teri J Orr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Noah M Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - M Denise Dearing
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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2
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Zhou YH, Gallins PJ, Etheridge AS, Jima D, Scholl E, Wright FA, Innocenti F. A resource for integrated genomic analysis of the human liver. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15151. [PMID: 36071064 PMCID: PMC9452507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we generated whole-transcriptome RNA-Seq from n = 192 genotyped liver samples and used these data with existing data from the GTEx Project (RNA-Seq) and previous liver eQTL (microarray) studies to create an enhanced transcriptomic sequence resource in the human liver. Analyses of genotype-expression associations show pronounced enrichment of associations with genes of drug response. The associations are primarily consistent across the two RNA-Seq datasets, with some modest variation, indicating the importance of obtaining multiple datasets to produce a robust resource. We further used an empirical Bayesian model to compare eQTL patterns in liver and an additional 20 GTEx tissues, finding that MHC genes, and especially class II genes, are enriched for liver-specific eQTL patterns. To illustrate the utility of the resource to augment GWAS analysis with small sample sizes, we developed a novel meta-analysis technique to combine several liver eQTL data sources. We also illustrate its application using a transcriptome-enhanced re-analysis of a study of neutropenia in pancreatic cancer patients. The associations of genotype with liver expression, including splice variation and its genetic associations, are made available in a searchable genome browser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Paul J Gallins
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Amy S Etheridge
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dereje Jima
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth Scholl
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Federico Innocenti
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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3
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Ban Y, Wang Y, Li H, Wang Y, Li D, Yang J. Thioamide directed iridium(I)-catalyzed C-H arylation of ferrocenes with aryl boronic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5759-5763. [PMID: 35801428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00863g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first Ir(I)-catalyzed thioamide-assisted C-H arylation of ferrocenes with aryl boronic acids under base-free mild reaction conditions in the presence of Ag2CO3 as an oxidant with eco-friendly 2-MeTHF as a solvent was developed. This reaction has a wide range of substrates (37 examples) and functional group tolerance (18-94% yields), and provides promising access to aryl thioamide-ferrocene compounds with good yields and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ban
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, PR China.
| | - Jinhui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, 489 Helanshan West Road, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, PR China.
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4
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Vale N, Duarte D, Correia A, Alves C, Figueiredo P, Santos HA. New insights into ethionamide metabolism: influence of oxidized methionine on its degradation path. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1423-1428. [PMID: 34095849 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH) is a commercial drug, used as a second-line resource to neutralize Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. It is proven that its metabolization in the organism leads to the formation of the active form of the drug, but some metabolic pathways may lead to the loss of its activity. Our work proved that the presence of oxidized methionine in cells could influence ETH's degradation, leading to the appearance of an inactive metabolite that is detectable by HPLC and mass spectrometry. In addition, it was found this process increases with the degree of methionine oxidation. This study contributes to a better understanding of ethionamide's metabolism in living organisms, and can help in the design of new drugs or ethionamide boosters for the combat of multidrug resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 4200-450 Porto Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro 4200-319 Porto Portugal
| | - Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 4200-450 Porto Portugal.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Cláudia Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
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5
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Jelińska A, Zając M, Dadej A, Tomczak S, Geszke-Moritz M, Muszalska-Kolos I. Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:630-656. [PMID: 30457045 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181120100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in the history of human civilization since time immemorial and has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease. It is still considered one of the ten most common epidemiologic causes of death in the world. As a transmissible disease, it is initiated by rod-shaped (bacillus) mycobacteria. The management of tuberculosis became possible owing to several discoveries beginning in 1882 with the isolation of the TB bacillus by Robert Koch. The diagnosis of TB was enabled by finding a staining method for TB bacteria identification (1883). It was soon realized that a large-scale policy for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis was necessary, which resulted in the foundation of International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1902). An antituberculosis vaccine was developed in 1921 and has been in therapeutic use since then. TB treatment regimens have changed over the decades and the latest recommendations are known as Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS, WHO 1993). METHODS A search of bibliographic databases was performed for peer-reviewed research literature. A focused review question and inclusion criteria were applied. Standard tools were used to assess the quality of retrieved papers. RESULTS A total of 112 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The paper overviews anti-TB drugs according to their mechanism of action. The chemical structure, metabolism and unwanted effects of such drugs have been discussed. The most recent treatment regimens and new drugs, including those in clinical trials, are also presented. CONCLUSION Despite a 22% decrease in the tuberculosis fatality rate observed between 2000 and 2015, the disease remains one of the ten prime causes of death worldwide. Increasing bacterial resistance and expensive, prolonged therapies are the main reasons for efforts to find effective drugs or antituberculosis regimens, especially to cure multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jelińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Zając
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Dadej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Tomczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Geszke-Moritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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6
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Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) catalyze the oxygenation of numerous foreign chemicals. This review considers the roles of FMOs in the metabolism of endogenous substrates and in physiological processes, and focuses on FMOs of human and mouse. Tyramine, phenethylamine, trimethylamine, cysteamine, methionine, lipoic acid and lipoamide have been identified as endogenous or dietary-derived substrates of FMOs in vitro. However, with the exception of trimethylamine, the role of FMOs in the metabolism of these compounds in vivo is unclear. The use, as experimental models, of knockout-mouse lines deficient in various Fmo genes has revealed previously unsuspected roles for FMOs in endogenous metabolic processes. FMO1 has been identified as a novel regulator of energy balance that acts to promote metabolic efficiency, and also as being involved in the biosynthesis of taurine, by catalyzing the S-oxygenation of hypotaurine. FMO5 has been identified as a regulator of metabolic ageing and glucose homeostasis that apparently acts by sensing or responding to gut bacteria. Thus, FMOs do not function only as xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and there is a risk that exposure to drugs and environmental chemicals that are substrates or inducers of FMOs would perturb the endogenous functions of these enzymes.
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7
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3): genetic variants and their consequences for drug metabolism and disease. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:19-33. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1643515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Phillips
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Shephard
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Nguyen PTT, Parvez MM, Kim MJ, Yoo SE, Ahn S, Ghim JL, Shin JG. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions With Ethionamide Involving Impact of Genetic Polymorphism on FMO3. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:880-889. [PMID: 30690726 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The widely used second-line antituberculosis drug ethionamide shows wide interindividual variability in its disposition; however, the relevant factors affecting this phenomenon have not been characterized. We previously reported the major contribution of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in the reductive elimination pathway of ethionamide. In this study, ethionamide metabolism was potentially inhibited by methimazole in vitro. The drug-drug interaction leading to methimazole affecting the disposition of ethionamide mediated by FMO3 was then quantitated using a bottom-up approach with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic framework. The maximum concentration (Cmax ) and area under the curve (AUC) of ethionamide were estimated to increase by 13% and 16%, respectively, when coadministered with methimazole. Subsequently, we explored the effect of FMO3 genetic polymorphism on metabolic capacity, by constructing 2 common functional variants, Lys158 -FMO3 and Gly308 -FMO3. Compared to the wild type, recombinant Lys158 -FMO3 and Gly308 -FMO3 variants significantly decreased the intrinsic clearance of ethionamide by 2% and 24%, respectively. Two prevalent functional variants of FMO3 were predicted to affect ethionamide disposition, with mean ratios of Cmax and AUC of up to 1.5 and 1.7, respectively, in comparison with the wild type. In comparing single ethionamide administration with the wild type, simulations of the combined effects of comedications and FMO3 genetic polymorphism estimated that the Cmax and AUC ratios of ethionamide increased up to 1.7 and 2.0, respectively. These findings suggested that FMO3-mediated drug-drug interaction and genetic polymorphism could be important determinants of interindividual heterogeneity in ethionamide disposition that need to be considered comprehensively to optimize the personalized dosing of ethionamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Lyul Ghim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Nguyen PTT, Parvez MM, Kim MJ, Ho Lee J, Ahn S, Ghim JL, Shin JG. Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Ethionamide in the Pediatric Population by Integrating Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 Maturational Changes Over Time. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:1347-1360. [PMID: 29878384 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Currently, ethionamide is the most frequently prescribed second-line antituberculosis drug in children. After extensive metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoform 3 in the liver, the drug may exert cytotoxic effects. The comparison of children in different age groups revealed a significant age-related increase in ethionamide elimination in vivo. However, to date, the exact mechanism underlying this dynamic increase in ethionamide elimination has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that the age-dependent changes in ethionamide elimination were predominantly a result of the progressive increases in the expression and metabolic capacity of FMO3 during childhood. To test this hypothesis, a full physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ethionamide was established and validated in adults through incorporation of comprehensive metabolism and transporter profiles, then expanded to the pediatric population through integration of FMO3 maturational changes over time. Thus, a good prediction PBPK model was validated successfully both in adults and children and applied to demonstrate the critical contribution of FMO3 in the mechanistic elimination pathway of ethionamide. In addition, a significant correlation between clearance and age was observed in children by accounting for ethionamide maturation, which could offer a mechanistic understanding of the age-associated changes in ethionamide elimination. In conclusion, this study underlines the benefits of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and a quantitative PBPK approach for the investigation of transporter-enzyme interplay in ethionamide disposition and the demonstration of FMO3 ontogeny in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Haiphong, Vietnam
| | - Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Lyul Ghim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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10
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Mekonnen E, Bekele E. An ancestral human genetic variant linked to an ancient disease: A novel association of FMO2 polymorphisms with tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopian populations provides new insight into the differential ethno-geographic distribution of FMO2*1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184931. [PMID: 28981537 PMCID: PMC5628799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human FMO2 (flavin-containing monooxygenase 2) gene has been shown to be involved in innate immunity against microbial infections, including tuberculosis (TB), via the modulation of oxidative stress levels. It has also been found to possess a curious loss-of-function mutation (FMO2*1/FMO2*2) that demonstrates a distinctive differentiation in expression, function and ethno-geographic distribution. However, despite evidences of ethnic-specific genetic associations in the inflammatory profile of TB, no studies were done to investigate whether these patterns of variations correlate with evidences for the involvement of FMO2 in antimicrobial immune responses and ethnic differences in the distribution of FMO2 polymorphisms except for some pharmacogenetic data that suggest a potentially deleterious role for the functional variant (FMO2*1). This genetic epidemiological study was designed to investigate whether there is an association between FMO2 polymorphisms and TB, an ancient malady that remains a modern global health concern, in a sub-Saharan Africa setting where there is not only a relatively high co-prevalence of the disease and the ancestral FMO2*1 variant but also where both Mycobcaterium and Homo sapiens are considered to have originated and co-evolved. Blood samples and TB related clinical data were collected from ascertained TB cases and unrelated household controls (n = 292) from 3 different ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Latent Mtb infection was determined using Quantiferon to develop reliable TB progression phenotypes. We sequenced exonic regions of FMO2.We identified for the first time an association between FMO2 and TB both at the SNP and haplotype level. Two novel SNPs achieved a study-wide significance [chr1:171181877(A), p = 3.15E-07, OR = 4.644 and chr1:171165749(T), p = 3.32E-06, OR = 6.825] while multiple SNPs (22) showed nominal signals. The pattern of association suggested a protective effect of FMO2 against both active and latent TB with distinct genetic variants underlying the TB-progression pathway. The results were robust for population stratification. Haplotype-based tests confirmed the SNP-based results with a single haplotype bearing the ancestral-and-functional FMO2*1 "C" allele ("AGCTCTACAATCCCCTCGTTGCGC") explaining the overall association (haplotype-specific-p = 0.000103). Strikingly, not only was FMO2*1 nominally associated with reduced risk to "Active TB" (p = 0.0118, OR = 0.496) but it also does not co-segregate with the 5'-3' flanking top high-TB-risk alleles. The study provides an evidence for the existence of an evolutionary adaptation to an ancient disease based on an ancestral genetic variant acting in a haplotypic framework in Ethiopian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Mekonnen
- Department of Microbial, Cellular, Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Health Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endashaw Bekele
- Department of Microbial, Cellular, Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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11
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Garcia-Contreras L, Padilla-Carlin DJ, Sung J, VerBerkmoes J, Muttil P, Elbert K, Peloquin C, Edwards D, Hickey A. Pharmacokinetics of Ethionamide Delivered in Spray-Dried Microparticles to the Lungs of Guinea Pigs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:331-337. [PMID: 27842973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of ethionamide (ETH) in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is limited by severe side effects. ETH disposition after pulmonary administration in spray-dried particles might minimize systemic exposure and side effects. To explore this hypothesis, spray-dried ETH particles were optimized for performance in a dry powder aerosol generator and exposure chamber. ETH particles were administered by the intravenous (IV), oral, or pulmonary routes to guinea pigs. ETH appearance in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues was measured and subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Dry powder aerosol generator dispersion of 20% ETH particles gave the highest dose at the exposure chamber ports and fine particle fraction of 72.3%. Pulmonary ETH was absorbed more rapidly and to a greater extent than orally administered drug. At Tmax, ETH concentrations were significantly higher in plasma than lungs from IV dosing, whereas insufflation lung concentrations were 5-fold higher than in plasma. AUC(0-t) (area under the curve) and apparent total body clearance (CL) were similar after IV administration and insufflation. AUC(0-t) after oral administration was 6- to 7-fold smaller and CL was 6-fold faster. Notably, ETH bioavailability after pulmonary administration was significantly higher (85%) than after oral administration (17%). These results suggest that pulmonary ETH delivery would potentially enhance efficacy for tuberculosis treatment given the high lung concentrations and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Garcia-Contreras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
| | - Danielle J Padilla-Carlin
- Center of Risk and Integrated Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jean Sung
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Pulmatrix, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421
| | - Jarod VerBerkmoes
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Pavan Muttil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Katharina Elbert
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Charles Peloquin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - David Edwards
- Biomedical Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Anthony Hickey
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, RTP, Durham, North Carolina 27709
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Drug metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenases of human and mouse. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:167-181. [PMID: 27678284 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1239718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) play an important role in drug metabolism. Areas covered: We focus on the role of FMOs in the metabolism of drugs in human and mouse. We describe FMO genes and proteins of human and mouse; the catalytic mechanism of FMOs and their significance for drug metabolism; differences between FMOs and CYPs; factors contributing to potential underestimation of the contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism; the developmental and tissue-specific expression of FMO genes and differences between human and mouse; and factors that induce or inhibit FMOs. We discuss the contribution of FMOs of human and mouse to the metabolism of drugs and how genetic variation of FMOs affects drug metabolism. Finally, we discuss the utility of animal models for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Expert opinion: The contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism may be underestimated. As FMOs are not readily induced or inhibited and their reactions are generally detoxifications, the design of drugs that are metabolized predominantly by FMOs offers clinical advantages. Fmo1(-/-),Fmo2(-/-),Fmo4(-/-) mice provide a good animal model for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Identification of roles for FMO1 and FMO5 in endogenous metabolism has implications for drug therapy and initiates an exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Phillips
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK.,b School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK
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Veeravalli S, Omar BA, Houseman L, Hancock M, Gonzalez Malagon SG, Scott F, Janmohamed A, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. The phenotype of a flavin-containing monooyxgenase knockout mouse implicates the drug-metabolizing enzyme FMO1 as a novel regulator of energy balance. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:88-95. [PMID: 24792439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) of mammals are thought to be involved exclusively in the metabolism of foreign chemicals. Here, we report the unexpected finding that mice lacking Fmos 1, 2 and 4 exhibit a lean phenotype and, despite similar food intake, weigh less and store less triglyceride in white adipose tissue (WAT) than wild-type mice. This is a consequence of enhanced whole-body energy expenditure, due mostly to increased resting energy expenditure (REE). This is fuelled, in part, by increased fatty acid β-oxidation in skeletal muscle, which would contribute to depletion of lipid stores in WAT. The enhanced energy expenditure is attributed, in part, to an increased capacity for exercise. There is no evidence that the enhanced REE is due to increased adaptive thermogenesis; instead, our results are consistent with the operation in WAT of a futile energy cycle. In contrast to FMO2 and FMO4, FMO1 is highly expressed in metabolic tissues, including liver, kidney, WAT and BAT. This and other evidence implicates FMO1 as underlying the phenotype. The identification of a novel, previously unsuspected, role for FMO1 as a regulator of energy homeostasis establishes, for the first time, a role for a mammalian FMO in endogenous metabolism. Thus, FMO1 can no longer be considered to function exclusively as a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme. Consequently, chronic administration of drugs that are substrates for FMO1 would be expected to affect energy homeostasis, via competition for endogenous substrates, and, thus, have important implications for the general health of patients and their response to drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Veeravalli
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Bilal A Omar
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lyndsey Houseman
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew Hancock
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Flora Scott
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Azara Janmohamed
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian R Phillips
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Henderson MC, Siddens LK, Krueger SK, Stevens JF, Kedzie K, Fang WK, Heidelbaugh T, Nguyen P, Chow K, Garst M, Gil D, Williams DE. Flavin-containing monooxygenase S-oxygenation of a series of thioureas and thiones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:91-9. [PMID: 24727368 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In this study, we utilized LC-MS/MS to demonstrate that the oxygenation by hFMO of the thioureas under test terminated at the sulfenic acid. With thiones, hFMO catalyzed the second reaction and the sulfinic acid rapidly lost sulfite to form the corresponding imidazole. Thioureas are often pulmonary toxicants in mammals and, as previously reported by our laboratory, are excellent substrates for hFMO2. This isoform is expressed at high levels in the lung of most mammals, including non-human primates. Genotyping to date indicates that individuals of African (up to 49%) or Hispanic (2-7%) ancestry have at least one allele for functional hFMO2 in lung, but not Caucasians nor Asians. In this study the major metabolite formed by hFMO2 with thioureas from Allergan, Inc. was the sulfenic acid that reacted with glutathione. The majority of thiones were poor substrates for hFMO3, the major form in adult human liver. However, hFMO1, the major isoform expressed in infant and neonatal liver and adult kidney and intestine, readily S-oxygenated thiones under test, with Kms ranging from 7 to 160 μM and turnover numbers of 30-40 min(-1). The product formed was identified by LC-MS/MS as the imidazole. The activities of the mouse and human FMO1 and FMO3 orthologs were in good agreement with the exception of some thiones for which activity was much greater with hFMO1 than mFMO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Henderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - Sharon K Krueger
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - J Fred Stevens
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - Karen Kedzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Wenkui K Fang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Todd Heidelbaugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Ken Chow
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Michael Garst
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA.
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