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Shu M, Wang J, Xu Z, Lu T, He Y, Li R, Zhong G, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Chu X, Ke J. Targeting nanoplatform synergistic glutathione depletion-enhanced chemodynamic, microwave dynamic, and selective-microwave thermal to treat lung cancer bone metastasis. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:544-561. [PMID: 38883314 PMCID: PMC11179176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Once bone metastasis occurs in lung cancer, the efficiency of treatment can be greatly reduced. Current mainstream treatments are focused on inhibiting cancer cell growth and preventing bone destruction. Microwave ablation (MWA) has been used to treat bone tumors. However, MWA may damage the surrounding normal tissues. Therefore, it could be beneficial to develop a nanocarrier combined with microwave to treat bone metastasis. Herein, a microwave-responsive nanoplatform (MgFe2O4@ZOL) was constructed. MgFe2O4@ZOL NPs release the cargos of Fe3+, Mg2+ and zoledronic acid (ZOL) in the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). Fe3+ can deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH) and catalyze H2O2 to generate •OH, resulting in chemodynamic therapy (CDT). In addition, the microwave can significantly enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enabling the effective implementation of microwave dynamic therapy (MDT). Moreover, Mg2+ and ZOL promote osteoblast differentiation. In addition, MgFe2O4@ZOL NPs could target and selectively heat tumor tissue and enhance the effect of microwave thermal therapy (MTT). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that synergistic targeting, GSH depletion-enhanced CDT, MDT, and selective MTT exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and bone repair. This multimodal combination therapy provides a promising strategy for the treatment of bone metastasis in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Shu
- Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jingguang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Teliang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Renshan Li
- Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yunbo Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jin Ke
- Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
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Fernandes RJC, Cardoso BD, Rodrigues ARO, Pires A, Pereira AM, Araújo JP, Pereira L, Coutinho PJG. Zinc/Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles Functionalized with Silver for Optimized Photocatalytic Removal of Malachite Green. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3158. [PMID: 38998250 PMCID: PMC11242515 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution is a major environmental challenge. Due to the inefficiency of conventional wastewater treatment plants in degrading many organic complex compounds, these recalcitrant pollutants end up in rivers, lakes, oceans and other bodies of water, affecting the environment and human health. Semiconductor photocatalysis is considered an efficient complement to conventional methods, and the use of various nanomaterials for this purpose has been widely explored, with a particular focus on improving their activity under visible light. This work focuses on developing magnetic and photoactive zinc/magnesium mixed ferrites (Zn0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4) by sol-gel and solvothermal synthesis methods, which are two of the most important and efficient methods used for the synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the sol-gel method exhibited an average size of 14.7 nm, while those synthesized by the solvothermal method had an average size of 17.4 nm. Both types possessed a predominantly cubic structure and demonstrated superparamagnetic behavior, reaching a magnetization saturation value of 60.2 emu g-1. Due to the high recombination rate of electrons/holes, which is an intrinsic feature of ferrites, surface functionalization with silver was carried out to enhance charge separation. The results demonstrated a strong influence of adsorption and of the deposition of silver. Several optimization steps were performed during synthesis, allowing us to create efficient catalysts, as proved by the almost full removal of the dye malachite green attaining 95.0% (at a rate constant of 0.091 min-1) and 87.6% (at a rate constant of 0.017 min-1) using NPs obtained by the sol-gel and solvothermal methods, respectively. Adsorption in the dark accounted for 89.2% of the dye removal for nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel and 82.8% for the ones obtained by the solvothermal method. These results make mixed zinc/magnesium ferrites highly promising for potential industrial application in effluent photoremediation using visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J C Fernandes
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz D Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita O Rodrigues
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pires
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-Materials Physics Institute, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M Pereira
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-Materials Physics Institute, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P Araújo
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-Materials Physics Institute, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Pereira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo J G Coutinho
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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He GQ, Li H, Liu J, Hu YL, Liu Y, Wang ZL, Jiang P. Recent Progress in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312530. [PMID: 38376369 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, tremendous effort is devoted to developing platforms, such as implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs), with temporally and spatially controlled drug release capabilities and improved adherence. IDDSs have multiple advantages: i) the timing and location of drug delivery can be controlled by patients using specific stimuli (light, sound, electricity, magnetism, etc.). Some intelligent "closed-loop" IDDS can even realize self-management without human participation. ii) IDDSs enable continuous and stable delivery of drugs over a long period (months to years) and iii) to administer drugs directly to the lesion, thereby helping reduce dosage and side effects. iv) IDDSs enable personalized drug delivery according to patient needs. The high demand for such systems has prompted scientists to make efforts to develop intelligent IDDS. In this review, several common stimulus-responsive mechanisms including endogenous (e.g., pH, reactive oxygen species, proteins, etc.) and exogenous stimuli (e.g., light, sound, electricity, magnetism, etc.), are given in detail. Besides, several types of IDDS reported in recent years are reviewed, including various stimulus-responsive systems based on the above mechanisms, radio frequency-controlled IDDS, "closed-loop" IDDS, self-powered IDDS, etc. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of various IDDS, bottleneck problems, and possible solutions are analyzed to provide directions for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qin He
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Albany Medical College, New York, 12208, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China
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Pacheco ARF, Barros AM, Amorim CO, Amaral VS, Coutinho PJG, Rodrigues ARO, Castanheira EMS. Elastic Liposomes Containing Calcium/Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles Coupled with Gold Nanorods for Application in Photothermal Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:679. [PMID: 38668173 PMCID: PMC11055082 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
This work reports on the design, development, and characterization of novel magneto-plasmonic elastic liposomes (MPELs) of DPPC:SP80 (85:15) containing Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4 nanoparticles coupled with gold nanorods, for topical application of photothermal therapy (PTT). Both magnetic and plasmonic components were characterized regarding their structural, morphological, magnetic and photothermal properties. The magnetic nanoparticles display a cubic shape and a size (major axis) of 37 ± 3 nm, while the longitudinal and transverse sizes of the nanorods are 46 ± 7 nm and 12 ± 1.6 nm, respectively. A new methodology was employed to couple the magnetic and plasmonic nanostructures, using cysteine as bridge. The potential for photothermia was evaluated for the magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanorods and the coupled magnetic/plasmonic nanoparticles, which demonstrated a maximum temperature variation of 28.9 °C, 33.6 °C and 37.2 °C, respectively, during a 30 min NIR-laser irradiation of 1 mg/mL dispersions. Using fluorescence anisotropy studies, a phase transition temperature (Tm) of 35 °C was estimated for MPELs, which ensures an enhanced fluidity crucial for effective crossing of the skin layers. The photothermal potential of this novel nanostructure corresponds to a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 616.9 W/g and a maximum temperature increase of 33.5 °C. These findings point to the development of thermoelastic nanocarriers with suitable features to act as photothermal hyperthermia agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita F. Pacheco
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.R.F.P.); (A.M.B.)
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Barros
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.R.F.P.); (A.M.B.)
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos O. Amorim
- Physics Department and i3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vítor S. Amaral
- Physics Department and CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Coutinho
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.R.F.P.); (A.M.B.)
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita O. Rodrigues
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.R.F.P.); (A.M.B.)
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.R.F.P.); (A.M.B.)
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Ali M, Benfante V, Di Raimondo D, Salvaggio G, Tuttolomondo A, Comelli A. Recent Developments in Nanoparticle Formulations for Resveratrol Encapsulation as an Anticancer Agent. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:126. [PMID: 38256959 PMCID: PMC10818631 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has gained considerable attention in the past decade due to its multifaceted therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. However, its anticancer efficacy is impeded by low water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, low bioavailability, and rapid hepatic metabolism. To overcome these hurdles, various nanoparticles such as organic and inorganic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, carbon nanotubes, bioactive glass nanoparticles, and mesoporous nanoparticles were employed to deliver resveratrol, enhancing its water solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy against various types of cancer. Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticle or resveratrol-conjugated nanoparticle administration exhibits excellent anticancer potency compared to free resveratrol. This review highlights the latest developments in nanoparticle-based delivery systems for resveratrol, focusing on the potential to overcome limitations associated with the compound's bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Viviana Benfante
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Domenico Di Raimondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Salvaggio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Albert Comelli
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Cardoso BD, Fernandes DEM, Amorim CO, Amaral VS, Coutinho PJG, Rodrigues ARO, Castanheira EMS. Magnetoliposomes with Calcium-Doped Magnesium Ferrites Anchored in the Lipid Surface for Enhanced DOX Release. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2597. [PMID: 37764626 PMCID: PMC10535675 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has provided a new insight into cancer treatment by enabling the development of nanocarriers for the encapsulation, transport, and controlled release of antitumor drugs at the target site. Among these nanocarriers, magnetic nanosystems have gained prominence. This work presents the design, development, and characterization of magnetoliposomes (MLs), wherein superparamagnetic nanoparticles are coupled to the lipid surface. For this purpose, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)-functionalized Ca0.25Mg0.75Fe2O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles were prepared for the first time. The magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated a cubic shape with an average size of 13.36 nm. Furthermore, their potential for photothermal hyperthermia was evaluated using 4 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL concentrations of NPs@DMSA, which demonstrated a maximum temperature variation of 20.4 °C, 11.4 °C, and 7.3 °C, respectively, during a 30 min NIR-laser irradiation. Subsequently, these nanoparticles were coupled to the lipid surface of DPPC/DSPC/CHEMS and DPPC/DSPC/CHEMS/DSPE-PEG-based MLs using a new synthesis methodology, exhibiting average sizes of 153 ± 8 nm and 136 ± 2 nm, respectively. Doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated with high efficiency, achieving 96% ± 2% encapsulation in non-PEGylated MLs and 98.0% ± 0.6% in stealth MLs. Finally, drug release assays of the DOX-loaded DPPC/DSPC/CHEMS MLs were performed under different conditions of temperature (37 °C and 42 °C) and pH (5.5 and 7.4), simulating physiological and therapeutic conditions. The results revealed a higher release rate at 42 °C and acidic pH. Release rates significantly increased when introducing the stimulus of laser-induced photothermal hyperthermia at 808 nm (1 W/cm2) for 5 min. After 48 h of testing, at pH 5.5, 67.5% ± 0.5% of DOX was released, while at pH 7.4, only a modest release of 27.0% ± 0.1% was achieved. The results demonstrate the potential of the MLs developed in this work to the controlled release of DOX under NIR-laser stimulation and acidic environments and to maintain a sustained and reduced release profile in physiological environments with pH 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D. Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (D.E.M.F.)
- LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CMEMS—UMinho, Universidade do Minho, DEI, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana E. M. Fernandes
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (D.E.M.F.)
- LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos O. Amorim
- Physics Department and CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vítor S. Amaral
- Physics Department and CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Coutinho
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (D.E.M.F.)
- LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita O. Rodrigues
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (D.E.M.F.)
- LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (D.E.M.F.)
- LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Veloso SRS, Marta ES, Rodrigues PV, Moura C, Amorim CO, Amaral VS, Correa-Duarte MA, Castanheira EMS. Chitosan/Alginate Nanogels Containing Multicore Magnetic Nanoparticles for Delivery of Doxorubicin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2194. [PMID: 37765164 PMCID: PMC10538132 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, multicore-like iron oxide (Fe3O4) and manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized and combined with nanogels based on chitosan and alginate to obtain a multimodal drug delivery system. The nanoparticles exhibited crystalline structures and displayed sizes of 20 ± 3 nm (Fe3O4) and 11 ± 2 nm (MnFe2O4). The Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed a higher saturation magnetization and heating efficiency compared with the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Functionalization with citrate and bovine serum albumin was found to improve the stability and modified surface properties. The nanoparticles were encapsulated in nanogels, and provided high drug encapsulation efficiencies (~70%) using doxorubicin as a model drug. The nanogels exhibited sustained drug release, with enhanced release under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation and acidic pH. The nanogels containing BSA-functionalized nanoparticles displayed improved sustained drug release at physiological pH, and the release kinetics followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. These results demonstrate the potential of synthesized nanoparticles and nanogels for controlled drug delivery, offering opportunities for targeted and on-demand release in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R. S. Veloso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.R.S.V.)
- LaPMET Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eva S. Marta
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.R.S.V.)
- LaPMET Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro V. Rodrigues
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cacilda Moura
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.R.S.V.)
- LaPMET Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos O. Amorim
- Physics Department and CICECO, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.O.A.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Vítor S. Amaral
- Physics Department and CICECO, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.O.A.); (V.S.A.)
| | - Miguel A. Correa-Duarte
- Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriais e Biomedicina (CINBIO), Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.R.S.V.)
- LaPMET Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Han J, Cai X, Qin S, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Shi Y, Deng T, Chen B, Liu L, Qian H, Fang W, Xiao F. TMEM232 promotes the inflammatory response in atopic dermatitis via the nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signalling pathways. Br J Dermatol 2023; 189:195-209. [PMID: 36928730 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our group previously found that the transmembrane protein 232 (TMEM232) gene was associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) by genome-wide association study and fine mapping study. However, its function is unclear so far. OBJECTIVES To investigate the roles and mechanisms of TMEM232 in AD. METHODS The expression of TMEM232 was investigated in skin lesions of patients with AD, the MC903-induced AD mouse model, human primary keratinocytes and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells stimulated with different inflammatory factors. The role of TMEM232 in AD was analysed in HaCaT cells and Tmem232 knockout (Tmem232-/-) mice. Tmem232-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to evaluate its therapeutic potential in the AD mouse model. RESULTS The expression of TMEM232 was significantly increased in skin lesions of patients with AD, the MC903-induced AD mouse model and human primary keratinocytes and HaCaT cells stimulated with different inflammatory factors compared with controls. In the presence of MC903, Tmem232-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced dermatitis severity, mast-cell infiltration in the back, and expression of T-helper (Th)1 and Th2-related inflammatory factors in skin tissue compared with wild-type mice. In vitro and in vivo experiments further showed that upregulation of TMEM232 in AD exacerbated the inflammation response through activating the pathway of nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, and was regulated by the interleukin-4/STAT6 axis, which formed a self-amplifying loop. Finally, topical application of Tmem232 siRNA markedly ameliorated AD-like lesions in the AD model. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to outline the function of TMEM232. It is involved in regulating inflammation in AD and may be a potential target for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Xinying Cai
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Shichun Qin
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Zengyunou Zhang
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Yuanzhe Shi
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Tingyue Deng
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
| | - Benjin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine
| | - Li Liu
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine
| | | | - Fengli Xiao
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education)
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
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9
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Mamun A, Sabantina L. Electrospun Magnetic Nanofiber Mats for Magnetic Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment Applications-Technology, Mechanism, and Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081902. [PMID: 37112049 PMCID: PMC10143376 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancer patients is rapidly increasing worldwide. Among the leading causes of human death, cancer can be regarded as one of the major threats to humans. Although many new cancer treatment procedures such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical methods are nowadays being developed and used for testing purposes, results show limited efficiency and high toxicity, even if they have the potential to damage cancer cells in the process. In contrast, magnetic hyperthermia is a field that originated from the use of magnetic nanomaterials, which, due to their magnetic properties and other characteristics, are used in many clinical trials as one of the solutions for cancer treatment. Magnetic nanomaterials can increase the temperature of nanoparticles located in tumor tissue by applying an alternating magnetic field. A very simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method is the fabrication of various types of functional nanostructures by adding magnetic additives to the spinning solution in the electrospinning process, which can overcome the limitations of this challenging treatment process. Here, we review recently developed electrospun magnetic nanofiber mats and magnetic nanomaterials that support magnetic hyperthermia therapy, targeted drug delivery, diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and techniques for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Junior Research Group "Nanomaterials", Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Faculty of Clothing Technology and Garment Engineering, HTW-Berlin University of Applied Sciences, 12459 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Pacheco ARF, Cardoso BD, Pires A, Pereira AM, Araújo JP, Carvalho VM, Rodrigues RO, Coutinho PJG, Castelo-Grande T, Augusto PA, Barbosa D, Lima RA, Teixeira SFCF, Rodrigues ARO, Castanheira EMS. Development of pH-Sensitive Magnetoliposomes Containing Shape Anisotropic Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Combined Cancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1051. [PMID: 36985945 PMCID: PMC10054438 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Late diagnosis and systemic toxicity associated with conventional treatments make oncological therapy significantly difficult. In this context, nanomedicine emerges as a new approach in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this work, pH-sensitive solid magnetoliposomes (SMLs) were developed for controlled release of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). Shape anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles of magnesium ferrite with partial substitution by calcium (Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4) were synthesized, with and without calcination, and their structural, morphological and magnetic properties were investigated. Their superparamagnetic properties were evaluated and heating capabilities proven, either by exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) (magnetic hyperthermia) or by irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light (photothermia). The Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4 calcined nanoparticles were selected to integrate the SMLs, surrounded by a lipid bilayer of DOPE:Ch:CHEMS (45:45:10). DOX was encapsulated in the nanosystems with an efficiency above 98%. DOX release assays showed a much more efficient release of the drug at pH = 5 compared to the release kinetics at physiological pH. By subjecting tumor cells to DOX-loaded SMLs, cell viability was significantly reduced, confirming that they can release the encapsulated drug. These results point to the development of efficient pH-sensitive nanocarriers, suitable for a synergistic action in cancer therapy with magnetic targeting, stimulus-controlled drug delivery and dual hyperthermia (magnetic and plasmonic) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita F. Pacheco
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz D. Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Pires
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP—Instituto de Física dos Materiais, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. Pereira
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP—Instituto de Física dos Materiais, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P. Araújo
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP—Instituto de Física dos Materiais, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Violeta M. Carvalho
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- ALGORITMI Center, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raquel O. Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Coutinho
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Castelo-Grande
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo A. Augusto
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Domingos Barbosa
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui A. Lima
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- CEFT—Transport Phenomena Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Rita O. Rodrigues
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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11
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Study on Doxorubicin Loading on Differently Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Implications for Controlled Drug-Delivery Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054480. [PMID: 36901910 PMCID: PMC10002596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoplatforms applied for the loading of anticancer drugs is a cutting-edge approach for drug delivery to tumors and reduction of toxic effects on healthy cells. In this study, we describe the synthesis and compare the sorption properties of four types of potential doxorubicin-carriers, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are functionalized with cationic (polyethylenimine, PEI), anionic (polystyrenesulfonate, PSS), and nonionic (dextran) polymers, as well as with porous carbon. The IONs are thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), SEM, magnetic susceptibility, and the zeta-potential measurements in the pH range of 3-10. The degree of doxorubicin loading at pH 7.4, as well as the degree of desorption at pH 5.0, distinctive to cancerous tumor environment, are measured. Particles modified with PEI were shown to exhibit the highest loading capacity, while the greatest release at pH 5 (up to 30%) occurs from the surface of magnetite decorated with PSS. Such a slow release of the drug would imply a prolonged tumor-inhibiting action on the affected tissue or organ. Assessment of the toxicity (using Neuro2A cell line) for PEI- and PSS-modified IONs showed no negative effect. In conclusion, the preliminary evaluation of the effects of IONs coated with PSS and PEI on the rate of blood clotting was carried out. The results obtained can be taken into account when developing new drug delivery platforms.
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12
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Toro-Córdova A, Llaguno-Munive M, Jurado R, Garcia-Lopez P. The Therapeutic Potential of Chemo/Thermotherapy with Magnetoliposomes for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112443. [PMID: 36432634 PMCID: PMC9697689 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a very grave and quickly growing public health problem worldwide. Despite the breakthroughs in treatment and early detection of the disease, an increase is projected in the incidence rate and mortality during the next 30 years. Thus, it is important to develop new treatment strategies and diagnostic tools. One alternative is magnetic hyperthermia, a therapeutic approach that has shown promising results, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemo- and radiotherapy. However, there are still certain limitations and questions with respect to the safety of the systemic administration of magnetic nanoparticles. To deal with these issues, magnetoliposomes were conceived as a new generation of liposomes that incorporate superparamagnetic nanoparticles and oncological pharmaceuticals within their structure. They have the advantage of targeted and selective drug delivery to the diseased organs and tissues. Some of them can avoid the immune response of the host. When exposed to a magnetic field of alternating current, magnetoliposomes produce hyperthermia, which acts synergistically with the released drug. The aim of the present review is to describe the most recent advances in the use of magnetoliposomes and point out what research remains to be done for their application to chemo-thermal therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Toro-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Fármaco-Oncología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Departamento de Formulación de Vacunas de mRNA, CerTest Biotec S.L., 50840 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Monserrat Llaguno-Munive
- Laboratorio de Fármaco-Oncología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Física Médica, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rafael Jurado
- Laboratorio de Fármaco-Oncología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Patricia Garcia-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Fármaco-Oncología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +52-(55)-36-935-200 (ext. 223)
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13
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Solid Magnetoliposomes as Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Systems for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin: Assessment of Lipid Formulations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051207. [PMID: 35625942 PMCID: PMC9138220 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive liposomes are a class of nanocarriers whose drug release occurs, preferentially, when exposed to a specific biological environment, to an external stimulus, or both. This work is focused on the design of solid magnetoliposomes (SMLs) as lipid-based nanosystems aiming to obtain multi-stimuli-responsive vesicles for doxorubicin (DOX) controlled release in pathological areas under the action of thermal, magnetic, and pH stimuli. The effect of lipid combinations on structural, colloidal stability, and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The results confirmed the reproducibility for SMLs synthesis based on nine lipid formulations (combining DPPC, DSPC, CHEMS, DOPE and/or DSPE-PEG), with structural and colloidal properties suitable for biological applications. A loss of stability and thermosensitivity was observed for formulations containing dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) lipid. SMLs PEGylation is an essential step to enhance both their long-term storage stability and stealth properties. DOX encapsulation (encapsulation efficiency ranging between 87% and 96%) in the bilayers lowered its pKa, which favors the displacement of DOX from the acyl chains to the surface when changing from alkaline to acidic pH. The release profiles demonstrated a preferential release at acidic pH, more pronounced under mimetic mild-hyperthermia conditions (42 °C). Release kinetics varied with the lipid formulation, generally demonstrating hyperthermia temperatures and acidic pH as determining factors in DOX release; PEGylation was shown to act as a diffusion barrier on the SMLs surface. The integrated assessment and characterization of SMLs allows tuning lipid formulations that best respond to the needs for specific controlled release profiles of stimuli-responsive nanosystems as a multi-functional approach to cancer targeting and therapy.
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14
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Microfluidic Synthesis and Purification of Magnetoliposomes for Potential Applications in the Gastrointestinal Delivery of Difficult-to-Transport Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020315. [PMID: 35214047 PMCID: PMC8877506 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention in several applications for drug delivery. However, there are some issues related to cell penetration, especially in the transport of cargoes that show limited membrane passing. A widely studied strategy to overcome this problem is the encapsulation of the MNPs into liposomes to form magnetoliposomes (MLPs), which are capable of fusing with membranes to achieve high delivery rates. This study presents a low-cost microfluidic approach for the synthesis and purification of MLPs and their biocompatibility and functional testing via hemolysis, platelet aggregation, cytocompatibility, internalization, and endosomal escape assays to determine their potential application in gastrointestinal delivery. The results show MLPs with average hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 137 ± 17 nm to 787 ± 45 nm with acceptable polydispersity index (PDI) values (below 0.5). In addition, we achieved encapsulation efficiencies between 20% and 90% by varying the total flow rates (TFRs), flow rate ratios (FRRs), and MNPs concentration. Moreover, remarkable biocompatibility was attained with the obtained MLPs in terms of hemocompatibility (hemolysis below 1%), platelet aggregation (less than 10% with respect to PBS 1×), and cytocompatibility (cell viability higher than 80% in AGS and Vero cells at concentrations below 0.1 mg/mL). Additionally, promising delivery results were obtained, as evidenced by high internalization, low endosomal entrapment (AGS cells: PCC of 0.28 and covered area of 60% at 0.5 h and PCC of 0.34 and covered area of 99% at 4 h), and negligible nuclear damage and DNA condensation. These results confirm that the developed microfluidic devices allow high-throughput production of MLPs for potential encapsulation and efficient delivery of nanostructured cell-penetrating agents. Nevertheless, further in vitro analysis must be carried out to evaluate the prevalent intracellular trafficking routes as well as to gain a detailed understanding of the existing interactions between nanovehicles and cells.
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