Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances

Advanced disease therapeutics using engineered living drug delivery systems

Biological barriers significantly impede the delivery of nanotherapeutics to diseased tissues, diminishing therapeutic efficacy across pathologies such as cancer and inflammatory disorders. Although conventional strategies integrate multifunctional designs and molecular components into nanomaterials (NMs), many approaches remain insufficient to overcome these barriers. Key challenges, including inadequate drug accumulation at target sites and nonspecific biodistribution, persist in nanotherapeutic development. NMs, which harness the ability to precisely modulate drug delivery spatiotemporally and control release kinetics, represent a transformative platform for targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the biological obstacles limiting effective cancer treatment and evaluate how stimuli-responsive NMs address these constraints. By leveraging exogenous and endogenous stimuli, such NMs improve therapeutic specificity, reduce off-target effects, and amplify drug activity within pathological microenvironments. We systematically analyze the rational design and synthesis of stimuli-responsive NMs, driven by advances in oncology, biomaterials science, and nanoscale engineering. Furthermore, we highlight advances across NM classes-including polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic, and hybrid systems and explore functionalization approaches using targeting ligands, antibodies, and biomimetic coatings. Diverse delivery strategies are evaluated, such as small-molecule prodrug activation, peptide- and protein-based targeting, nucleic acid payloads, and engineered cell-mediated transport. Despite the promise of stimuli-responsive NMs, challenges such as biocompatibility, scalable fabrication, and clinical translation barriers must be addressed. By elucidating structure-function relationships and refining stimulus-triggered mechanisms, these NMs pave the way for transformative precision oncology strategies, enabling patient-specific therapies with enhanced efficacy and safety. This synthesis of interdisciplinary insights aims to catalyze innovation in next-generation nanomedicine for cancer treatment.

Synthesis of silica and silicon from rice husk feedstock: A review

A lot of attention has been drawn to environmentally friendly and sustainable materials in the need to decarbonize the planet. The utilization of agro-waste to meet this need has increased in recent times. Among the various agro-wastes, rice husk has gained more traction due to its abundance, unique constituents, and properties suitable for advanced material synthesis. Precursor materials such as silica and silicon used in advanced materials synthesis are also synthesized from rice husk. The synthesis of these advanced materials depends on the rice husk pretreatment and thermochemical conversion approach. Pretreatment methods such as acid leaching generally yield higher silica purity compared to water leaching. However, the use of acid in leaching impurities during pretreatment leads to the release of harmful chemicals. Among thermochemical methods used in silica synthesis, the hydrothermal method has gained more attention due to the use of water as a liquid medium and the elimination of the raw materials drying step, reducing emissions and energy demand in the process. Metallothermic reduction methods such as magnesiothermic and aluminothermic reduction of silica to silicon have attracted much attention due to their low reduction temperature. This review discusses the composition and properties of rice husk and its thermochemical conversion to silica (SiO2) and silicon (Si). Silica and silicon are essential materials used as framework or precursor materials in the synthesis of other advanced materials such as zeolites and catalyst supports. The second part of the review discusses the various thermochemical conversion approaches and their kinetics. The final part of the review discusses the various rice husk-derived advanced materials and their applications.

Enhancing diabetes therapy with pH-sensitive co-delivery of metformin hydrochloride and glipizide using MCM-48-based dual drug delivery system

Monotherapy in diabetes management is losing interest due to its ineffectiveness in achieving optimal glycaemic control in a significant proportion of diabetic patients. Therefore, combined therapy is increasingly preferred by clinicians, which offers enhanced effectiveness and a better safety profile for managing the condition. The present work deals with the designing of a dual drug nanocarrier based on MCM-48 and 12-tungtophosphoric acid (TPA) for the co-delivery of Glipizide (GLP) and Metformin Hydrochloride (MTF) as well as its characterization using various techniques. An in vitro release study was carried out at two different pHs (pH 1.2 and pH 7.4) at 37 °C under stirring conditions which was further supported by an in vitro dissolution study carried out using a USP Type II dissolution apparatus. The obtained results were compared with that of the marketed available formulation, Glirum-MF, and the designed nanocarrier showed a better controlled release of both the drugs in comparison with the conventional drug. Additionally, considering the anticancer properties of both the drugs, MTT assay indicated that the carrier is non-toxic while the drug loaded nanocarrier shows apoptosis against HepG2 cells.

Development of PLGA-SPC3 functionalized gefitinib mesoporous silica nano-scaffolds for breast cancer targeting: biodistribution and cytotoxicity analysis

The exploration of novel carriers for cancer treatments is on the rise, as drugs are often hindered by ineffective delivery. In the present study, Mesoporous silica nano scaffolds were developed by a novel heat assisted hydrolysis (HAH) technique, and were functionalized using PLGA. These carriers were further loaded with nanosized Gefitinib (GTB). The surface properties of MSNs (GTB-PEG-PLGA-MSN) were enhanced using 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (SPC3). The MSNs were characterized for pore volume, particle size, zeta potential (ZP), surface area, entrapment efficiency (%EE), and drug content. The in vitro drug release kinetics, cytotoxicity analysis, and in vivo biodistribution studies were performed in optimized MSN using Albino Wistar rats. The result shows an increase in surface area, pore volume, %EE, and drug loading in MSN. In vitro cytotoxicity of optimized F5-GTB-PEG-PLGA-SPC3-MSN demonstrated a higher antitumor activity (43.84 ± 0.63%, p < 0.05) in comparison to free drug. A higher GTB was detected in the liver (29,415 ± 126 ng) indicating significant biodistribution (p > 0.05). The in vitro studies in the MCF-7 cell line signify an increase in cell viability demonstrating its efficacy in breast cancer. Optimized F5-GTB-PEG-PLGA-SPC3-MSN offers improved cellular uptake, biodistribution, and higher antitumor suppression with less toxicity. To conclude, the HAH technique produced stable MSNs, and PLGA-SPC3 functionalized MSN nano scaffolds could be an ideal carrier for cancer drug delivery.

Ordered Mesoporous Silica Prepared with Biodegradable Gemini Surfactants as Templates for Environmental Applications

Mesoporous silica sieves have been prepared through sol-gel synthesis using diester gemini surfactants as pore templates, aiming to obtain new materials with potential use for water remediation. A series of mesoporous spherical silica particles of submicron size have been prepared in an alkali-catalyzed reaction, using a tetraethyl orthosilicate precursor and bis-quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants with diester spacers of varied lengths as pore-forming agents. The effect of the spacer length on the particle morphology was studied using nitrogen porosimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), ultra-small-angle neutron scattering, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The results revealed that for all spacer lengths, a long-range hexagonal pore ordering developed in the materials. The silica particles were nearly spherical, with sizes below 1 micrometer, and a weak dependence of the mean particle size on the spacer length could be observed. The template removal procedure had a strong influence on the porosity: calcination caused a moderate shrinkage of the pores while retaining the hexagonal structure, whereas treatment with acidified ethanol resulted in only partial removal of the surfactants; however, the hexagonal structure was severely destroyed. The applicability of the obtained calcined materials as adsorbents for heavy metal ions from water was studied with the example of Pb(II). A high sorption capacity of 110 mg/g was obtained in batch experiments, at pH 5 and 4 h contact time.

Advances in Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins: Approaches, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies

Although therapeutic proteins have achieved recognized clinical success, they are inherently membrane impermeable, which limits them to acting only on extracellular or membrane-associated targets. Developing an efficient protein delivery method will provide a unique opportunity for intracellular target-related therapeutic proteins. In this review article, we summarize the different pathways by which cells take up proteins. These pathways fall into two main categories: One in which proteins are transported directly across the cell membrane and the other through endocytosis. At the same time, important features to ensure successful delivery through these pathways are highlighted. We then provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the transduction of covalent protein modifications, such as coupling cell-penetrating motifs and supercharging, as well as the use of nanocarriers to mediate protein transport, such as liposomes, polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles. Finally, we emphasize the existing challenges of cytoplasmic protein delivery and provide an outlook for future progress.

Optimizing etodolac and quercetin loaded MSNs using taguchi design: an approach for enhancing drug loading efficiency

The application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) as a drug carrier system got immense attention in the past few years due to their exceptional high drug loading efficiency. However, the process of drug loading is quite challenging compared to other lipid-based drug delivery systems. Hence, the MSNs using different catalysts were synthesized, and their mesoporous material characteristic was confirmed by the type IV adsorption-desorption isotherm using BET analyzer. The effect of solvent selection and other process parameters (drug to MSNs ratio, period of loading, and stirring speed) on the loading of BCS class II and IV model drugs etodolac(ETD) and quercetin(QUR) respectively were investigated with the help of Taguchi DOE. The predicted value for the highest % drug loading was close to the experimental value(19.04 ± 0.50 % and 11.40 ± 0.18 % for ETD and QUR respectively). It was interesting to note, that the solvent selection had the highest impact on the drug loading of ETD into the MSNs, whereas for QUR this parameter was insignificant. Hence reflecting that a generalized procedure for the drug loading into the MSNs cannot be followed and had to be critically studied. Also, the loading of ETD and QUR into the MSNs improved the aqueous solubility (3.08 and 2.5 folds respectively). Further the in-vitro drug release properties were evaluated for ETD and QUR from MSNs in various drug release mediums to explore their release mechanism from MSNs using in vitro drug release kinetic modelling.

Smart Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment, Immunogenicity, and Clinical Translation

In cancer research and personalized medicine, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as a significant breakthrough in both cancer treatment and diagnosis. MSNs offer targeted drug delivery, enhancing therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects on healthy cells. Due to their unique characteristics, MSNs provide targeted drug delivery, maximizing therapeutic effectiveness with minimal adverse effects on healthy cells. The review thoroughly investigates the role of MSNs as potent drug carriers, noted for their high drug-loading capacity and controlled release, which significantly improves drug permeability and retention. Additionally, it discusses surface modification techniques that enable MSNs to target cancer cells precisely. The manuscript provides comprehensive insights into various MSN applications, including their role in cancer diagnosis, the design of advanced biosensors, and the development of both conventional and stimuli-responsive drug delivery platforms. Special focus is given to stimuli-triggered MSN systems, responsive to internal stimuli (e.g., pH, redox, enzyme) and external stimuli (e.g., temperature, magnetic field, light, ultrasound), highlighting the cutting-edge progress in MSN technology. Additionally, the review delves into the immunogenicity and biosafety aspects of MSNs, underscoring their potential for clinical translation. Besides summarizing the current state of MSN research in oncology, this review also illuminates the path for future advancements and clinical applications.

CO2 Capture: A Comprehensive Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Scalable Materials and Sustainable Solutions

The greenhouse effect and global warming, driven by the accumulation of pollutants, such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and CO2, are primarily caused by the combustion of fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. These phenomena represent an international crisis that negatively impacts human health and the environment. Several studies have reported novel carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, promising solutions. Notable methods include chemical absorption using solvents, and the development of functionalized porous materials, such as MCM-41, impregnated with amines like polyethyleneimine. These technologies have demonstrated high capture capacity and thermal stability; however, they face challenges related to recyclability and high operating costs. In parallel, biodegradable polymers and hydrogels present sustainable alternatives with a lower environmental impact, although their industrial scalability remains limited. This review comprehensively analyzes CO2 capture methods, focusing on silica-based porous supports, polymers, hydrogels, and emerging techniques, like CCUS and MOFs, while including traditional methods and a bibliometric analysis to update the field's scientific dynamics. With increasing investigations focused on developing new CCUS technologies, this study highlights a growing interest in eco-friendly alternatives. A bibliometric analysis of 903 articles published between 2010 and 2024 provides an overview of current research on environmentally friendly carbon capture technologies. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and India are leading research efforts in this field, emphasizing the importance of scientific collaboration. Despite these advancements, implementing these technologies in industrial sectors with high greenhouse gas emissions remains scarce. This underscores the need for public policies and financing to promote their development and application in these sectors. Future research should prioritize materials with high capture capacity, efficient transformation, and valorization of CO2 while promoting circular economy approaches and decarbonizing challenging sectors, such as energy and transportation. Integrating environmentally friendly materials, energy optimization, and sustainable strategies is essential to position these technologies as key tools in the fight against climate change.

Enabling tumor-specific drug delivery by targeting the Warburg effect of cancer

Metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Among all the changes in cancer metabolism, increased glucose uptake and the accumulation of lactate under normoxic conditions (the "Warburg effect") is a common feature of cancer cells. In this study, we develop a lactate-responsive drug delivery platform by targeting the Warburg effect. We design and test a gold/mesoporous silica Janus nanoparticle system as a gated drug carrier, in which the gold particles are functionalized with lactate oxidase and the silica particles are capped with α-cyclodextrin through surface arylboronate modification. In the presence of lactate, the lactate oxidase generates hydrogen peroxide, which induces the self-immolation reaction of arylboronate, leading to uncapping and drug release. Our results demonstrate greatly improved drug delivery specificity and therapeutic efficacy with this platform for the treatment of different cancers. Our findings present an effective approach for drug delivery by metabolic targeting of tumors.

Diverse pore ordering in porous silica: synthesis and quantitative structural insights based on combining scattering and imaging techniques

Mesoporous silica exhibits a diverse range of applications owing to its pore structure and inter-pore correlation. Consequently, quantitative characterization of its mesoscopic structure is extremely crucial to reciprocate its potential applications. In this work, we utilized the chemical and aerosol routes to successfully synthesize granular, porous silica with an average pore size in the range of ∼5-10 nm and different degrees of structural correlation among its pores. To delve into their structural morphology, we employed complementary characterization techniques, including X-ray scattering, electron microscopy, and gas adsorption. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to obtain statistically averaged quantitative information about their porous network. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to identify their morphology and positional ordering. The information from these three different techniques was indeed complementary in nature. Thus, combining the comparative results from the detailed analyses using scattering, imaging and gas adsorption techniques is effective in providing an overall quantitative understanding about the morphology and pore correlations in this type of porous material with diverse pore structures.

Recent advances on brain drug delivery via nanoparticles: alternative future materials for neuroscience applications; a review

Essentially, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a line of demarcation between neural tissues and the bloodstream. A unique and protective characteristic of the blood-brain barrier is its ability to maintain cerebral homeostasis by regulating the flux of molecules and ions. The inability to uphold proper functioning in any of these constituents leads to the disruption of this specialized multicellular arrangement, consequently fostering neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Recent advancements in nanomedicine have been regarded as a promising avenue for improving the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system in the modern era. A major benefit of this innovation is that it allows drugs to accumulate selectively within the cerebral area by circumventing the blood-brain barrier. Although brain-targeted nanomedicines have demonstrated impressive achievements, certain limitations in targeting specificity still exist. In this examination, we scrutinize the distinctive physical and chemical attributes of nanoparticles (NPs) contributing to their facilitation in BBB traversal. We explore the various mechanisms governing NP passage over the BBB, encompassing paracellular conveyance, mediated transport, as well as adsorptive- and receptor-mediated transcytosis. The therapeutic success of NPs for the treatment of brain tumors has been extensively investigated through the use of various categories of NPs. Among these are polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanogels. The potential utility of nanoparticles goes beyond their ability to transport pharmaceuticals. They can serve as adept imaging contrast agents, capable of being linked with imaging probes. This will facilitate tumor visualization, delineate lesion boundaries and margins, and monitor drug delivery and treatment response. Versatile nanoparticles can be engineered to effectively target neoplastic lesions, serving dual roles in diagnostic imaging and therapeutic interventions. Subsequently, this discourse explores the constraints associated with nanoparticles in the context of treating brain tumors.

Silica Nanoparticles: A Promising Vehicle for Anti-Cancer Drugs Delivery

The prevalence and death due to cancer have been rising over the past few decades, and eliminating tumour cells without sacrificing healthy cells remains a difficult task. Due to the low specificity and solubility of drug molecules, patients often require high dosages to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) can effectively deliver therapeutic agents to targeted sites in the body, addressing these challenges. Using SiNPs as vehicles for anti-cancer drug delivery has emerged as a promising strategy due to their unique structural properties, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review explores the various aspects of SiNPs in cancer therapy, highlighting their synthesis, functionalization, and application in delivering chemotherapeutic agents, photosensitizers, and nucleic acids. SiNPs offer advantages such as high drug loading capacity, controlled release, and targeted delivery, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity. Moreover, this review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the current state and prospects of SiNPs in revolutionizing cancer treatment and improving patient outcomes.

Advanced Nanostrategies for Biomolecule Delivery in Plant Disease Management

Sustainable plant disease management has long been a major issue in agriculture since the excessive reliance on broad-spectrum pesticides exacerbates chemical resistance, presenting environmental and health hazards. Taking cues from nature's intricate defense mechanisms, scientists are exploiting bioactive agents involved in plant-pathogen/pest interactions to develop novel strategies to combat diseases. Embracing biomolecules in agriculture offers an ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides. However, traditional delivery methods for biomolecules often suffer from low utilization rates and low field stability, diminishing the overall effectiveness of active compounds. The advent of nanotechnology has facilitated the design of novel delivery systems for biomolecular cargos, further enhancing their capacity to adhere to plant surfaces and make disease control strategies effective. Tailored depending upon the extent of infection and type of plant species, innovative nanoparticle strategies maximize the effectiveness of delivery by modifying the size, surface characteristics, and adhesion capacity of the particles to suit particular requirements. This review examines how the various biological factors involved in innate plant defenses can be exploited, as well as the potential of various nanocarriers in biomolecule delivery for plant disease management.

Recent Advancements in Nanopharmaceuticals for Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Nanoparticles have found applications across diverse sectors, including agriculture, food, cosmetics, chemicals, mechanical engineering, automotive, and oil and gas industries. In the medical field, nanoparticles have garnered considerable attention due to their great surface area, high solubility, rapid dissolution, and enhanced bioavailability. Nanopharmaceuticals are specifically designed to precisely deliver drug substances to targeted tissues and cells, aiming to optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing potential adverse effects. Furthermore, nanopharmaceuticals offer advantages, such as expedited therapeutic onset, reduced dosages, minimized variability between fed and fasted states, and enhanced patient compliance. The increasing interest in nanopharmaceuticals research among scientists and industry stakeholders highlights their potential for various medical applications from disease management to cancer treatment. This review examines the distinctive characteristics of ideal nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery, explores the current types of nanoparticles utilized in medicine, and delves into the applications of nanopharmaceuticals, including drug and gene delivery, as well as transdermal drug administration. This review provides insights into the nanopharmaceuticals field, contributing to the development of novel drug delivery systems and enhancing the potential of nanotechnology in healthcare.

Poly (β-amino esters)/Mobil Composition of Matter 41-mediated delivery of siIL-1β alleviates deep vein thrombosis in rat hind limbs

Introduction: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major cause of cardiovascular disease-related deaths worldwide and is considered a thrombotic inflammatory disorder. IL-1β, as a key promoter of venous thrombus inflammation, is a potential target for DVT treatment. Constructing a nanocarrier system for intracellular delivery of siIL-1β to silence IL-1β may be an effective strategy for alleviating DVT. Methods: ELISA was used to detect the expression levels of IL-1β and t-PA in the serum of DVT patients and healthy individuals. In vitro, HUVEC cells were treated with IL-1β, and changes in VWF and t-PA expression levels were assessed. PBAE/MCM-41@siIL-1β (PM@siIL-1β) nano-complexes were synthesized, the characterization and biocompatibility of PM@siIL-1β were evaluated. A rat hind limb DVT model was established, and PM@siIL-1β was used to treat DVT rats. Morphology of the inferior vena cava, endothelial cell count, IL-1β, vWF, and t-PA levels, as well as changes in the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways, were examined in the different groups. Results: IL-1β and t-PA were highly expressed in DVT patients, and IL-1β treatment induced a decrease in VWF levels and an increase in t-PA levels in HUVEC cells. The synthesized PM@siIL-1β exhibited spherical shape, good stability, high encapsulation efficiency, and high drug loading capacity, with excellent biocompatibility. In the DVT model rats, the inferior vena cava was filled with blood clots, endothelial cells increased, IL-1β and VWF levels significantly increased, while t-PA levels were significantly downregulated. Treatment with PM@siIL-1β resulted in reduced thrombus formation, decreased endothelial cell count, and reversal of IL-1β, VWF, and t-PA levels. Furthermore, PM@siIL-1β treatment significantly inhibited p38 phosphorylation and upregulation of NF-κB expression in the DVT model group. Conclusion: IL-1β can be considered a therapeutic target for suppressing DVT inflammation. The synthesized PM@siIL-1β achieved efficient delivery and gene silencing of siIL-1β, demonstrating good therapeutic effects on rat hind limb DVT, including anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially mediated through the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways.

Recent progress in the source, extraction, activity mechanism and encapsulation of bioactive essential oils

There is growing concern about the potential risks posed by synthetic additives in industrial products, such as foods, cosmetics, agrochemicals, and personal care products. Many plant-derived essential oils (EOs) have been shown to exhibit excellent antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, and may therefore be used as natural preservatives in these applications. However, most EOs have relatively low water solubility and are prone to chemical degradation during storage. The degradation products of EOs can be toxic and may not be able to fully exert their biological activity, which limits their application. Typically, these challenges can be overcome by encapsulating the essential oil in an appropriate colloid delivery system. This article begins by reviewing the sources, extraction, and activity mechanisms of EOs, and then highlights plant-based encapsulation technologies that can be used to enhance their efficacy. Finally, the potential applications of plant essential oil encapsulation system are discussed.

Facile Hydrothermal Assisted Basic Catalyzed Sol Gel Synthesis for Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle from Alkali Silicate Solutions Using Dual Structural Templates

This work presents a novel hydrothermally aided sol-gel method for preparation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with a narrow particle size distribution and varied pore sizes. The method was carried out in alkaline media in presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) as dual templates and permitted the synthesis of spherical mesoporous silica with a high surface area (1011.42 m2/g). The MSN materials were characterized by FTIR, Thermogravimetric (TG), Nitrogen adsorption and desorption and Field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis (FESEM). The materials feasibility as solid phase adsorbent has been demonstrated using cationic dyes; Rhodamine B (RB) and methylene blue (MB) as models. Due to the large surface area and variable pore width, the adsorption behaviors toward cationic dyes showed outstanding removal efficiency and a rapid sorption rate. The adsorption isotherms of RB and MB were well-fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models, while the kinetic behaviours adhered closely to the pseudo-second-order pattern. The maximum adsorption capacities were determined to be 256 mg/g for MB and 110.3 mg/g for RB. The findings suggest that MSNs hold significant potential as solid-phase nanosorbents for the extraction and purification of dye pollutants, particularly in the analysis and treatment of effluents containing cationic dyes.

Porous silicon and silica carriers for delivery of peptide therapeutics

Peptides have gained tremendous popularity as biological therapeutic agents in recent years due to their favourable specificity, diversity of targets, well-established screening methods, ease of production, and lower cost. However, their poor physiological and storage stability, pharmacokinetics, and fast clearance have limited their clinical translation. Novel nanocarrier-based strategies have shown promise in overcoming these issues. In this direction, porous silicon (pSi) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been widely explored as potential carriers for the delivery of peptide therapeutics. These materials possess several advantages, including large surface areas, tunable pore sizes, and adjustable pore architectures, which make them attractive carriers for peptide delivery systems. In this review, we cover pSi and MSNs as drug carriers focusing on their use in peptide delivery. The review provides a brief overview of their fabrication, surface modification, and interesting properties that make them ideal peptide drug carriers. The review provides a systematic account of various studies that have utilised these unique porous carriers for peptide delivery describing significant in vitro and in vivo results. We have also provided a critical comparison of the two carriers in terms of their physicochemical properties and short-term and long-term biocompatibility. Lastly, we have concluded the review with our opinion of this field and identified key areas for future research for clinical translation of pSi and MSN-based peptide therapeutic formulations.

The efficacy and safety of pH-responsive and photothermal-sensitive multifunctional nanoparticles loaded with cryptotanshinone for the treatment of gastric cancer

A multifunctional polydopamine/mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded cryptotanshinone (PDA/MSN@CTS) was synthesized and subjected to investigating its physicochemical properties and anti-gastric cancer (GC) effects. Utilizing network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, CTS was identified as our final research target. The structural morphology and physicochemical properties of PDA/MSN@CTS were examined. Near-infrared (NIR) laser was employed to evaluate the photothermal properties of the PDA/MSN@CTS, along with pH-responsive and NIR-triggered release assessments. In vitro experiments evaluated the impact of PDA/MSN@CTS on the malignant behavior of AGS gastric cells. A subcutaneous tumor model was further established to evaluate the in vivo safety of PDA/MSN@CTS. Furthermore, the in vivo photothermal efficacy of PDA/MSN@CTS, in addition to its combined effect with photothermal therapy (PTT), was investigated. Uniform and stable PDA/MSN@CTS had been successfully synthesized and demonstrated efficient release under tumor environment and NIR irradiation. Upon increasing NIR laser conditions, in vivo cytotoxicity, apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species scavenging ability, and suppression of migration and invasion of AGS cells by PDA/MSN@CTS were significantly enhanced. In vivo assessments revealed excellent blood compatibility and biosafety of PDA/MSN@CTS, alongside robust tumor tissue targeting. Combining nanoparticles with PTT facilitated the anti-GC effects of PDA/MSN@CTS. Compared to free drugs, PDA/MSN@CTS exhibits higher selectivity towards cancer cells, demonstrating effective anticancer activity and biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our nanomaterial possesses excellent photothermal properties, and under NIR conditions, PDA/MSN@CTS exhibits synergistic therapeutic effects.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loaded with lysozyme and vancomycin for synergistic antimicrobial action

Nanotechnology offers a novel strategy for enhancing the susceptibility of pathogens resistant to traditional antibiotics. Another effective strategy is combination therapy, where multiple agents are used together to improve treatment efficacy. In this study, both nanoparticle-based formulation and combinatorial therapy were utilized to develop a potent antibacterial system targeting infectious bacteria. Lysozyme (Lys) and Vancomycin (Van) were co-loaded onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), forming Lys-Van-MSNs. The antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC values for Lys-Van-MSNs were 0.85 µg/ml for Van and 0.168 mg/ml for Lys, reflecting reductions of 86.4% and 93.7%, respectively, compared to the free forms. Additionally, cytotoxicity was tested using MTT, ROS, and hemolysis assays on human cell lines (breast, fibroblast, and AGS), showing over 80% cell viability, indicating minimal toxicity. The MSN-based formulation, with its synergistic antibacterial effects, reduced drug dosage, and high biocompatibility, offers a practical and effective solution for addressing bacterial infections.

Polydopamine(PDA)-coated diselenide-bridged mesoporous silica-based nanoplatform for neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and targeting neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage

Oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation are critical pathological processes in secondary brain injury (SBI) after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH), and their intimate interactions initiate and aggravate brain damage. Thus, targeting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for ICH treatment. Here, we report a high-performance platform using polydopamine (PDA)-coated diselenide bridged mesoporous silica nanoparticle (PDA-DSeMSN) as a smart ROS scavenger and ROS-responsive drug delivery system. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) was blocked in the pore of DSeMSN by covering the pore with PDA as a gatekeeper. PDA-DSeMSN @CAPE maintained high stability and underwent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive degradation and drug release. The intelligent nanomaterial effectively eliminated ROS, promoted M1 to M2 microglial conversion and suppressed neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, intravenous administration of PDA-DSeMSN@CAPE specifically accumulated in perihematomal sites and demonstrated robust neuroprotection in an ICH mouse model with high biological safety. Taking together, the synergistic effect of ROS-responsive drug delivery ability and ROS scavenging ability of PDA-DSeMSN makes it a powerful drug delivery platform and provided new considerations into the therapeutic action to improve ICH-induce brain injury.

Pioneering Advances and Innovative Applications of Mesoporous Carriers for Mitochondria-Targeted Therapeutics

Mitochondria, known as the cell's powerhouse, play a critical role in energy production, cellular maintenance, and stemness regulation in non-cancerous cells. Despite their importance, using drug delivery systems to target the mitochondria presents significant challenges due to several barriers, including cellular uptake limitations, enzymatic degradation, and the mitochondrial membranes themselves. Additionally, barriers in the organs to be targetted, along with extracellular barriers formed by physiological processes such as the reticuloendothelial system, contribute to the rapid elimination of nanoparticles designed for mitochondrial-based drug delivery. Overcoming these challenges has led to the development of various strategies, such as molecular targeting using cell-penetrating peptides, genomic editing, and nanoparticle-based systems, including porous carriers, liposomes, micelles, and Mito-Porters. Porous carriers stand out as particularly promising candidates as drug delivery systems for targeting the mitochondria due to their large pore size, surface area, and ease of functionalisation. Depending on the pore size, they can be classified as micro-, meso-, or macroporous and are either ordered or non-ordered based on both size and pore uniformity. Several methods are employed to target the mitochondria using porous carriers, such as surface modifications with polyethylene glycol (PEG), incorporation of targeting ligands like triphenylphosphonium, and capping the pores with gold nanoparticles or chitosan to enable controlled and triggered drug delivery. Photodynamic therapy is another approach, where drug-loaded porous carriers generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to enhance mitochondrial targeting. Further advancements have been made in the form of functionalised porous silica and carbon nanoparticles, which have demonstrated potential for effective drug delivery to mitochondria. This review highlights the various approaches that utilise porous carriers, specifically focusing on silica-based systems, as efficient vehicles for targeting mitochondria, paving the way for improved drug delivery strategies in mitochondrial therapies.

Physicochemical and biological properties of dental materials and formulations with silica nanoparticles: A narrative review

OBJECTIVE

Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have been extensively studied and used in different dental applications to promote improved physicochemical properties, high substance loading efficiency, in addition to sustained delivery of substances for therapeutic or preventive purposes. Therefore, this study aimed to review the SNPs applications in nanomaterials and nanoformulations in dentistry, discussing their effect on physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and ability to nanocarry bioactive substances.

DATA RESOURCES

Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify studies examining the physicochemical and biological properties of dental materials and formulations containing SNPs. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and verified by another STUDY SELECTION: A total of 50 were reviewed. In vitro studies reveal that SNPs improved the general properties of dental materials and formulations, such as microhardness, fracture toughness, flexural strength, elastic modulus and surface roughness, in addition to acting as efficient nanocarriers of substances, such as antimicrobial, osteogenic and remineralizing substances, and showed biocompatibility CONCLUSIONS: SNPs are biocompatible, improve properties of dental materials and serve as effective carriers for bioactive substances CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, SNPs are a promising drug delivery system that can improve dental materials biological and physicochemical and aesthetic properties, increasing their longevity and clinical performance. However, more studies are needed to elucidate SNPs short- and long-term effects in the oral cavity, mainly on in vivo and clinical studies, to prove their effectiveness and safety.

Synergistic antimicrobial nanofiber membranes based on metal incorporated silica nanoparticles as advanced antimicrobial layers

In this post-new-normal era, the public prioritizes preventive measures over curing, which is a constructive approach to staying healthy. In this study, an innovative antimicrobial membrane material has been developed, showcasing the promising potential for various applications. The metal-doped silica nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, and Co) were incorporated into a cellulose acetate (CA) polymer-based nanofiber membrane using the electrospinning technique. The metal nanoparticles were doped into a silanol network of silica nanoparticles. The fabricated membranes underwent detailed characterization using a wide range of techniques including PXRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, TEM, TGA, and tensile testing. These analyses provided compelling evidence confirming the successful incorporation of metal-doped silica nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, and Co) into cellulose-based nanofibers. The band gap energies of the fabricated CA mats lie below 3.00 eV, confirming that they are visible light active. The trimetallic silica nanohybrid exhibited the lowest band gap energy of 2.84 eV, proving the self-sterilizing ability of the CA mats. The DPPH assay further confirmed the best radical scavenging activity by the trimetallic silica nanohybrid incorporated nanofiber mat (91.77 ± 0.88%). The antimicrobial activity was assessed by using the bacterial ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungal strains; quality control samples of Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypsium, and Aspergillus niger, as well as the ATCC strain of Candida albicans. The trimetallic silica nanohybrid-incorporated CA membranes demonstrated the most significant inhibition zones. The reported findings substantiate the self-sterilizing mat's viability, affordability, efficacy against a broad spectrum of microbial strains, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability. Furthermore, the mat serves as a dual-purpose physical and biological barrier against microbes, affirming its potential impact.

Systemic Codelivery of Thymoquinone and Doxorubicin by Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Sensitizes Doxorubicin-Resistant Breast Cancer by Interfering between the MDR1/P-gp and miR 298 Crosstalk

Multi drug resistance (MDR) in breast carcinoma still poses a significant impairment to successful chemotherapy. As the arsenal of anticancer agents increases with improved preclinical methods, the growth of therapeutic drug combinations is now unprecedented. The malignancies addressed by mono drugs often fail to limit cancer progression, resulting in resistant cancer, thereby offering combinatorial therapies a terrific edge over monodrug regimes. However, the selection of drug combinations required enough preliminary evidence for their synergistic effect. The fundamental mechanisms of MDR to chemotherapeutics are associated with the overexpression of membrane efflux pumps, alternations in drug targets, and increased drug metabolism. Unfortunately, it is very difficult for drugs to overcome resistance produced on their own or by another different drug action. In this context, herein, we report a simple delivery system for coencapsulation and intracellular codelivery of dual-drug thymoquinone (TQ) and doxorubicin (DOX) to resensitize DOX-resistant MDA MB231 cell line (231 R). The 231 R cell line developed in our lab showed an enhanced expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-gp1/MDR-1 and a declined miR-298 expression. The present delivery system is based on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), in which the side chain amine functional group was used to react with the carbonyl group of TQ, which acts as a pro-drug system (TQ-MSN) to release TQ and DOX simultaneously. DOX was encapsulated later into the above TQ-MSN by a simple diffusion method. The drugs containing MSNs were further coated with a hyaluronic acid-conjugated PEG-PLGA polymer (HA@TQ-DOX-MSN). This simple nanostrategy interferes with the MDR-1/miR-298 cross-talk, thereby allowing a significant reduction in drug efflux from the cell and highlighting a promising nanotechnology-based combinatorial delivery approach in managing breast cancer chemoresistance.

Nanoparticles as a novel key driver for the isolation and detection of circulating tumour cells

Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), derived from primary tumours, play a pivotal role in cancer metastasis by migrating into the peripheral bloodstream. These cells are paramount in clinical research, serving as early diagnostic markers for metastatic cancer. Analysing CTC counts and their biomarker characteristics can provide invaluable insights into tumour identification, profiling, and metastatic capabilities. However, the rarity and diverse nature of CTCs in the bloodstream present significant challenges to their isolation and detection, especially in the initial stages of metastasis. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of innovative CTC separation and detection methods. This review focuses on applying nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and microfluidic platforms to simplify the isolation and detection of CTCs. The infusion of nanotechnology in this field marks a crucial turning point, enabling the necessary progress to advance CTC research.

Deciphering the cytotoxic potential of acamprosate and acamprosate loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles in hepatocellular carcinoma: an in vitro and in silico approach

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a healthcare concern that causes most cancer-linked deaths around the world. This work was aimed at unraveling the anticancer potential of acamprosate and development of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) drug delivery system to increase the therapeutic efficacy of acamprosate. For this purpose, the MSNs were synthesized and encapsulated with acamprosate (MSN-Acamp). The MSN and MSN-Acamp were characterized by DLS, Zeta potential, UV spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, XRD, DFT, and XPS. Biological effects were evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The apoptotic mode of cell death was evaluated by fluorescence imaging and DNA fragmentation assay. Cell cycle assessment and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were performed to depict the phase of cell arrest and stage of apoptotic cells respectively. The acamprosate was found to exhibit cytotoxic effect and MSN-Acamp exhibited an increased cytotoxicity. Apoptotic mode of cell death was revealed by fluorescence imaging as nuclear fragmentation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of membrane potential in mitochondria, and chromatin condensation/fragmentation were found. The docking results revealed that acamprosate had a considerable binding affinity with Bcl-2, Mcl-1, EGFR, and mTOR proteins. Overall, our results indicated that acamprosate and MSN-Acamp had a potent apoptotic effect and MSNs are propitious drug carriers to increase therapeutic effect in HCC.

Stimuli-Responsive Silica Silanol Conjugates: Strategic Nanoarchitectonics in Targeted Drug Delivery

The design of novel drug delivery systems is exceptionally critical in disease treatments. Among the existing drug delivery systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have shown profuse promise owing to their structural stability, tunable morphologies/sizes, and ability to load different payload chemistry. Significantly, the presence of surface silanol groups enables functionalization with relevant drugs, imaging, and targeting agents, promoting their utility and popularity among researchers. Stimuli-responsive silanol conjugates have been developed as a novel, more effective way to conjugate, deliver, and release therapeutic drugs on demand and precisely to the selected location. Therefore, it is urgent to summarize the current understanding and the surface silanols' role in making MSN a versatile drug delivery platform. This review provides an analytical understanding of the surface silanols, chemistry, identification methods, and their property-performance correlation. The chemistry involved in converting surface silanols to a stimuli-responsive silica delivery system by endogenous/exogenous stimuli, including pH, redox potential, temperature, and hypoxia, is discussed in depth. Different chemistries for converting surface silanols to stimuli-responsive bonds are discussed in the context of drug delivery. The critical discussion is culminated by outlining the challenges in identifying silanols' role and overcoming the limitations in synthesizing stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica-based drug delivery systems.

Nanoparticles in cancer theragnostic and drug delivery: A comprehensive review

This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of how nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer theragnostic, which combines diagnostic and therapeutic methods to customize cancer treatment. The study examines the unique attributes, uses, and difficulties linked to different types of nanoparticles, including gold, iron oxide, silica, Quantum dots, Carbon nanotubes, and liposomes, in the context of cancer treatment. In addition, the paper examines the progression of nanotheranostics, emphasizing its uses in precise medication administration, photothermal therapy, and sophisticated diagnostic methods such as MRI, CT, and fluorescence imaging. Moreover, the article highlights the capacity of nanoparticles to improve the effectiveness of drugs, reduce the overall toxicity in the body, and open up new possibilities for treating cancer by releasing drugs in a controlled manner and targeting specific areas. Furthermore, it tackles concerns regarding the compatibility of nanoparticles and their potential harmful effects, emphasizing the significance of continuous study to improve nanotherapeutic methods for use in medical treatments. The review finishes by outlining potential future applications of nanotechnology in predictive oncology and customized medicine.

Integration of Melt Electrowritten Polymeric Scaffolds and Bioprinting for Epithelial Healing via Localized Periostin Delivery

Management of skin injuries imposes a substantial financial burden on patients and hospitals, leading to diminished quality of life. Periostin (rhOSF), an extracellular matrix component, regulates cell function, including a proliferative healing phase, representing a key protein to promote wound healing. Despite its proven efficacy in vitro, there is a lack of scaffolds that facilitate the in situ delivery of rhOSF. In addition, there is a need for a scaffold to not only support cell growth, but also to resist the mechanical forces involved in wound healing. In this work, we synthesized rhOSF-loaded mesoporous nanoparticles (MSNs) and incorporated them into a cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) ink that was bioprinted into melt electrowritten poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microfibrous (MF-PCL) meshes to develop mechanically competent constructs. Diffraction light scattering (DLS) analysis showed a narrow nanoparticle size distribution with an average size of 82.7 ± 13.2 nm. The rhOSF-loaded hydrogels showed a steady and controlled release of rhOSF over 16 days at a daily dose of ∼40 ng/mL. Compared with blank MSNs, the incorporation of rhOSF markedly augmented cell proliferation, underscoring its contribution to cellular performance. Our findings suggest a promising approach to address challenges such as prolonged healing, offering a potential solution for developing robust, biocompatible, and cell-laden grafts for burn wound healing applications.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Chlorambucil-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

This study describes the synthesis and characterization of chlorambucil (CLB)-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for potential application in cancer therapy. The nanoparticles were designed with a diameter between 20 and 50 nm to optimize cellular uptake and avoid rapid clearance from the bloodstream. The synthesis method involved modifying a previously reported technique to reduce particle size. Successful functionalization with CLB was confirmed through various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis. The cytotoxicity of the CLB-functionalized nanoparticles (MSN@NH2-CLB) was evaluated against human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and colon carcinoma cells (CT26WT). The results suggest significantly higher cytotoxicity of MSN@NH2-CLB compared to unbound CLB, with improved selectivity towards cancer cells over normal cells. This suggests that MSN@NH2-CLB holds promise as a drug delivery system for targeted cancer therapy.

The advancement of siRNA-based nanomedicine for tumor therapy

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been proved to be able to effectively down-regulate gene expression through the RNAi mechanism. Thus, siRNA-based drugs have become one of the hottest research directions due to their high efficiency and specificity. However, challenges such as instability, off-target effects and immune activation hinder their clinical application. This review explores the mechanisms of siRNA and the challenges in siRNA-based tumor therapy. It highlights the use of various nanomaterials - including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles - as carriers for siRNA delivery in different therapeutic modalities. The application strategies of siRNA-based nanomedicine in chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy are discussed in detail, along with recent clinical advancements. Aiming to provide insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.

Greener healing: sustainable nanotechnology for advanced wound care

Wound healing involves a carefully regulated sequence of events, encompassing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stages, tissue regeneration, and remodeling. However, in individuals with diabetes, this process gets disrupted due to dysregulation caused by elevated glucose levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream. Consequently, the pro-inflammatory stage is prolonged, while the anti-inflammatory phase is delayed, leading to impaired tissue regeneration and remodeling with extended healing time. Furthermore, the increased glucose levels in open wounds create an environment conducive to microbial growth and tissue sepsis, which can escalate to the point of limb amputation. Managing diabetic wounds requires meticulous care and monitoring due to the lack of widely available preventative and therapeutic measures. Existing clinical interventions have limitations, such as slow recovery rates, high costs, and inefficient drug delivery methods. Therefore, exploring alternative avenues to develop effective wound-healing treatments is essential. Nature offers a vast array of resources in the form of secondary metabolites, notably polyphenols, known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, glucose-regulating, and cell growth-promoting properties. Additionally, nanoparticles synthesized through environmentally friendly methods hold promise for wound healing applications in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive discussion and summary of the potential wound-healing abilities of specific natural polyphenols and their nanoparticles. It explores the mechanisms of action underlying their efficacy and presents effective formulations for promoting wound-healing activity.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as an Ideal Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Cancer immunotherapy recently transforms the traditional approaches against various cancer malignancies. Immunotherapy includes systemic and local treatments to enhance immune responses against cancer and involves strategies such as immune checkpoints, cancer vaccines, immune modulatory agents, mimetic antigen-presenting cells, and adoptive cell therapy. Despite promising results, these approaches still suffer from several limitations including lack of precise delivery of immune-modulatory agents to the target cells and off-target toxicity, among others, that can be overcome using nanotechnology. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are investigated to improve various aspects of cancer immunotherapy attributed to the advantageous structural features of this nanomaterial. MSNs can be engineered to alter their properties such as size, shape, porosity, surface functionality, and adjuvanticity. This review explores the immunological properties of MSNs and the use of MSNs as delivery vehicles for immune-adjuvants, vaccines, and mimetic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The review also details the current strategies to remodel the tumor microenvironment to positively reciprocate toward the anti-tumor immune cells and the use of MSNs for immunotherapy in combination with other anti-tumor therapies including photodynamic/thermal therapies to enhance the therapeutic effect against cancer. Last, the present demands and future scenarios for the use of MSNs for cancer immunotherapy are discussed.

Custom-Design of Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Degradable Silica Nanoparticles for Advanced Cancer-Specific Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is crucial in oncology for combating malignant tumors but often encounters obatacles such as severe adverse effects, drug resistance, and biocompatibility issues. The advantages of degradable silica nanoparticles in tumor diagnosis and treatment lie in their ability to target drug delivery, minimizing toxicity to normal tissues while enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, their responsiveness to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli opens up new possibilities for integrating multiple treatment modalities. This review scrutinizes the burgeoning utility of degradable silica nanoparticles in combination with chemotherapy and other treatment modalities. Commencing the elucidation of degradable silica synthesis and degradation mechanisms, emphasis is placed on the responsiveness of these materials to endogenous (e.g., pH, redox reactions, hypoxia, and enzymes) and exogenous stimuli (e.g., light and high-intensity focused ultrasound). Moreover, this exploration delves into strategies harnessing degradable silica nanoparticles in chemotherapy alone, coupled with radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, gas therapy, immunotherapy, starvation therapy, and chemodynamic therapy, elucidating multimodal synergies. Concluding with an assessment of advances, challenges, and constraints in oncology, despite hurdles, future investigations are anticipated to augment the role of degradable silica in cancer therapy. These insights can serve as a compass for devising more efficacious combined tumor treatment strategies.

Modification of Silica with Sucrose and Ammonium Fluoride Agents: A Facile Route to Prepare Supports of Iridium Catalysts for Hydrogenation Reaction

Mesoporous silica materials were synthesized using inexpensive and environmentally friendly sucrose as a porogeneous agent. It was found that the presence of sucrose and the products of its chemical transformation during synthesis (e.g., furfural polymer) significantly affected the structure of the obtained porous silica. The influence of synthesis conditions (pH, temperature, time) on the textural properties of the final materials was determined. Samples obtained in an acidic medium, at pH = 1, and treated at room temperature, yielded products with a large surface area and a narrow pore size distribution in the range of 2-5 nm, while the synthesis at pH = 8 allowed for the formation of mesoporous systems with pores in the range of 14-20 nm. To generate acidity, the silicas were modified with an ammonium fluoride solution and then used as supports for iridium catalysts in a hydrogenation reaction, with toluene as a model hydrocarbon. The influence of parameters such as specific surface area, support acidity, and iridium dispersion on catalytic activity was determined. It was shown that modification with sucrose improved the porous structure, and NH4F modification generated acidity. These parameters favored better reducibility and dispersion of the active phase, resulting in higher activity of the catalysts in the studied hydrogenation reaction.

Polymeric functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Biomedical insights

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) endowed with polymer coatings present a versatile platform, offering notable advantages such as targeted, pH-controlled, and stimuli-responsive drug delivery. Surface functionalization, particularly through amine and carboxyl modification, enhances their suitability for polymerization, thereby augmenting their versatility and applicability. This review delves into the diverse therapeutic realms benefiting from polymer-coated MSNs, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemotherapy, RNA delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, food packaging, and neurodegenerative disorder treatment. The multifaceted potential of polymer-coated MSNs underscores their significance as a focal point for future research endeavors and clinical applications. A comprehensive analysis of various polymers and biopolymers, such as polydopamine, chitosan, polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone, alginate, gelatin, albumin, and others, is conducted to elucidate their advantages, benefits, and utilization across biomedical disciplines. Furthermore, this review extends its scope beyond polymerization and biomedical applications to encompass topics such as surface functionalization, chemical modification of MSNs, recent patents in the MSN domain, and the toxicity associated with MSN polymerization. Additionally, a brief discourse on green polymers is also included in review, highlighting their potential for fostering a sustainable future.

A nanoparticle-assisted signal-enhancement technique for lateral flow immunoassays

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), an affordable and rapid paper-based detection technology, is employed extensively in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the validity and adoption of LFIA in performing large-scale clinical and public health testing. The unprecedented demand for prompt diagnostic responses and advances in nanotechnology have fueled the rise of next-generation LFIA technologies. The utilization of nanoparticles to amplify signals represents an innovative approach aimed at augmenting LFIA sensitivity. This review probes the nanoparticle-assisted amplification strategies in LFIA applications to secure low detection limits and expedited response rates. Emphasis is placed on comprehending the correlation between the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and LFIA performance. Lastly, we shed light on the challenges and opportunities in this prolific field.

Feasibility and Advantages of Continuous Synthesis of Bioinspired Silica Using CO2 as an Acidifying Agent

In this work, we present a method for the continuous synthesis of bioinspired porous silica (BIS) particles using carbon dioxide (CO2) as an acidifying agent. Typical BIS synthesis uses strong mineral acids (e.g., HCl) to initiate the hydrolysis and subsequent condensation reactions. The use of strong acids leads to challenges in controlling the reaction pH. The synthesis approach proposed in this work offers for the first time CO2 as an attractive alternative for the synthesis of BIS and demonstrates the continuous process. The developed method leverages the mild acidic and the self-buffering nature of the CO2 combined with additional options for controlling mass transfer rates to facilitate enhanced control of pH, which is crucial for controlling the properties of synthesized BIS. Proof of concept experiments conducted in continuous mode demonstrated a yield of over 70% and a surface area exceeding 500 m2/g. These results indicate the successful synthesis of BIS using CO2 with properties in the desired range. The enhanced pH control offered by this CO2-based process will facilitate the implementation of a sustainable and robust continuous process for BIS synthesis.

Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibit highly beneficial characteristics for devising efficient biosensors for different analytes. Their unique properties, such as capabilities for stable covalent binding to recognition groups (e.g., antibodies or aptamers) and sensing surfaces, open a plethora of opportunities for biosensor construction. In addition, their structured porosity offers capabilities for entrapping signaling molecules (dyes or electroactive species), which could be released efficiently in response to a desired analyte for effective optical or electrochemical detection. This work offers an overview of recent research studies (in the last five years) that contain MSNs in their optical and electrochemical sensing platforms for the detection of cancer biomarkers, classified by cancer type. In addition, this study provides an overview of cancer biomarkers, as well as electrochemical and optical detection methods in general.

Induction of antigen-specific immunity by mesoporous silica nanoparticles incorporating antigen peptides

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are physically and chemically stable inorganic nanomaterials that have been attracting much attention as carriers for drug delivery systems in the field of nanomedicine. In the present study, we investigated the potential of MSN vaccines that incorporate antigen peptides for use in cancer immunotherapy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that fluorescently labeled MSNs accumulated in a line of mouse dendritic cells (DC2.4 cells), where the particles localized to the cytosol. These observations could suggest that MSNs have potential for use in delivering the loaded molecules into antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating the host acquired immune system. In vivo experiments demonstrated prolonged survival in mice implanted with ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing lymphoma cells (E.G7-OVA cells) following subcutaneous inoculation with MSNs incorporating OVA antigen peptides. Furthermore, OVA-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in the serum and the spleen cells, respectively, of mice inoculated with an MSN-OVA vaccine, indicating the induction of antigen-specific responses in both the humoral and cellular immune systems. These results suggested that the MSN therapies incorporating antigen peptides may serve as novel vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.

Synergistic Effect of SiO2 and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Autophagy Modulation

Rapid advancements in nanotechnology have expanded its applications and synergistic impact on modern nanosystems. The comprehensive assessment of nanomaterials' safety for human exposure has become crucial and heightened. In addition to the characterization of cell proliferation and apoptosis, probing the implication of autophagy is vital for understanding the ramification of nanomaterials. Hence, HEK-293 kidney cells were employed to understand the changes in induction and perturbation of autophagy in cells by iron oxide (Fe3O4) and silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. Interestingly, Fe3O4 worked as a potent modulator of the autophagy process through its catalytic performance, which can develop better than that of SiO2 nanoparticles mechanism, stressing their therapeutic implication in the understanding of cell behaviors. The quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured along with the process of autophagy during cell growth. This modulated autophagy will help in cell fate determination in complementary therapy for disease treatment, provide a clinical strategy for future study.

RNA therapeutics in targeting G protein-coupled receptors: Recent advances and challenges

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the major targets of existing drugs for a plethora of human diseases and dominate the pharmaceutical market. However, over 50% of the GPCRs remain undruggable. To pursue a breakthrough and overcome this situation, there is significant clinical research for developing RNA-based drugs specifically targeting GPCRs, but none has been approved so far. RNA therapeutics represent a unique and promising approach to selectively targeting previously undruggable targets, including undruggable GPCRs. However, the development of RNA therapeutics faces significant challenges in areas of RNA stability and efficient in vivo delivery. This review presents an overview of the advances in RNA therapeutics and the diverse types of nanoparticle RNA delivery systems. It also describes the potential applications of GPCR-targeted RNA drugs for various human diseases.

Photocrosslinked gelatin/chondroitin sulfate/chitosan-based composites with tunable multifunctionality for bone tissue regeneration

Novel hydrogel-based multifunctional systems prepared utilizing photocrosslinking and freeze-drying processes (PhotoCross/Freeze-dried) dedicated for bone tissue regeneration are presented. Fabricated materials, composed of methacrylated gelatin, chitosan, and chondroitin sulfate, possess interesting features including bioactivity, biocompatibility, as well as antibacterial activity. Importantly, their degradation and swellability might be easily tuned by playing with the biopolymeric content in the photocrosllinked systems. To broaden the potential application and deliver the therapeutic features, mesoporous silica particles functionalized with methacrylate moieties decorated with hydroxyapatite and loaded with the antiosteoporotic drug, alendronate, (MSP-MA-HAp-ALN) were dispersed within the biopolymeric sol and photocrosslinked. It was demonstrated that the obtained composites are characterized by a significantly extended degradation time, ensuring optimal conditions for balancing hybrids removal with the deposition of fresh bone. We have shown that attachment of MSP-MA-HAp-ALN to the polymeric matrix minimizes the initial burst effect and provides a prolonged release of ALN (up to 22 days). Moreover, the biological evaluation in vitro suggested the capability of the resulted systems to promote bone remodeling. Developed materials might potentially serve as scaffolds that after implantation will fill up bone defects of various origin (osteoporosis, tumour resection, accidents) providing the favourable conditions for bone regeneration and supporting the infections' treatment.

Fabrication and characterization of apremilast-loaded zinc oxide-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for psoriasis treatment

Aim: The study was aimed to formulate and evaluate apremilast-loaded zinc oxide-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for treatment of psoriasis. Materials & methods: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles were prepared by using sol-gel method and evaluated for particle size, in vitro drug release, in vitro cytotoxicity study and in vivo pharmacodynamic study. Results: The synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles showed particle size of 319.9 ± 3.9 nm, with 24 ± 0.217% of loading capacity. In vitro cytotoxicity study on A-431 cell line showed increased anti-psoriatic activity of apremilast-loaded zinc oxide-mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In vivo pharmacodynamic study and histological studies showed improved efficacy of drug in imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice model. Conclusion: The apremilast-loaded zinc oxide-mesoporous silica nanoparticles showed improved therapeutic efficacy, suggesting that they are promising approach for topical treatment of psoriasis.

Ordered Mesoporous Silica Delivering siRNA as Cancer Nanotherapeutics: A Comprehensive Review

Nanosized mesoporous silica has emerged as a promising flexible platform delivering siRNA for cancer treatment. This ordered mesoporous nanosized silica provides attractive features of well-defined and tunable porosity, structure, high payload, and multiple functionalizations for targeted delivery and increasing biocompatibility over other polymeric nanocarriers. Moreover, it also overcomes the lacunae associated with traditional administration of drugs. Chemically modified porous silica matrix efficiently entraps siRNA molecules and prevents their enzymatic degradation and premature release. This Review discusses the synthesis of silica using the sol-gel approach and the advantages with different silica mesostructure. Herein, the factors affecting the synthesis of silica at nanometer scale, shape, porosity and nanoparticle surface modification are also highlighted to attain the desired nanostructured silica carriers. Additional emphasis is given to chemically modified silica delivering siRNA, where the silica nanoparticle surface was modified with different chemical moieties such as amine modified with (3-aminoropyl) triethoxysilane, polyethylenimine, chitosan, poly(ethylene glycol), and cyclodextrin polymer modification to attain high therapeutic loading, improved dispersibility and biocompatibility. Upon systemic administration, ordered mesoporous nanosized silica encounters blood cells, immune cells, and organs mainly of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Thereby, biocompatibility and biodistribution of silica based nanocarriers are deliberated to design principles for smart and efficacious nanostructured silica-siRNA carriers and their clinical trial status. This Review further reports the future scopes and challenges for developing silica nanomaterial as a promising siRNA delivery vehicle demanding FDA approval.

Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.

Comparison of the antimicrobial photocatalytic activities of SiO2 and Au@SiO2 nanostructures in water decontamination

Photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli suspension by silicon dioxide nanoparticles and silicon dioxide/gold nanocomposite in a batch reactor is investigated experimentally and results are compared. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by Stöber method and pulsed laser ablation method was employed to prepare gold nanoparticles in distilled water. Composition of two nanoparticles species was carried out, using the second harmonic pulse of Nd:YAG laser, whose wavelength is in the absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles. Results confirm a decrease in the bandgap energy of silica nanoparticles after composition. Escherichia coli were selected as an indicator of the microbial water contamination. Disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of SiO2 and Au@SiO2 nanostructures. Photocatalytic activities of both nanostructures were examined in dark, and under the irradiation of UV and visible light. In all conditions, the performance of Au@SiO2 nanocomposites was higher than SiO2 nanoparticles. In dark condition the higher biocidal nature and activity of Au nanoparticles and for the case of UV radiation, decreasing the bandgap energy and recombination rate of SiO2 nanoparticles after composition with Au increased the efficiency. For the case of visible light radiation, surface plasmon resonances effects, and local heat of Au nanoparticles were responsible for increasing the efficiency. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Doping large bandgap semiconductors nanostructures, such as silica with metal nanoparticles, such as gold will improve their photocatalytic activity to work in visible light. In this mechanism, gold nanoparticles act as effective traps to prevent the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Other mechanisms, such as Schottky barrier formation, surface plasmon resonance absorption of gold nanoparticles, and biocidal nature of the gold nanoparticles are effective in increasing the efficiency of Au doped silica nanostructures.