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Alkhawaja B, Al-Akayleh F, Nasereddin J, Malek SA, Alkhawaja N, Kamran M, Al-Rubaye Z, Smairat M, Al-Remawi M, Aburayyan WS. Levofloxacin-Fatty Acid Systems: Dual Enhancement Through Deep Eutectic Formation and Solubilization for Pharmaceutical Potential and Antibacterial Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:244. [PMID: 38030950 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids, including medium-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, are known for their broad health benefits, including antimicrobial activity. Through their green properties, deep eutectic systems have been heralded as having the potential to be at the forefront of pharmaceutical applications. In this work, capric acid and geranic acid, two examples of medium-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, were employed to enhance the pharmaceutical properties and the antibacterial activity of levofloxacin. To this end, levofloxacin formulations with either capric or geranic acid were prepared and characterized using appropriate techniques. Levofloxacin was utilized to create innovative deep eutectic systems in conjunction with capric acid at three different molar ratios: 1:9, 2:8 and 3:7. This was confirmed through a rigorous analysis involving nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that geranic acid demonstrated an impressive threefold improvement in levofloxacin's solubility compared to its solubility in aqueous solutions. The antibacterial activity of the novel combinations of levofloxacin with either fatty acid was evaluated using a checkerboard titration assay. Gratifyingly, both formulations exhibited synergistic effects against a panel of levofloxacin-sensitive and resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, the observed superior antibacterial activity of levofloxacin illuminates the potential use of fatty acid-based formulations and deep eutectic systems as green and innovative strategies to combat the global antimicrobial resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan.
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan.
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan
| | - Suzanne Abdel Malek
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Nour Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Zaid Al-Rubaye
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Maisa'a Smairat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Walid Salem Aburayyan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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Hot Melt Extruded Posaconazole-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions—The Effect of Different Types of Polymers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030799. [PMID: 36986660 PMCID: PMC10056184 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Four model polymers, representing (i) amorphous homopolymers (Kollidon K30, K30), (ii) amorphous heteropolymers (Kollidon VA64, KVA), (iii) semi-crystalline homopolymers (Parteck MXP, PXP), and (iv) semi-crystalline heteropolymers (Kollicoat IR, KIR), were examined for their effectiveness in creating posaconazole-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Posaconazole (POS) is a triazole antifungal drug that has activity against Candida and Aspergillus species, belonging to class II of the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). This means that this active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is characterized by solubility-limited bioavailability. Thus, one of the aims of its formulation as an ASD was to improve its aqueous solubility. Investigations were performed into how polymers affected the following characteristics: melting point depression of the API, miscibility and homogeneity with POS, improvement of the amorphous API’s physical stability, melt viscosity (and associated with it, drug loading), extrudability, API content in the extrudate, long term physical stability of the amorphous POS in the binary drug–polymer system (in the form of the extrudate), solubility, and dissolution rate of hot melt extrusion (HME) systems. The obtained results led us to conclude that the physical stability of the POS-based system increases with the increasing amorphousness of the employed excipient. Copolymers, compared to homopolymers, display greater homogeneity of the investigated composition. However, the enhancement in aqueous solubility was significantly higher after utilizing the homopolymeric, compared to the copolymeric, excipients. Considering all of the investigated parameters, the most effective additive in the formation of a POS-based ASD is an amorphous homopolymer—K30.
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Bertoni S, Albertini B, Passerini N. Investigating the physicochemical properties of solid dispersions based on semicrystalline carriers: A case study with ketoprofen. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122576. [PMID: 36596317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic semicrystalline carriers represent an alternative to amorphous polymers due to their low melting temperature, useful for the production of solid dispersions (SDs) by melting-based technologies. This research aims to compare SDs of ketoprofen (KET) and three different semicrystalline carriers (PEG, Poloxamer and Gelucire) regarding miscibility, phase behavior, molecular interactions and stability. KET was chosen owing to its low solubility and high glass forming ability. Estimation of drug-excipient miscibility was performed by Flory-Huggins theory. Negative Gibbs free energy indicated a spontaneous mixing of KET with the three carriers and miscibility in the order PEG > Poloxamer > Gelucire. SDs up to 40 % w/w of drug were produced by melting process at a temperature below KET melting point. Characterization of SDs was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. In case of PEG and Poloxamer, the drug incorporation did not affect carrier crystallinity, while KET was in the amorphous state. Differently, KET retarded the crystallization of Gelucire and at high drug loadings the SDs were amorphous and semisolid. FT-IR analysis revealed a strong interaction between KET and the three carriers. Finally, PEG-based SDs above 20 % KET loading displayed drug crystallization after 6 months of storage; while Poloxamer and Gelucire-based SDs showed KET crystallization only at 40 % KET. Due to its less hydrophilic character and limited water uptake, Gelucire showed the best stability among the three excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, PharmTech Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, PharmTech Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, PharmTech Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Song X, Zhang Y, Zuo R, Zhang J, Lin M, Wang J, Hu S, Ji H, Peng L, Lv Y, Gao X, Jiang S, Guo D. Repurposing maduramicin as a novel anticancer and anti-metastasis agent for triple-negative breast cancer as enhanced by nanoemulsion. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122091. [PMID: 35964826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is featured by aggression and metastasis and remains an unmet medical challenge due to high death rate. We aimed to repurpose maduramicin (MAD) as an effective drug against TNBC, and develop a nanoemulsion system to enhance anticancer efficacy of MAD. MDA-MB-231 and 4 T1 cells were used as in vitro model, and cell viability was determined by performing cell counting kit-8 and a colony-formation assay. Furthermore, MAD loaded nanoemulsion (MAD-NEs) was manufactured and characterized by a series of tests. The anticancer and anti-metastasis mechanism of MAD-NEs were assessed by performing cell cycle, apoptosis, wound-healing, transwell assay and Western blotting assays. Herein, MAD was firstly demonstrated to be an effective agent to suppress growth of TNBC cells. Subsequently, the optimized MAD-NEs were shown to have stability and high encapsulation efficiency, and could arrested cells in G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in TNBC cells. More importantly, MAD-NEs significantly impeded the metastasis of tumor cells, which was further demonstrated by the significant altered expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix markers in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, compared to MAD, MAD-NEs exhibited higher efficacy in shrinking breast tumor size and repressing liver and lung metastasis in vivo, and showed excellent biocompatibility in tumor-bearing mice. The successfully prepared MAD-NEs are expected to be harnessed to suppress tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in the battle against malignant TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Song
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Runan Zuo
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengjuan Lin
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shiheng Hu
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Ji
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingjun Lv
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiuge Gao
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shanxiang Jiang
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dawei Guo
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Mathers A, Pechar M, Hassouna F, Fulem M. API solubility in semi-crystalline polymer: Kinetic and thermodynamic phase behavior of PVA-based solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121855. [PMID: 35623485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) represents a promising strategy for improving the poor bioavailability of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the long-term physical stability (LTPS) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based solid dispersions formulated via hot-melt extrusion (HME) with their respective API-PVA temperature-composition (T-C) phase diagram. Furthermore, the impact of API glass-forming ability (GFA) on the LTPS was evaluated through the selection of two APIs with contrasting GFA (i.e., indomethacin (IND; good GFA) and naproxen (NAP; poor GFA)). Even though the predicted solubility of both APIs in PVA was less than 1 wt% at T = 25 °C, IND remained fully amorphous in HME-formulated IND-PVA extrudates with initial API loadings of 50, 40, and 30 wt% after a 24-month storage period. Meanwhile, NAP recrystallized to a considerable degree in each analogous sample with an amorphous NAP content of 22.5-23.5 wt% remaining after a 12-month storage period. While the constructed T-C phase diagrams were still in agreement with their respective LTPS study, they did not account for the impact of water uptake as well as potential HME-induced effects on the extrudate glass-transition temperature. This work may serve as a useful reference point for researchers who are interested in determining the solubility of an API in a semi-crystalline polymer and the challenges therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mathers
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Matouš Pechar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Hassouna
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Fulem
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Wang Y, Rades T, Grohganz H. Effects of polymer addition on the non-strongly interacting binary co-amorphous system carvedilol-tryptophan. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thakore SD, Akhtar J, Jain R, Paudel A, Bansal AK. Analytical and Computational Methods for the Determination of Drug-Polymer Solubility and Miscibility. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2835-2866. [PMID: 34041914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, poorly water-soluble drugs require enabling technologies to increase apparent solubility in the biological environment. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as an attractive strategy that has been used to market more than 20 oral pharmaceutical products. The amorphous form is inherently unstable and exhibits phase separation and crystallization during shelf life storage. Polymers stabilize the amorphous drug by antiplasticization, reducing molecular mobility, reducing chemical potential of drug, and increasing glass transition temperature in ASD. Here, drug-polymer miscibility is an important contributor to the physical stability of ASDs. The current Review discusses the basics of drug-polymer interactions with the major focus on the methods for the evaluation of solubility and miscibility of the drug in the polymer. Methods for the evaluation of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility have been classified as thermal, spectroscopic, microscopic, solid-liquid equilibrium-based, rheological, and computational methods. Thermal methods have been commonly used to determine the solubility of the drug in the polymer, while other methods provide qualitative information about drug-polymer miscibility. Despite advancements, the majority of these methods are still inadequate to provide the value of drug-polymer miscibility at room temperature. There is still a need for methods that can accurately determine drug-polymer miscibility at pharmaceutically relevant temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Junia Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ranjna Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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Mutual Effects of Hydrogen Bonding and Polymer Hydrophobicity on Ibuprofen Crystal Inhibition in Solid Dispersions with Poly( N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and Poly(2-oxazolines). Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050659. [PMID: 34064530 PMCID: PMC8148000 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOZ), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOZ), poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PnPOZ), and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOZ) were used to prepare solid dispersions with ibuprofen (IB), a model poorly-water soluble drug. Dispersions, prepared by solvent evaporation, were investigated using powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and FTIR spectroscopy; hydrogen bonds formed between IB and all polymers in solid dispersions. PMOZ, the most hydrophilic polymer, showed the poorest ability to reduce or inhibit the crystallinity of IB. In contrast, the more hydrophobic polymers PVP, PEOZ, PnPOZ, and PiPOZ provided greater but similar abilities to reduce IB crystallinity, despite the differing polymer hydrophobicity and that PiPOZ is semi-crystalline. These results indicate that crystallinity disruption is predominantly due to hydrogen bonding between the drug molecules and the polymer. However, carrier properties affected drug dissolution, where PnPOZ exhibited lower critical solution temperature that inhibited the release of IB, whereas drug release from other systems was consistent with the degree of ibuprofen crystallinity within the dispersions.
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Govender R, Abrahmsén-Alami S, Folestad S, Olsson M, Larsson A. Enabling modular dosage form concepts for individualized multidrug therapy: Expanding the design window for poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120625. [PMID: 33892062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug dosage forms (aka combination dosage forms, polypills, etc.) create value for patients through reduced pill burdens and simplified administration to improve adherence to therapy. Enhanced flexibility of multidrug dosage forms would provide further opportunities to better match emerging needs for individualized therapy. Through modular dosage form concepts, one approach to satisfy these needs is to adapt multidrug dosage forms to a wider variety of drugs, each with a variety of doses and release profiles. This study investigates and technically explores design requirements for extending the capability of modular multidrug dosage form concepts towards individualization. This builds on our recent demonstration of independent tailoring of dose and drug release, which is here extended towards poorly water-soluble drugs. The challenging design requirement of carrying higher drug loads in smaller volumes to accommodate multiple drugs at their clinical dose is here met regarding dose and release performance. With a modular concept, we demonstrate high precision (<5% RSD) in dose and release performance of individual modules containing felodipine or naproxen in Kollidon VA64 at both a wide drug loading range (5% w/w and 50% w/w drug) and a small module size (3.6 mg). In a forward-looking design-based discussion, further requirements are addressed, emphasizing that reproducible individual module performance is predictive of dosage form performance, provided the modules are designed to act independently. Therefore, efforts to incorporate progressively higher drug loads within progressively smaller module volumes will be crucial to extend the design window further towards full flexibility of future dosage forms for individualized multidrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rydvikha Govender
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden; Pharmaceutical Technology, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Susanna Abrahmsén-Alami
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Folestad
- Innovation Strategies and External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anette Larsson
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Dohrn S, Luebbert C, Lehmkemper K, Kyeremateng SO, Degenhardt M, Sadowski G. Solvent influence on the phase behavior and glass transition of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:132-142. [PMID: 33212185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the long-term stability of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is important for their successful approval for market. ASD stability does not only depend on the interplay between the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the polymer in the final formulation but may already be disadvantageously influenced by process steps during the production (e.g. selection of inappropriate solvent for spray drying). Residual solvent can affect the API solubility in the polymer, molecular mobility (by influencing the glass-transition temperature) and induce liquid-liquid phase separation. Enhanced mobility in the ASD due to residual solvent can promote recrystallization in ASDs. The removal of residual solvent can be expensive, time-consuming, and usually requires secondary drying procedures to fulfil the regulatory requirements. The aim of this work is to predict the API solubility in polymer-solvent mixtures, solvent influence on the glass transition, and the occurrence of liquid-liquid phase separation of solvent-loaded ASDs using the thermodynamic model PC-SAFT and to experimentally validate these predictions. ASDs containing the APIs ritonavir or naproxen and the polymers poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate were spray-dried using the solvents acetone, ethanol, and dichloromethane. API solubility, sorption behavior, liquid-liquid phase separation and glass transition in the ternary API/polymer/solvent mixtures were predicted based on the binary phase behavior between API/solvent, API/polymer, and polymer/solvent and successfully validated experimentally using dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and Raman spectroscopy. Thus, the presented methodology allows for an in-silico selection of appropriate solvent systems for solvent-based ASD preparation based on a limited amount of experimental data for binary systems only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dohrn
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristin Lehmkemper
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Sahakijpijarn S, Moon C, Koleng JJ, Christensen DJ, Williams RO. Development of Remdesivir as a Dry Powder for Inhalation by Thin Film Freezing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111002. [PMID: 33105618 PMCID: PMC7690377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir exhibits in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and was granted approval for emergency use. To maximize delivery to the lungs, we formulated remdesivir as a dry powder for inhalation using thin film freezing (TFF). TFF produces brittle matrix nanostructured aggregates that are sheared into respirable low-density microparticles upon aerosolization from a passive dry powder inhaler. In vitro aerodynamic testing demonstrated that drug loading and excipient type affected the aerosol performance of remdesivir. Remdesivir combined with optimal excipients exhibited desirable aerosol performance (up to 93.0% FPF< 5 µm; 0.82 µm mass median aerodynamic diameter). Remdesivir was amorphous after the TFF process, which benefitted drug dissolution in simulated lung fluid. TFF remdesivir formulations are stable after one month of storage at 25 °C/60% relative humidity. An in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation showed that TFF remdesivir–leucine was poorly absorbed into systemic circulation while TFF remdesivir-Captisol® demonstrated increased systemic uptake compared to leucine. Remdesivir was hydrolyzed to the nucleoside analog GS-441524 in the lung, and levels of GS-441524 were greater in the lung with leucine formulation compared to Captisol®. In conclusion, TFF technology produces high-potency remdesivir dry powder formulations for inhalation that are suitable to treat patients with COVID-19 on an outpatient basis and earlier in the disease course where effective antiviral therapy can reduce related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawittree Sahakijpijarn
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - John J. Koleng
- TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Austin, TX 78746, USA; (J.J.K.); (D.J.C.)
| | | | - Robert O. Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-471-4681
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Sahakijpijarn S, Moon C, Ma X, Su Y, Koleng JJ, Dolocan A, Williams RO. Using thin film freezing to minimize excipients in inhalable tacrolimus dry powder formulations. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119490. [PMID: 32603840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of preparing high-potency tacrolimus dry powder for inhalation using thin film freezing (TFF). We found that using ultra-rapid freezing can increase drug loading up to 95% while maintaining good aerosol performance. Drug loading affected the specific surface area and moisture sorption of TFF formulations, but it did not affect the chemical stability, physical stability, and dissolution of tacrolimus. Tacrolimus remained amorphous after storage at 40 °C/75% RH, and 25 °C/60% RH for up to 6 months. Lactose functioned as a bulking agent, and it had little to no effect as a stabilizer for amorphous tacrolimus due to a lack of interaction between the drug and excipient. Additionally, the aerosol performance of TFF tacrolimus/lactose (95/5) did not significantly change after six months of storage at 25 °C/60% RH. For processing parameters, the solids content and the processing temperature did not affect the aerosol performance of tacrolimus. Furthermore, both low- and high-resistance RS01 showed optimal and consistent aerosol performance over the 1-4 kPa pressure drop range. In conclusion, TFF is a suitable technology for producing inhalable powder that contain high drug loading and have less flow rate dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawittree Sahakijpijarn
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chaeho Moon
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA; TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Andrei Dolocan
- The University of Texas at Austin, Texas Materials Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA.
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