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Zhang H, Jiang M, Xing W, Zhao R, Li G, Zheng Z. Peptide-IR820 Conjugate: A Promising Strategy for Efficient Vascular Disruption and Hypoxia Induction in Melanoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39051862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a noninvasive and precise cancer treatment modality known for its high selectivity and lack of drug resistance. However, the clinical translation of many PTT agents is hindered by the limited biodegradability of inorganic nanoparticles and the instability of organic dyes. In this study, a peptide conjugate, IR820-Cys-Trp-Glu-Trp-Thr-Trp-Tyr (IR820-C), was designed to self-assemble into nanoparticles for both potent PTT and vascular disruption in melanoma treatment. When co-assembled with the poorly soluble vascular disrupting agent (VDA) combretastatin A4 (CA4), the resulting nanoparticles (IR820-C@CA4 NPs) accumulate efficiently in tumors, activate systemic antitumor immune responses, and effectively ablate melanoma with a single treatment and near-infrared irradiation, as confirmed by our in vivo experiments. Furthermore, by exploiting the resulting tumor hypoxia, we subsequently administered the hypoxia-activated prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) to capitalize on the created microenvironment, thereby boosting therapeutic efficacy and antimetastatic potential. This study showcases the potential of short-peptide-based nanocarriers for the design and development of stable and efficient photothermal platforms. The multifaceted therapeutic strategy, which merges photothermal ablation with vascular disruption and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy, holds great promise for advancing the efficacy and scope of cancer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Weiyu Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Liu S, Ding F, Xu W, Miu L, Tang Y, Xu D, Zhu T, Hu H. Biotin-new indocyanine green conjugate: Synthesis, in vitro photocytotoxicity and in vivo biodistribution. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14495. [PMID: 38444045 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
New indocyanine green (ICG) (IR820) is one of the ICG derivatives and attracts increasing attention for cancer management. However, the unsatisfactory tumor targeting ability of IR820 significantly limits its applications for cancer theranostics. Biotin receptor is overexpressed on the membrane of various tumor cells and biotin modified nanocarriers have been reported to enhance the tumor targeting ability on several tumor types. In this work, biotin-new ICG conjugate (Biotin-SS-IR820) was prepared for tumor-targeted IR820 delivery. Biotin and IR820 were coupled through cystamine. The synthesized Biotin-SS-IR820 was characterized by 1 H NMR, FT-IR and HRMS. The in vitro singlet oxygen generation study shows that Biotin-SS-IR820 exhibits similar singlet oxygen generation as compared to IR820 upon 660 nm laser irradiation (0.8 W/cm2 ). The cellular uptake study shows that Biotin-SS-IR820 shows enhanced cellular uptake amount as compared to IR820 on 4T1 cells. As a result, Biotin-SS-IR820 displays enhanced in vitro photodynamic therapeutic effect against 4T1 cells as compared to IR820. In in vivo biodistribution study, Biotin-SS-IR820 shows enhanced tumor accumulation as compared to IR820. Biotin-SS-IR820 developed in this work shows promising prospects for targeted delivery of IR820 to biotin receptor overexpressed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fang Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Liangrui Miu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
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Yuan X, Tao Y, Xiao W, Du K, Hu H, Xu D, Xu Q. Conjugates of lactobionic acid and IR820: New photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy of hepatoma cells. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1923-1933. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Yayu Tao
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Wen Xiao
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Kunda Du
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
- Jiangsu Hope‐pharm Co., Ltd Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University) Zhuhai P. R. China
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Zhang L, Jia H, Liu X, Zou Y, Sun J, Liu M, Jia S, Liu N, Li Y, Wang Q. Heptamethine Cyanine–Based Application for Cancer Theranostics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:764654. [PMID: 35222006 PMCID: PMC8874131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the most common life-threatening malignant disease. The future of personalized cancer treatments relies on the development of functional agents that have tumor-targeted anticancer activities and can be detected in tumors through imaging. Cyanines, especially heptamethine cyanine (Cy7), have prospective application because of their excellent tumor-targeting capacity, high quantum yield, low tissue autofluorescence, long absorption wavelength, and low background interference. In this review, the application of Cy7 and its derivatives in tumors is comprehensively explored. Cy7 is enormously acknowledged in the field of non-invasive therapy that can “detect” and “kill” tumor cells via near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Furthermore, Cy7 is more available and has excellent properties in cancer theranostics by the presence of multifunctional nanoparticles via fulfilling multimodal imaging and combination therapy simultaneously. This review provides a comprehensive scope of Cy7’s application for cancer NIRF imaging, phototherapy, nanoprobe-based combination therapy in recent years. A deeper understanding of the application of imaging and treatment underlying Cy7 in cancer may provide new strategies for drug development based on cyanine. Thus, the review will lead the way to new types with optical properties and practical transformation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hang Jia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuqian Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yaxin Zou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangshuang Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Obstetrics Department, Kaifeng Maternity Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wang, ; Yanzhang Li,
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wang, ; Yanzhang Li,
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He X, Hong J, Liu S, Xu D, Hu H. Hydroxyethyl starch-new indocyanine green conjugates for enhanced cancer photodynamic therapy. Carbohydr Res 2021; 508:108416. [PMID: 34352650 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, hydroxyethyl starch-new indocyanine green (HES-IR-820) conjugates were developed for enhanced cancer photodynamic therapy. HES-IR-820 conjugates were prepared by the condensation reaction between IR-820 and amino groups modified HES. HES-IR-820 conjugates with IR-820 loading content of 2.0% (HES-IR-8202.0) and 3.2% (HES-IR-8203.2) were prepared and characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, HPLC, and UV-Vis. HES-IR-8202.0 and HES-IR-8203.2 are monomolecular nanosized particles with hydrodynamic diameters of around 10 nm. HES-IR-8202.0 and HES-IR-8203.2 exhibit significantly enhanced stability in pH 7.4 PBS buffer and pH 7.4 PBS buffer containing 10% fetal bovine serum as compared to free IR-820. HES-IR-8202.0 and HES-IR-8203.2 show limited drug release in pH 7.4 and pH 5.0 PBS buffer. HES-IR-8202.0 and HES-IR-8203.2 exhibit enhanced singlet oxygen generation under 808 nm laser irradiation and reduced cellular uptake amount as compared to free IR-820. The cellular uptake pathway study reveals that the lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis are involved in the cellular uptake of HES-IR-8202.0 and HES-IR-8203.2. Compared to free IR-820, HES-IR-8202.0 and HES-IR-8203.2 show reduced cytotoxicity, enhanced in vitro antitumor effect under 0.3 W/cm2 808 nm laser irradiation, and similar in vitro antitumor effect under 0.6 W/cm2 808 nm laser irradiation. HES-IR-820 conjugates show significant potential for cancer photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan He
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Jun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Shengping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, PR China.
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Xie M, Zhu Y, Xu S, Xu G, Xiong R, Sun X, Liu C. A nanoplatform with tumor-targeted aggregation and drug-specific release characteristics for photodynamic/photothermal combined antitumor therapy under near-infrared laser irradiation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11497-11509. [PMID: 32427255 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high biocompatibility, high spatial resolution, chromatographic capability, and adjustable size and morphology, magnetic nanoparticles have become the most promising nanomaterials for clinical application in noninvasive imaging and drug delivery for the treatment of malignant tumors. Herein, a novel magnetic nanoparticle coated with calcium carbonate was prepared and loaded with near-infrared drugs to be used as a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. Then, these drug-loaded nanoparticles were used for combined photodynamic/photothermal therapy by intravenous administration that was simultaneously guided by fluorescence/MR imaging. Due to the targeted induction of the external magnetic field and tumor response degradation of the calcium carbonate layer, the nanoprobe demonstrated excellent tumor targeting and greatly improved drug aggregation at the tumor site. Finally, single wavelength-mediated photothermal/photodynamic therapy was applied to liver cancer model mice, ultimately achieving an exciting antitumor therapeutic effect. This study may promote further exploration of nanoplatforms based on magnetic nanoparticles for clinical application in the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingran Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Yongfu Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Anhui University of Tradational Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Shibin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Guangwen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Ran Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
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Peng Y, Chen L, Ye S, Kang Y, Liu J, Zeng S, Yu L. Research and development of drug delivery systems based on drug transporter and nano-formulation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:220-236. [PMID: 32373201 PMCID: PMC7193453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the continuous occurrence of multi-drug resistance in the clinic has made people pay more attention to the transporter. Changes in the expression and activity of transporters can cause corresponding changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The drug-drug interactions (DDI) caused by transporters can seriously affect drug effectiveness and toxicity. In the development of pharmaceutical preparations, people have increasingly concerned about the effects and regulation of transporters in drug effects. To improve the targeting and physicochemical properties of drugs, the development of targeted agents is very rapid. Among them, novel nano-formulations are the best. With the continuous innovation and development of nano-formulation, its application has become more and more extensive. Nano-formulation has exerted certain advantages in the drug development based on transporters, and is also involved in the combination of targeted transporters. This review focuses on the application of novel nano-agents targeting transporters and the introduction of drug-transporter-based nano-formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junqing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Gu Y, Ma J, Fu Z, Xu Y, Gao B, Yao J, Xu W, Chu K, Chen J. Development Of Novel Liposome-Encapsulated Combretastatin A4 Acylated Derivatives: Prodrug Approach For Improving Antitumor Efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8805-8818. [PMID: 31806973 PMCID: PMC6844228 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s210938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of the present study was to develop a liposomal drug delivery system based on combretastatin A4 (CA4) prodrugs modified with varying alkyl chains and investigate the in vitro drug conversion from prodrug and in vivo antitumor effect. Methods The prodrug of CA4 was synthesized with stearyl chloride (18-carbon chain), palmitoyl chloride (16-carbon chain), myristoyl chloride (14-carbon chain), decanoyl chloride (10-carbon chain), and hexanoyl chloride (6-carbon chain) at the 3′-position of the CA4. Subsequently, it was encapsulated with liposomes through the thin-film evaporation method. Furthermore, the characteristics of prodrug-liposome were evaluated using in vitro drug release, conversion, and cytotoxicity assays, as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic, antitumor, and biodistribution studies. Results The liposome system with loaded CA4 derivatives was successfully developed with nano-size and electronegative particles. The rate of in vitro drug release and conversion was reduced as the fatty acid carbon chain lengthened. On the contrary, in vivo antitumor effects were improved with the enlargement of the fatty acid carbon chain. The results of the in vivo pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies indicated that the reduced rate of CA4 release with a long carbon chain could prolong the circulation time and increase the drug concentration in the tumor tissue. Conclusion These results suggested that the release or hydrolysis of the parent drug from the prodrug was closely related with the in vitro and in vivo properties. The slow drug release of CA4 modified with longer acyl chain could prolong the circulation time and increase the concentration of the drug in the tumor tissue. These effects play a critical role in increasing the antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, People's Republic of China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Kedan Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, People's Republic of China
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Liu H, Wang J, Li W, Hu J, Wang M, Kang Y. Cellular Uptake Behaviors of Rigidity-Tunable Dendrimers. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E99. [PMID: 30029551 PMCID: PMC6161299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the interaction between cells and nanoparticles (NPs) is critical. Despite numerous attempts to understand the effect of several parameters of NPs on their cellular uptake behaviors, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, etc., limited information is available regarding NP rigidity. Herein, we investigate the effect of rigidity on cellular uptake behaviors of NPs, using generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer as a model. By harnessing the abundant inner cavity, their rigidity could be effectively regulated by forming size-tunable gold NPs. The NPs thus formed were well characterized and displayed similar hydrodynamic size, surface potential, fluorescence intensity, and distinct rigidity (owing to differences in the size of the Au core). Flow cytometry analysis revealed a positive correlation between NP rigidity and cellular uptake of NPs. Confocal microscopic evaluation revealed that the entrapped gold NPs may affect the intracellular localization of the internalized dendrimers. The present findings can potentially guide the preparation of suitable NPs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wenchao Li
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yuejun Kang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing 400715, China.
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