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Gao Y, Wang X, Fan C. Advances in graphene-based 2D materials for tendon, nerve, bone/cartilage regeneration and biomedicine. iScience 2024; 27:110214. [PMID: 39040049 PMCID: PMC11261022 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, especially graphene-based materials, have important implications for tissue regeneration and biomedicine due to their large surface area, transport properties, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, and adsorption capacity. Despite remarkable progress in the field of tissue regeneration and biomedicine, there are still problems such as unclear long-term stability, lack of in vivo experimental data, and detection accuracy. This paper reviews recent applications of graphene-based materials in tissue regeneration and biomedicine and discusses current issues and prospects for the development of graphene-based materials with respect to promoting the regeneration of tendons, neuronal cells, bone, chondrocytes, blood vessels, and skin, as well as applications in sensing, detection, anti-microbial activity, and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Ruggeri M, Miele D, Caliogna L, Bianchi E, Jepsen JM, Vigani B, Rossi S, Sandri G. Hydroxyapatite-Coated Ti6Al4V ELI Alloy: In Vitro Cell Adhesion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1181. [PMID: 39057858 PMCID: PMC11279432 DOI: 10.3390/nano14141181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The high rate of rejection and failure of orthopedic implants is primarily attributed to incomplete osseointegration and stress at the implant-to-bone interface due to significant differences in the mechanical properties of the implant and the surrounding bone. Various surface treatments have been developed to enhance the osteoconductive properties of implants. The aim of this work was the in vitro characterization of titanium alloy modified with a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite surface layer in relative comparison to unmodified controls. This investigation focused on the behavior of the surface treatment in relation to the physiological environment. Moreover, the osteogenic response of human osteoblasts and adipose stem cells was assessed. Qualitative characterization of cellular interaction was performed via confocal laser scanning microscopy focusing on the cell nuclei and cytoskeletons. Filipodia were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The results highlight that the HA treatment promotes protein adhesion as well as gene expression of osteoblasts and stem cells, which is relevant for the inorganic and organic components of the extracellular matrix and bone. In particular, cells grown onto HA-modified titanium alloy are able to promote ECM production, leading to a high expression of collagen I and non-collagenous proteins, which are crucial for regulating mineral matrix formation. Moreover, they present an impressive amount of filipodia having long extensions all over the test surface. These findings suggest that the HA surface treatment under investigation effectively enhances the osteoconductive properties of Ti6Al4V ELI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Laura Caliogna
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Bianchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Johannes Maui Jepsen
- Stryker Trauma GmbH, Professor Küntscher-Straße 1-5, 24232 Schönkirchen, Germany;
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
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Miele D, Ruggeri M, Vigani B, Viseras C, Natali F, Del Favero E, Rossi S, Sandri G. Nanoclay-Doped Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering: Investigation on the Structural Modifications in Physiological Environment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7695-7710. [PMID: 38111847 PMCID: PMC10726802 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s431862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clay minerals are nanomaterials that have recently been recognized as enabling excipients that can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. When nanoclays are loaded in a 3D polymeric nanostructure, the cell-substrate interaction is enhanced, and other bioactive properties are optimized. Purpose In this study, hectorite (HEC)- and montmorillonite (MMT)-doped polymeric scaffolds were explored for the treatment of deep and chronic skin lesions. Methods Scaffolds were manufactured by means of electrospinning and then crosslinked by heating. Physicochemical analyses were correlated with in vitro biopharmaceutical characterization to predict the in vivo fate of the clay-doped scaffolds. Results and Discussion The addition of MMT or HEC to the polymeric scaffold framework modifies the surface arrangement and, consequently, the potential of the scaffolds to interact with biological proteins. The presence of nanoclays alters the nanofiber morphology and size, and MMT doping increases wettability and protein adhesion. This has an impact on fibroblast behavior in a shorter time since scaffold stiffness facilitates cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Conclusion MMT proved to perform better than HEC, and this could be related to its higher hydrophilicity and protein adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cesar Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Bianchi E, Ruggeri M, Vigani B, Del Favero E, Ricci C, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Viseras C, Rossi S, Sandri G. Cerium Oxide and Chondroitin Sulfate Doped Polyurethane Scaffold to Bridge Tendons. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37220144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tendon disorders are common medical conditions, which can be greatly debilitating as they are often accompanied by great pain and inflammation. The techniques used nowadays for the treatment of chronic tendon injuries often involve surgery. However, one critical aspect of this procedure involves the scar tissue, characterized by mechanical properties that vary from healthy tissue, rendering the tendons inclined to reinjury or rupture. Synthetic polymers, such as thermoplastic polyurethane, are of special interest in the tissue engineering field as they allow the production of scaffolds with controlled elastic and mechanical properties, which could guarantee an effective support during the new tissue formation. The aim of this work was the design and the development of tubular nanofibrous scaffolds based on thermoplastic polyurethane and enriched with cerium oxide nanoparticles and chondroitin sulfate. The scaffolds were characterized by remarkable mechanical properties, especially when tubular aligned, reaching values comparable to the ones of the native tendons. A weight loss test was performed, suggesting a degradation in prolonged times. In particular, the scaffolds maintained their morphology and also remarkable mechanical properties after 12 weeks of degradation. The scaffolds promoted the cell adhesion and proliferation, in particular when in aligned conformation. Finally, the systems in vivo did not cause any inflammatory effect, representing interesting platforms for the regeneration of injured tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bianchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate 20090, Italy
| | - Caterina Ricci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate 20090, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 2, Pavia 27100 , Italy
| | - César Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Miele D, Nomicisio C, Musitelli G, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Sànchez-Espejo R, Vigani B, Viseras C, Rossi S, Sandri G. Design and development of polydioxanone scaffolds for skin tissue engineering manufactured via green process. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122669. [PMID: 36736969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fiber spinning technologies attracted a great interest since the beginning of the last century. Among these, electrospinning is a widely diffuse technique; however, it presents some drawbacks such as low fiber yield, high energy demand and the use of organic solvents. On the contrary, centrifugal spinning is a more sustainable method and allows to obtain fiber using centrifugal force and melted materials. The aim of the present work was the design and the development of polydioxanone (PDO) microfibers intended for tissue engineering, using centrifugal spinning. PDO, a bioresorbable polymer currently used for sutures, was selected as low melting polyester and DES (deep eutectic solvents), either choline chloride/citric acid (ChCl/CA) or betaine/citric acid (Bet/CA) 1:1 M ratio, were used to improve PDO spinnability. Physical mixtures of DES and PDO were prepared using different weight ratios. These were then poured into the spinneret and melted at 140 °C for 5 min. After the complete melting, the blends were spun for 1 min at 700 rpm. The fibers were characterized for physico chemical properties (morphology; dimensions; chemical structure; thermal behavior; mechanical properties). Moreover, the preclinical investigation was performed in vitro (biocompatibility, adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts) and in vivo (murine burn/excisional model to assess safety and efficacy). The multidisciplinary approach allowed to obtain an extensive characterization to develop PDO based microfibers as medical device for implant to treat full thickness skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristian Nomicisio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Musitelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita Sànchez-Espejo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cesar Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Electrospun Scaffolds Based on Poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) for Tendon Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043172. [PMID: 36834584 PMCID: PMC9960733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon disorders are common medical conditions that could lead to significant disability, pain, healthcare costs, and a loss of productivity. Traditional approaches require long periods of treatment, and they largely fail due to the tissues weakening and the postoperative alterations of the normal joint mechanics. To overcome these limitations, innovative strategies for the treatment of these injuries need to be explored. The aim of the present work was the design of nano-fibrous scaffolds based on poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA), a well-known biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer, doped with copper oxide nanoparticles and caseinphosphopeptides (CPP), able to mimic the hierarchical structure of the tendon and to improve the tissue healing potential. These were developed as implants to be sutured to reconstruct the tendons and the ligaments during surgery. PBCA was synthetized, and then electrospun to produce aligned nanofibers. The obtained scaffolds were characterized for their structure and physico-chemical and mechanical properties, highlighting that CuO and CPP loading, and the aligned conformation determined an increase in the scaffold mechanical performance. Furthermore, the scaffolds loaded with CuO showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, human tenocytes adhesion and proliferation to the scaffolds were assessed in vitro. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was evaluated using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as representative of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, demonstrating that the CuO-doped scaffolds possessed a significant antimicrobial effect against E. coli. In conclusion, scaffolds based on PBCA and doped with CuO and CPP deserve particular attention as enhancers of the tendon tissue regeneration and able to avoid bacterial adhesion. Further investigation on the scaffold efficacy in vivo will assess their capability for enhancing the tendon ECM restoration in view of accelerating their translation to the clinic.
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Bianchi E, Faccendini A, Del Favero E, Ricci C, Caliogna L, Vigani B, Pavesi FC, Perotti C, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME, Rossi S, Sandri G. Topographical and Compositional Gradient Tubular Scaffold for Bone to Tendon Interface Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102153. [PMID: 36297586 PMCID: PMC9607365 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enthesis is an extremely specific region, localized at the tendon–bone interface (TBI) and made of a hybrid connection of fibrocartilage with minerals. The direct type of enthesis tissue is commonly subjected to full laceration, due to the stiffness gradient between the soft tissues and hard bone, and this often reoccurs after surgical reconstruction. For this purpose, the present work aimed to design and develop a tubular scaffold based on pullulan (PU) and chitosan (CH) and intended to enhance enthesis repair. The scaffold was designed with a topographical gradient of nanofibers, from random to aligned, and hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles along the tubular length. In particular, one part of the tubular scaffold was characterized by a structure similar to bone hard tissue, with a random mineralized fiber arrangement; while the other part was characterized by aligned fibers, without HAP doping. The tubular shape of the scaffold was also designed to be extemporarily loaded with chondroitin sulfate (CS), a glycosaminoglycan effective in wound healing, before the surgery. Micro CT analysis revealed that the scaffold was characterized by a continuous gradient, without interruptions from one end to the other. The gradient of the fiber arrangement was observed using SEM analysis, and it was still possible to observe the gradient when the scaffold had been hydrated for 6 days. In vitro studies demonstrated that human adipose stem cells (hASC) were able to grow and differentiate onto the scaffold, expressing the typical ECM production for tendon in the aligned zone, or bone tissue in the random mineralized part. CS resulted in a synergistic effect, favoring cell adhesion/proliferation on the scaffold surface. These results suggest that this tubular scaffold loaded with CS could be a powerful tool to support enthesis repair upon surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bianchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Faccendini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Caterina Ricci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Laura Caliogna
- Orthopedy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Perotti
- Immunohaematology and Transfusion Service, Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rui M. A. Domingues
- 3B’s Research Group, i3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B’s Research Group, i3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Inorganic Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061127. [PMID: 35745700 PMCID: PMC9231279 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the demand for replacement of damaged or broken tissues has increased; this poses the attention on problems related to low donor availability. For this reason, researchers focused their attention on the field of tissue engineering, which allows the development of scaffolds able to mimic the tissues’ extracellular matrix. However, tissue replacement and regeneration are complex since scaffolds need to guarantee an adequate hierarchical structured morphology as well as adequate mechanical, chemical, and physical properties to stand the stresses and enhance the new tissue formation. For this purpose, the use of inorganic materials as fillers for the scaffolds has gained great interest in tissue engineering applications, due to their wide range of physicochemical properties as well as their capability to induce biological responses. However, some issues still need to be faced to improve their efficacy. This review focuses on the description of the most effective inorganic nanomaterials (clays, nano-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, metallic nanoparticles) used in tissue engineering and their properties. Particular attention has been devoted to their combination with scaffolds in a wide range of applications. In particular, skin, orthopaedic, and neural tissue engineering have been considered.
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