1
|
Lal DK, Kumar B, Kaushik V, Alhowyan A, Kalam MA. Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheet-Based Nanocomposite for the Topical Delivery of Umbelliferone: Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Potentials. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37105-37116. [PMID: 39246492 PMCID: PMC11375718 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a nanocomposite formulation comprising umbelliferone (UMB) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets as a carrier, termed as the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite in gel for topical delivery. MoS2 nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a green-hydrothermal reaction of 10 mg of ammonium molybdate and 10 mg of thiourea in 80 mL of deionized water under predetermined conditions. The UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite was prepared by sonicating UMB and MoS2 nanosheets (each of 1 mg/mL) in dimethylformamide. Scanning electron microscopy revealed crumpled nanosheets with an open-ended structure and a nanocomposite as a layered structure. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the amorphous nature of UMB in the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite had modified bands of the functional group, which confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite. The size and polydispersity-index (435 nm and 0.415, respectively) of the nanocomposite were within the limit for an efficient topical application. Carbopol 934 (2%) was used to prepare the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite gel (F1) and UMB-Carbopol gel (F2, for comparative evaluation). The pH, spreadability, and viscosity of F1 were found to be 5.56, 5.89 g·cm/s, and 32.5 Pa-sec, respectively, which were optimal for the topical application of gel-based formulations. In vitro release characteristics of both formulations were deemed to be suitable for topical application, where F1 exhibited a biphasic drug release profile and a superior release rate of 94.8% compared to 43.5% for F2 at 24 h. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, the animal group treated with F1 demonstrated the lowest increase in paw thickness of 26.6%, which was significantly lower as compared to the F2-treated group (52.9%) and the diclofenac sodium-treated group (32.2%). Similarly, in the tail immersion method, F1 exhibited the highest peak tail withdrawal latency of 10.9 s, significantly greater than F2 (8.9 s) and standard treatment (10 s), indicating the superior analgesic activity of F1. This pioneering work introduces a novel UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite with promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials, paving the way for further research into the biomedical applications of MoS2-based nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diwya Kumar Lal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishakha Kaushik
- School of Physical Sciences, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Adel Alhowyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zahel P, Bruggink V, Hülsmann J, Steiniger F, Hofstetter RK, Heinzel T, Beekmann U, Werz O, Kralisch D. Exploring Microemulsion Systems for the Incorporation of Glucocorticoids into Bacterial Cellulose: A Novel Approach for Anti-Inflammatory Wound Dressings. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:504. [PMID: 38675165 PMCID: PMC11054342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The effective pharmacological treatment of inflamed wounds such as pyoderma gangraenosum remains challenging, as the systemic application of suitable drugs such as glucocorticoids is compromised by severe side effects and the inherent difficulties of wounds as drug targets. Furthermore, conventional semi-solid formulations are not suitable for direct application to open wounds. Thus, the treatment of inflamed wounds could considerably benefit from the development of active wound dressings for the topical administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Although bacterial cellulose appears to be an ideal candidate for this purpose due to its known suitability for advanced wound care and as a drug delivery system, the incorporation of poorly water-soluble compounds into the hydrophilic material still poses a problem. The use of microemulsions could solve that open issue. The present study therefore explores their use as a novel approach to incorporate poorly water-soluble glucocorticoids into bacterial cellulose. Five microemulsion formulations were loaded with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone and characterized in detail, demonstrating their regular microstructure, biocompatibility and shelf-life stability. Bacterial cellulose was successfully loaded with the formulations as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and surprisingly showed homogenous incorporation, even of w/o type microemulsions. High and controllable drug permeation through Strat-M® membranes was observed, and the anti-inflammatory activity for permeated glucocorticoids was confirmed in vitro. This study presents a novel approach for the development of anti-inflammatory wound dressings using bacterial cellulose in combination with microemulsions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zahel
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Vera Bruggink
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Juliana Hülsmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Robert K. Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Uwe Beekmann
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Dana Kralisch
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
- Evonik Operations GmbH, 45128 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ostróżka-Cieślik A, Wilczyński S, Dolińska B. Hydrogel Formulations for Topical Insulin Application: Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Permeation across the Strat-M ® Membrane. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3639. [PMID: 37688265 PMCID: PMC10489751 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin has shown efficacy in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds, which is mainly due to its role in regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to develop an insulin-hydrogel carrier based on Sepineo™ P 600 and Sepineo™ PHD 100 for application to lesional skin. Preformulation studies of the developed formulations were performed in terms of analysis of the pharmaceutical availability of insulin from the hydrogels through the Strat-M® membrane, and rheological and texture measurements. Insulin is released in a prolonged manner; after a time of 6.5 h, 4.01 IU/cm2 (53.36%) and 3.69 IU/cm2 (47.4%) of the hormone were released from the hydrogel based on Sepineo™ P 600 and Sepineo™ PHD 100, respectively. Rheological analysis showed that the hydrogels tested belong to non-Newtonian, shear-thinning systems with yield stress. The insulin-hydrogel based on Sepineo™ P 600 and Sepineo™ PHD 100 shows optimal application properties. The results obtained provide a basis for further preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Ostróżka-Cieślik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa Street 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Wilczyński
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa Street 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Barbara Dolińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa Street 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bolko Seljak K, Sterle Zorec B, Gosenca Matjaž M. Nanocellulose-Based Film-Forming Hydrogels for Improved Outcomes in Atopic Skin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1918. [PMID: 37514104 PMCID: PMC10384567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired skin barrier function. Amongst the various dermal formulations that are being used and/or investigated for AD treatment, one of the advanced approaches is the use of hydrogels as film-forming systems that are applied directly to the skin and have the added value of providing a physical barrier, which is lacking in atopic skin. Novel film-forming hydrogels based on two different nanocrystalline celluloses (NCCs) in combination with one of two natural polymers (alginate or pectin) were developed for incorporation of betamethasone dipropionate (BDP). Initially, the low water solubility of BDP was resolved by prior dissolution in a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). The mixture of Kolliphor® EL/Capryol® 90 in a ratio of 8/2 was chosen on the merit of its high BDP-saturated solubility and no BDP precipitation upon water dilution, enabling BDP to remain dissolved after incorporation into hydrogels. The solvent evaporation method was used to prepare the films, and their high water retention capacity was confirmed in vitro on artificial membranes and pig ear skin. The presented results thus confirm NCC-based film-forming hydrogels as a very promising drug delivery system for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bolko Seljak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Sterle Zorec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Preparation and Characterization of Patch Loaded with Clarithromycin Nanovesicles for Transdermal Drug Delivery. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020057. [PMID: 36826856 PMCID: PMC9964574 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Clarithromycin (CLR), categorized as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II drug, has several gastrointestinal tract side effects and an extremely unpalatable bitter taste. The current study aimed to design transdermal patch-embedded CLR niosomes to overcome the aforementioned CLR-related challenges. Various niosomal formulations were successfully fabricated and characterized for their morphology, size, in vitro release, and antimicrobial efficacy. Subsequently, the CLR niosomes were loaded into transdermal patches using the solvent casting method. The polydispersity index of the niosomes ranged from 0.005 to 0.360, indicating the uniformity of the niosomes. The encapsulating efficiency (EE)% varied from 12 to 86%. The optimal Chol: surfactant ratio for drug release was found to be 0.5:1. In addition, the encapsulation of CLR into niosomal nanovesicles did not reduce the antibacterial activity of the CLR. The niosomal patch had a significantly higher permeability coefficient of CLR than the conventional patch. In addition to that, a shear-thinning behavior was observed in the niosomal gels before loading them into a niosomal patch. The flux (Jss) of the niosomal patch was significantly higher than the conventional patch by more than 200 times. In conclusion, niosome-based transdermal patches could be a promising method for the transdermal drug delivery of class II drugs and drugs experiencing GIT side effects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Opatha SAT, Titapiwatanakun V, Boonpisutiinant K, Chutoprapat R. Preparation, Characterization and Permeation Study of Topical Gel Loaded with Transfersomes Containing Asiatic Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154865. [PMID: 35956816 PMCID: PMC9369753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro permeation of asiatic acid (AA) in the form of a topical gel after entrapment in transfersomes by Franz diffusion cells. Transfersomes composed of soybean lecithin and three different edge activators including Tween 80 (TW80), Span 80 (SP80) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) at the ratio of 50:50, 90:10 and 90:10, respectively, together with 0.3% w/w of AA, were prepared by a high-pressure homogenization technique and further incorporated in gels (TW80AATG, SP80AATG and SDCAATG). All transfersomal gels were characterized for their AA contents, dynamic viscosity, pH and homogeneity. Results revealed that the AA content, dynamic viscosity and pH of the prepared transfersomal gels ranged from 0.272 ± 0.006 to 0.280 ± 0.005% w/w, 812.21 ± 20.22 to 1222.76 ± 131.99 Pa.s and 5.94 ± 0.03 to 7.53 ± 0.03, respectively. TW80AATG gave the highest percentage of AA penetration and flux into the Strat-M® membrane at 8 h (8.53 ± 1.42% and 0.024 ± 0.008 mg/cm2/h, respectively) compared to SP80AATG (8.00 ± 1.70% and 0.019 ± 0.010 mg/cm2/h, respectively), SDCAATG (4.80 ± 0.50% and 0.014 ± 0.004 mg/cm2/h, respectively), non-transfersomal gels (0.73 ± 0.44 to 3.13 ± 0.46% and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 0.010 ± 0.002 mg/cm2/h, respectively) and hydroethanolic AA solution in gel (1.18 ± 0.76% and 0.004 ± 0.003 mg/cm2/h, respectively). These findings indicate that the TW80AATG might serve as a lead formulation for further development toward scar prevention and many types of skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakthi Apsara Thejani Opatha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.A.T.O.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Varin Titapiwatanakun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.A.T.O.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Korawinwich Boonpisutiinant
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdoms (INPTW), Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand;
| | - Romchat Chutoprapat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.A.T.O.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al-Saeedi FMAA, Dahmash EZ. In Vitro Assessment of Sunscreen Efficacy Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy on Synthetic Skin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:73. [PMID: 35149892 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several methods for assessing the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen products, there is no standard and reliable in vitro method. Each test entails limitations and drawbacks. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the employability of FTIR as an alternative and quick method to evaluate the efficacy of various sunscreen formulations, their concentrations, and the timing of their application. Infrared radiation has longer wavelengths than ultraviolet, penetrates deeply into the skin, and hence enables the understanding of sunscreens' ability to block the transmission of radiation. The FTIR transmission using synthetic skin to study the effect of sunscreen agents (oxybenzone, octyl methoxycinnamate, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO)) was conducted in the range 450-4000cm-1. Comparison studies were made at the peak of 805cm-1. After 2 h of sunscreen application, using the maximum concentrations, the FTIR peak at wavenumber 805cm-1 demonstrated a significant reduction of transmission from 96.55 to 60.09%, 57.59%, 32.02%, and 37.1% for oxybenzone, octyl methoxycinnamate, TiO2, and ZnO respectively (P<0.05). A significant reduction in transmission was observed (P<0.05) with increasing sunscreen concentrations after 2 h of application. Nevertheless, the upper limit of concentration showed no appreciable change from the middle level of concentration, and hence it is cost-effective to employ the middle concentration. Inorganic sunscreens showed a higher protection level than organic. Fixed-dose combinations of sunscreens showed an enhanced effect yet were not synergistic. In conclusion, the use of FTIR spectroscopy with synthetic skin is a quick and user-friendly technique that enables the assessment of the efficacy of sunscreen formulations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kovács A, Zsikó S, Falusi F, Csányi E, Budai-Szűcs M, Csóka I, Berkó S. Comparison of Synthetic Membranes to Heat-Separated Human Epidermis in Skin Permeation Studies In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122106. [PMID: 34959387 PMCID: PMC8709252 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the study of dermal preparations has received increased attention. There are more and more modern approaches to evaluate transdermal formulations, which are crucial in proving the efficacy of a formulation. The aim of this study was to compare permeation across innovative synthetic membranes (Strat-M and Skin PAMPA membranes) and heat-separated human epidermis (HSE, gold standard membrane) using four different dermal formulations. The Strat-M and Skin PAMPA membranes were designed to mimic the stratum corneum layer of the human epidermis. There have also been some publications on their use in dermal formulation development, but further information is needed. Drug permeation was measured using formulations containing diclofenac sodium (two hydrogels and two creams). The HSE, Strat-M, and Skin PAMPA membranes proved to be significantly different, but based on the results, the Strat-M membrane showed the greatest similarity to HSE. The permeation data of the different formulations across different membranes showed good correlations with formulations similar to these four, which allows the prediction of permeation across HSE using these synthetic membranes. In addition, Strat-M and Skin PAMPA membranes have the potential to select and differentiate a dermal formulation containing diclofenac sodium as an early screening model.
Collapse
|
9
|
Klebeko J, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Nowak A, Janus E, Duchnik W, Adamiak-Giera U, Kucharski Ł, Prowans P, Petriczko J, Czapla N, Bargiel P, Markowska M, Klimowicz A. Permeability of Ibuprofen in the Form of Free Acid and Salts of L-Valine Alkyl Esters from a Hydrogel Formulation through Strat-M™ Membrane and Human Skin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6678. [PMID: 34772205 PMCID: PMC8588543 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of vehicle and chemical modifications of the structure of active compounds on the skin permeation and accumulation of ibuprofen [IBU]. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using human abdominal skin and Strat-M™ membrane. The HPLC method was used for quantitative determinations. The formulations tested were hydrogels containing IBU and its derivatives and commercial gel with ibuprofen. The results obtained indicate that Celugel® had an enhancing effect on the skin penetration of IBU. The average cumulative mass of [IBU] after 24 h permeation test from Celugel® formulation through human skin was over 3 times higher than for the commercial product. Three ibuprofen derivatives containing [ValOiPr][IBU], [ValOPr][IBU], and [ValOBu][IBU] cation were evaluated as chemical penetration enhancers. The cumulative mass after 24 h of penetration was 790.526 ± 41.426, 682.201 ± 29.910, and 684.538 ± 5.599 μg IBU cm-2, respectively, compared to the formulation containing unmodified IBU-429.672 ± 60.151 μg IBU cm-2. This study demonstrates the perspective of the transdermal hydrogel vehicle in conjunction with the modification of the drug as a potential faster drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klebeko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Urszula Adamiak-Giera
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Prowans
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Jan Petriczko
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Norbert Czapla
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Piotr Bargiel
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Markowska
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|