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Yu CC, Shah A, Amiri N, Marcus C, Nayeem MOG, Bhayadia AK, Karami A, Dagdeviren C. A Conformable Ultrasound Patch for Cavitation-Enhanced Transdermal Cosmeceutical Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300066. [PMID: 36934314 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased consumer interest in healthy-looking skin demands a safe and effective method to increase transdermal absorption of innovative therapeutic cosmeceuticals. However, permeation of small-molecule drugs is limited by the innate barrier function of the stratum corneum. Here, a conformable ultrasound patch (cUSP) that enhances transdermal transport of niacinamide by inducing intermediate-frequency sonophoresis in the fluid coupling medium between the patch and the skin is reported. The cUSP consists of piezoelectric transducers embedded in a soft elastomer to create localized cavitation pockets (0.8 cm2 , 1 mm deep) over larger areas of conformal contact (20 cm2 ). Multiphysics simulation models, acoustic spectrum analysis, and high-speed videography are used to characterize transducer deflection, acoustic pressure fields, and resulting cavitation bubble dynamics in the coupling medium. The final system demonstrates a 26.2-fold enhancement in niacinamide transport in a porcine model in vitro with a 10 min ultrasound application, demonstrating the suitability of the device for short-exposure, large-area application of sonophoresis for patients and consumers suffering from skin conditions and premature skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Yu
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Aastha Shah
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nikta Amiri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Colin Marcus
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar Bhayadia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Amin Karami
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Guillot AJ, Martínez-Navarrete M, Garrigues TM, Melero A. Skin drug delivery using lipid vesicles: A starting guideline for their development. J Control Release 2023; 355:624-654. [PMID: 36775245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles can provide a cost-effective enhancement of skin drug absorption when vesicle production process is optimised. It is an important challenge to design the ideal vesicle, since their properties and features are related, as changes in one affect the others. Here, we review the main components, preparation and characterization methods commonly used, and the key properties that lead to highly efficient vesicles for transdermal drug delivery purposes. We stand by size, deformability degree and drug loading, as the most important vesicle features that determine the further transdermal drug absorption. The interest in this technology is increasing, as demonstrated by the exponential growth of publications on the topic. Although long-term preservation and scalability issues have limited the commercialization of lipid vesicle products, freeze-drying and modern escalation methods overcome these difficulties, thus predicting a higher use of these technologies in the market and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Guillot
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Miquel Martínez-Navarrete
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Teresa M Garrigues
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Ana Melero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente A. Estelles SN, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
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Gupta KM, Das S, Wong ABH, Chow PS. Formulation and Skin Permeation of Active-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Screening by Synergizing Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:308-319. [PMID: 36573314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation into nanoparticles (NPs) is a potential method to deliver pharmaceutical/cosmetic actives deep into the skin. However, understanding the NP formulations and underlying mechanism of active delivery to skin has scarcely been studied. We report a simulation platform that screens, evaluates, formulates, and provides atomic-resolution interpretation of NP-based formulations, and reveals the active permeation mechanism from NPs to skin. First, three actives, namely, ferulic acid (FA), clotrimazole (CZE), and tretinoin (TTN), and five lipid excipients' (Compritol, Precirol, Geleol, Gelot, Gelucire) combinations were screened by MD simulations for the best pairs. For each suggested pair, the actual active and lipid compositions for the synthesis of stable NP formulations were then obtained by experiments. MD simulations demonstrate that in NP formulations, FA and CZE actives are present at the surface of the NPs, whereas TTN actives are present at both the surface and interior of the NP core. The NP shapes obtained by simulation perfectly match with experiments. For each NP, separate MD simulations illustrate that active-loaded NPs approach the skin surface quickly, and then actives translocate from NP surface to skin surface followed by penetration of NPs through skin. The driving force for the translocation which initiates during the penetration process, is the stronger active-skin interaction compared to active-NP interaction. Permeation free energy indicates spontaneous transfer of actives from solution phase to the surface of the skin bilayer. The free energy barriers are increased in the order of FA < TTN < CZE. Significantly lower diffusions of actives are obtained in the main barrier region compared to bulk, and the average diffusion coefficients of actives are in the same order of magnitude (∼10-6 cm2/s). The estimated permeability coefficients (log P) of actives are mainly governed by free energy barriers. The study would facilitate the development of novel lipid-based NP formulations for personal-care/pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Gupta
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island627833, Singapore
| | - Surajit Das
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island627833, Singapore
| | - Annie B H Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island627833, Singapore
| | - Pui Shan Chow
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island627833, Singapore
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Radbruch M, Pischon H, Du F, Haag R, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Mundhenk L, Gruber AD. Biodegradable core-multishell nanocarrier: Topical tacrolimus delivery for treatment of dermatitis. J Control Release 2022; 349:917-928. [PMID: 35905785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Two challenges in topical drug delivery to the skin include solubilizing hydrophobic drugs in water-based formulations and increasing drug penetration into the skin. Polymeric core-multishell nanocarrier (CMS), particularly the novel biodegradable CMS (bCMS = hPG-PCL1.1K-mPEG2k-CMS) have shown both advantages on excised skin ex vivo. Here, we investigated topical delivery of tacrolimus (TAC; > 500 g/mol) by bCMS in a hydrogel on an oxazolone-induced model of dermatitis in vivo. As expected, bCMS successfully delivered TAC into the skin. However, in vivo they did not increase, but decrease TAC penetration through the stratum corneum compared to ointment. Differences in the resulting mean concentrations were mostly non-significant in the skin (epidermis: 35.7 ± 20.9 ng/cm2 for bCMS vs. 92.6 ± 62.7 ng/cm2 for ointment; dermis: 76.8 ± 26.8 ng/cm2vs 118.2 ± 50.4 ng/cm2), but highly significant in blood (plasma: 1.1 ± 0.4 ng/ml vs 11.3 ± 9.3 ng/ml; erythrocytes: 0.5 ± 0.2 ng/ml vs 3.4 ± 2.4 ng/ml) and liver (0.01 ± 0.01 ng/mg vs 0.03 ± 0.01 ng/mg). bCMS were detected in the stratum corneum but not in viable skin or beyond. The therapeutic efficacy of TAC delivered by bCMS was equivalent to that of standard TAC ointment. Our results suggest that bCMS may be a promising carrier for the topical delivery of TAC. The quantitative difference to previous results should be interpreted in light of structural differences between murine and human skin, but highlights the need as well as potential methods to develop more a complex ex vivo analysis on human skin to ensure quantitative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Radbruch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Pischon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fang Du
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department for Nutritional Toxicology, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department for Nutritional Toxicology, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Pavlović N, Bogićević IA, Zaklan D, Đanić M, Goločorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H, Mikov M. Influence of Bile Acids in Hydrogel Pharmaceutical Formulations on Dissolution Rate and Permeation of Clindamycin Hydrochloride. Gels 2022; 8:gels8010035. [PMID: 35049570 PMCID: PMC8774652 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clindamycin hydrochloride is a widely used antibiotic for topical use, but its main disadvantage is poor skin penetration. Therefore, new approaches in the development of clindamycin topical formulations are of great importance. We aimed to investigate the effects of the type of gelling agent (carbomer and sodium carmellose), and the type and concentration of bile acids as penetration enhancers (0.1% and 0.5% of cholic and deoxycholic acid), on clindamycin release rate and permeation in a cellulose membrane in vitro model. Eight clindamycin hydrogel formulations were prepared using a 23 full factorial design, and they were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, drug content, drug release, and permeability parameters. Although formulations with carbomer as the gelling agent exerted optimal sensory properties, carmellose sodium hydrogels had significantly higher release rates and permeation of clindamycin hydrochloride. The bile acid enhancement factors were higher in carbomer gels, and cholic acid exerted more pronounced permeation-enhancing effects. Since the differences in the permeation parameters of hydrogels containing cholic acid in different concentrations were insignificant, its addition in a lower concentration is more favorable. The hydrogel containing carmellose sodium as a gelling agent and 0.1% cholic acid as a penetration enhancer can be considered as the formulation of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.A.B.); (D.Z.); (S.G.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isidora Anastasija Bogićević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.A.B.); (D.Z.); (S.G.-K.)
| | - Dragana Zaklan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.A.B.); (D.Z.); (S.G.-K.)
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.Đ.); (M.M.)
| | - Svetlana Goločorbin-Kon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.A.B.); (D.Z.); (S.G.-K.)
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.Đ.); (M.M.)
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Dvořáková K, Štěpánek P, Kroupová J, Zbytovská J. N-Alkylmorpholines: Potent Dermal and Transdermal Skin Permeation Enhancers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:64. [PMID: 35056959 PMCID: PMC8778526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive non-invasive method offering numerous advantages over the conventional routes of administration. The main obstacle to drug transport is, however, the powerful skin barrier that needs to be modulated, for example, by transdermal permeation enhancers. Unfortunately, there are still only a few enhancers showing optimum properties including low toxicity and reversibility of enhancing effects. For this reason, we investigated a series of new N-alkylmorpholines with various side chains as potential enhancers in an in vitro permeation study, using three model permeants (theophylline, indomethacin, diclofenac). Moreover, electrical impedance, transepidermal water loss, cellular toxicity and infrared spectroscopy measurements were applied to assess the effect of enhancers on skin integrity, reversibility, toxicity and enhancers' mode of action, respectively. Our results showed a bell-shaped relationship between the enhancing activity and the hydrocarbon chain length of the N-alkylmorpholines, with the most efficient derivatives having 10-14 carbons for both transdermal and dermal delivery. These structures were even more potent than the unsaturated oleyl derivative. The best results were obtained for indomethacin, where particularly the C10-14 derivatives showed significantly stronger effects than the traditional enhancer Azone. Further experiments revealed reversibility in the enhancing effect, acceptable toxicity and a mode of action based predominantly on interactions with stratum corneum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Dvořáková
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiřina Kroupová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jarmila Zbytovská
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Gupta KM, Das S, Chow PS. Molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate translocation and permeation of active from lipid nanoparticle to skin: complemented by experiments. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12916-12928. [PMID: 34477775 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most realistic approaches for delivering actives (pharmaceuticals/cosmetics) deep into skin layers is encapsulation into nanoparticles (NPs). Nonetheless, molecular-level mechanisms related to active delivery from NPs to the skin have scarcely been studied despite the large number of synthesis and characterization studies. We herein report the underlying mechanism of active translocation and permeation through the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum (SC), via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations complemented by experimental studies. A SC molecular model is constructed using current state-of-the-art methodology via incorporating the three most abundant skin lipids: ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. As a potent antioxidant, ferulic acid (FA) is used as the model active, and it is loaded into Gelucire 50/13 NP. MD simulations elucidate that, first, FA-loaded NP approaches the skin surface quickly, followed by slight penetration and adsorption onto the upper skin surface; FA then translocates from the NP surface to the skin surface due to stronger NP-skin interactions compared to the FA-NP interactions; then, once FA is released onto the skin surface, it slowly permeates deep into the skin bilayer. Both the free energy and resistance to permeation not only indicate the spontaneous transfer of FA from the bulk to the skin surface, but they also reveal that the main barrier against permeation exists in the middle of the lipid hydrophobic tails. Significantly lower diffusion of FA is obtained in the main barrier region compared to the bulk. The estimated permeability coefficient (log P) values are found to be higher than the experimental values. Importantly, the permeation process evaluated via MD simulations perfectly matches with experiments. The study suggests a molecular simulation platform that provides various crucial insights relating to active delivery from loaded NP to skin, and it could facilitate the design and development of novel NP-based formulations for transdermal delivery and the topical application of drugs/cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Gupta
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833.
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Zeng L, Yang G, Liu J, Quan D, Song W. Probing Dynamic Behavior of Chemical Enhancers Passing In and Out of the Stratum Corneum and Modulation by Biodegradable Enhancer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:139. [PMID: 33880664 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical enhancers (CEs) decreased the barrier of the stratum corneum (SC) to enhance drug permeation. This was a "dynamic" behavior, which involved three processes including passing in, acting on, and passing out of the SC. However, compared with mature "static" researches about acting on the SC, the other two processes were poorly understood. This work aimed to probe the dynamic behavior of CEs and modulate it for satisfactory effectiveness. The investigating method of CEs' dynamic behavior was established to obtain the rate of CEs passing in and out of the SC. An analysis attribution was conducted to obtain the possible reasons for the quite different dynamic behavior of CEs based on log P, solubility parameter, and minimum binging energy. It demonstrated the rate of CEs passing in and out of the SC was dependent on CE affinity with the SC and the interaction between CEs and the SC, respectively. The relevance between CEs' dynamic behavior and the extent of decreasing SC barrier was confirmed by transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The higher rate of CE passing in the SC and a lower rate of passing out of the SC may contribute to an increased concentration of CEs in the SC, leading to a stronger ability to decrease the SC barrier. More importantly, two biodegradable CEs (Leu-Dod and Ser-Dod) of dodecanol were synthesized and achieved a modulation of its dynamic behavior to obtain more satisfactory effectiveness of enhancing drug permeation. This work was meaningful for the guidance of rationally promoting CEs' effectiveness from a dynamic perspective, which was an unprecedented attempt in this field.
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Boscariol R, Caetano ÉA, Silva EC, Oliveira TJ, Rosa-Castro RM, Vila MMDC, Balcão VM. Performance of Choline Geranate Deep Eutectic Solvent as Transdermal Permeation Enhancer: An In Vitro Skin Histological Study. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040540. [PMID: 33924325 PMCID: PMC8070039 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research work, we addressed the changes in skin by which deep eutectic solvents (DES) enhanced transdermal permeation of bioactive compounds and propose a rationale for this mechanism. Several studies showed that these unusual liquids were ideal solvents for transdermal delivery of biomolecules, but to date, no histological studies relating the action of DES to changes in the structure of the outer skin barrier have been reported. In the research effort described herein, we presented an in-depth analysis of the changes induced in the skin by choline geranate DES, a compound with proven capabilities of enhancing transdermal permeation without deleterious impacts on the cells. The results obtained showed that a low percentage of DES acted as a transient disruptor of the skin structure, facilitating the passage of bioactive compounds dissolved in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Boscariol
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Érika A. Caetano
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Erica C. Silva
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Thais J. Oliveira
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Raquel M. Rosa-Castro
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Marta M. D. C. Vila
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Victor M. Balcão
- PhageLab—Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (R.B.); (É.A.C.); (E.C.S.); (T.J.O.); (R.M.R.-C.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(15)-2101-7029; Fax: +55-(15)-2101-7000
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Choi HK, Acharya G, Lee Y, Lee CH. A Data-Mining Approach for the Quantitative Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Molecular Compounds in the Skin Flux. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:117. [PMID: 33768360 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to provide an insight into the mechanism of transdermal penetration of drug molecules with respect to their physicochemical properties, such as solubility (S), the presence of enantiomer (ET) and logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficient (log P), molecular weight (MW), and melting point (MP). Propionic acid derivatives were evaluated for their flux through full-thickness skin excised from hairless mice upon being delivered from silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrices in the presence or absence of various enhancers. The skin fluxes of model compounds were calculated based on the data obtained using the method engaged with the diffusion cell system. The statistical design of experiments (DoE) based on the factorial approach was used to find variables that have a significant impact on the outcomes. For the prediction of skin flux, a quantitative equation was derived using the data-mining approach on the relationship between skin permeation of model compounds (~125 mg/ml) and involved physicochemical variables. The most influential variables for the skin flux of propionic acid derivatives were the melting point (0.97) followed by the presence of enantiomer (0.95), molecular mass (0.93), log P values (0.86), and aqueous solubility (0.80). It was concluded that the skin flux of molecular compounds can be predicted based on the relationship between their physicochemical properties and the interaction with cofactors including additives and enhancers in the vehicles.
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Irfan MM, Shah SU, Khan IU, Munir MU, Khan NR, Shah KU, Rehman SU, Sohaib M, Basit HM, Mahmood S. Physicochemical Characterization of Finasteride Nanosystem for Enhanced Topical Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1207-1220. [PMID: 33623383 PMCID: PMC7896786 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s296793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current work aimed to formulate a novel chitosan-based finasteride nanosystem (FNS-NS) for skin delivery to optimize the drug availability in skin for a longer time and enhance ex vivo performance of finasteride against androgenic alopecia. METHODS Both undecorated and chitosan decorated FNS-NSs were synthesized by a high energy emulsification technique. All the prepared nanosystems were further subjected to physicochemical characterizations like pH, viscosity, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology and in vitro drug release behavior. The influence of the nanosystem on the drug permeation and retention in rat skin was examined using Franz diffusion cell apparatus. RESULTS The droplet size of developed nanosystems ranged from 41 to 864 nm with a low polydispersity index. The zeta potential of the nanosystems was between -10 mV and +56 mV. This chitosan decorated nanosystem exhibited controlled drug release, ie about 78-97% in 24 h. Among all the nanosystems, our chitosan decorated formulation (F5) had low drug permeation (16.35 µg/cm2) and higher drug retention (10.81 µg/cm2). CONCLUSION The abovementioned results demonstrate satisfactory in vitro drug release, skin retention profiles and ex vivo performance with chitosan decorated FNS-NS (F5). This optimized formulation could increase drug availability in skin and could become a promising carrier for topical delivery to treat androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University Sakaka, Aljouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nauman Rahim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawlakot, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saima Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
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Vasyuchenko EP, Orekhov PS, Armeev GA, Bozdaganyan ME. CPE-DB: An Open Database of Chemical Penetration Enhancers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:66. [PMID: 33430205 PMCID: PMC7825720 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous delivery route currently accounts for almost 10% of all administered drugs and it is becoming more common. Chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) increase the transport of drugs across skin layers by different mechanisms that depend on the chemical nature of the penetration enhancers. In our work, we created a chemical penetration enhancer database (CPE-DB) that is, to the best of our knowledge, the first CPE database. We collected information about known enhancers and their derivatives in a single database, and classified and characterized their molecular diversity in terms of scaffold content, key chemical moieties, molecular descriptors, etc. CPE-DB can be used for virtual screening and similarity search to identify new potent and safe enhancers, building quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models, and other machine-learning (ML) applications for the prediction of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P. Vasyuchenko
- School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.V.); (P.S.O.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Philipp S. Orekhov
- School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.V.); (P.S.O.); (G.A.A.)
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Grigoriy A. Armeev
- School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.V.); (P.S.O.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Marine E. Bozdaganyan
- School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.V.); (P.S.O.); (G.A.A.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of ChemBioTech, Polytechnic University, B. Semyonovskaya 38, 107023 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Correction: Chantasart et al. "Structure Enhancement Relationship of Chemical Penetration Enhancers in Drug Transport across the Stratum Corneum" Pharmaceutics 2012, 4, 71-92. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010004. [PMID: 31861422 PMCID: PMC7023202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper [...].
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14
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Nesterkina M, Smola S, Kravchenko I. Effect of esters based on terpenoids and GABA on fluidity of phospholipid membranes. J Liposome Res 2018; 29:239-246. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2018.1538238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Nesterkina
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, Ukraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Sergii Smola
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Kravchenko
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, Ukraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine
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15
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Bakshi P, Jiang Y, Nakata T, Akaki J, Matsuoka N, Banga AK. Formulation Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion-Based Formulation for Topical Delivery of Heparinoid. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2883-2890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Li SK, Chantasart D. Skin Permeation Enhancement in Aqueous Solution: Correlation With Equilibrium Enhancer Concentration and Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:350-357. [PMID: 30165068 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of skin penetration enhancers and the enhancer concentration required for effective skin permeation enhancement are difficult to predict. A comprehensive quantitative structure-enhancement relationship of chemical penetration enhancers for skin permeation is not currently available. The present study (a) investigated the relationship between skin permeation enhancement and chemical enhancer concentration and (b) examined a simple quantitative structure-enhancement relationship for predicting skin permeation enhancement to guide enhancer formulation development. In the present analysis, data from previous skin permeation studies that used the symmetric/equilibrium configuration and skin parallel pathway model were summarized to determine the relationship between enhancement factor and enhancer concentration. Under the equilibrium conditions, semilogarithmic linear relationships between enhancement factor (E) and enhancer aqueous concentration (C) were observed and an enhancer potency parameter (α) was defined. A correlation between the potency parameter α and enhancer octanol/water partition coefficient (Koct) was obtained. The enhancement factor relationship was derived: Log E = 0.32 ∙ C ∙ Koct. The results suggest that a "threshold" of (C ∙ Koct) > 0.5 M is required to induce effective skin permeation enhancement under these conditions. Consistent with the analyses in previous studies, the data suggest that octanol represents the skin barrier microenvironment for the penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267.
| | - Doungdaw Chantasart
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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van Straten A, Murray AA, Levin AI. Xylocaine® 10% Pump Spray as topical anaesthetic for venepuncture pain. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2018.1450200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A van Straten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - AA Murray
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - AI Levin
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Zhang Q, Murawsky M, LaCount T, Kasting GB, Li SK. Transepidermal water loss and skin conductance as barrier integrity tests. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:129-135. [PMID: 29698667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In vitro skin permeation studies are commonly used in the risk assessment of toxic compound skin exposure. The present study examined the utility of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electrical conductance as barrier integrity tests before skin permeation studies in vitro using a large number of skin samples and fentanyl. TEWL and conductance of the skin samples were measured before the permeation experiments in Franz diffusion cells in vitro with a vapometer and low voltage application, respectively. The data were analyzed based on the in vitro permeation results and in vivo skin absorption information from the transdermal fentanyl product labels. The results showed poor correlations between TEWL and electrical conductance for the skin samples. Weak correlations between fentanyl delivery rate (flux x area) and TEWL and skin conductance were observed. For comparison, TEWL and conductance were also examined after skin perturbation with a syringe needle, and both TEWL and conductance values of the skin samples increased after the perturbation. The data suggest that either TEWL of 10 g/m2/h or skin conductance of 0.07 mS/cm2 can be used as exclusion criteria in skin integrity testing to remove skin samples with high permeabilities under the in vitro conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Michael Murawsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Terri LaCount
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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19
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Liu X, Quan P, Li S, Liu C, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Fang L. Time dependence of the enhancement effect of chemical enhancers: Molecular mechanisms of enhancing kinetics. J Control Release 2017; 248:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Gupta R, Sridhar DB, Rai B. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Permeation of Molecules through Skin Lipid Bilayer. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8987-96. [PMID: 27518707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stratum Corneum (SC), the outermost layer of skin, is mainly responsible for skin's barrier function. The complex lipid matrix of SC determines these barrier properties. In this study, the lipid matrix is modeled as an equimolar mixture of ceramide (CER), cholesterol (CHOL), and free fatty acid (FFA). The permeation of water, oxygen, ethanol, acetic acid, urea, butanol, benzene, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), toluene, phenol, styrene, and ethylbenzene across this layer is studied using a constrained MD simulations technique. Several long constrained simulations are performed at a skin temperature of 310 K under NPT conditions. The free energy profiles and diffusion coefficients along the bilayer normal have been calculated for each molecule. Permeability coefficients are also calculated and compared with experimental data. The main resistance for the permeation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic permeants has been found to be in the interior of the lipid bilayer and near the lipid-water interface, respectively. The obtained permeability is found to be a few orders of magnitude higher than experimental values for hydrophilic molecules while for hydrophobic molecules more discrepancy was observed. Overall, the qualitative ranking is consistent with the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Gupta
- Physical Science Research Area, TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Tata Consultancy Services , 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India
| | - D B Sridhar
- Physical Science Research Area, TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Tata Consultancy Services , 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India
| | - Beena Rai
- Physical Science Research Area, TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Tata Consultancy Services , 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India
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21
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Goindi S, Narula M, Kalra A. Microemulsion-Based Topical Hydrogels of Tenoxicam for Treatment of Arthritis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:597-606. [PMID: 26285672 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenoxicam (TNX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, backache and pain. However, prolonged oral use of this drug is associated with gastrointestinal adverse events like peptic ulceration, thus necessitating its development as topical formulation that could obviate the adverse effects and improve patient compliance. The present study was aimed at development of microemulsion-based formulations of TNX for topical delivery at the affected site. The pseudoternary phase diagrams were developed and microemulsion formulations were prepared using Captex 300/oleic acid as oil, Tween 80 as surfactant and n-butanol/ethanol as co-surfactant. Optimized microemulsions were characterized for drug content, droplet size, viscosity, pH and zeta potential. The ex vivo permeation studies through Laca mice skin were performed using Franz diffusion cell assembly, and the permeation profile of the microemulsion formulation was compared with aqueous suspension of drug and drug incorporated in conventional cream. Microemulsion formulations of TNX showed significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean cumulative percent permeation values in comparison to conventional cream and suspension of drug. In vivo anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of the developed TNX formulations was evaluated using various inflammatory models such as air pouch model, xylene-induced ear edema, cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced inflammation. Microemulsion formulations were found to be superior in controlling inflammation as compared to conventional topical dosage forms and showed efficacy equivalent to oral formulation. Results suggest that the developed microemulsion formulations may be used for effective topical delivery of TNX to treat various inflammatory conditions.
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22
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Chemical penetration enhancers in stratum corneum - Relation between molecular effects and barrier function. J Control Release 2016; 232:175-87. [PMID: 27108613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Skin is attractive for drug therapy because it offers an easily accessible route without first-pass metabolism. Transdermal drug delivery is also associated with high patient compliance and through the site of application, the drug delivery can be locally directed. However, to succeed with transdermal drug delivery it is often required to overcome the low permeability of the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC). One common strategy is to employ so-called penetration enhancers that supposedly act to increase the drug passage across SC. Still, there is a lack of understanding of the molecular effects of so-called penetration enhancers on the skin barrier membrane, the SC. In this study, we provide a molecular characterization of how different classes of compounds, suggested as penetration enhancers, influence lipid and protein components in SC. The compounds investigated include monoterpenes, fatty acids, osmolytes, surfactant, and Azone. We employ natural abundance (13)C polarization transfer solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on intact porcine SC. With this method it is possible to detect small changes in the mobility of the minor fluid lipid and protein SC components, and simultaneously obtain information on the major fraction of solid SC components. The balance between fluid and solid components in the SC is essential to determine macroscopic material properties of the SC, including barrier and mechanical properties. We study SC at different hydration levels corresponding to SC in ambient air and under occlusion. The NMR studies are complemented with diffusion cell experiments that provide quantitative data on skin permeability when treated with different compounds. By correlating the effects on SC molecular components and SC barrier function, we aim at deepened understanding of diffusional transport in SC, and how this can be controlled, which can be utilized for optimal design of transdermal drug delivery formulations.
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23
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Animal models for cutaneous vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 71:112-22. [PMID: 25686596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Main challenges in skin vaccination are overcoming the stratum corneum (SC) barrier and targeting the antigen presenting cells (APC) in the epidermis and the dermis. For this purpose many delivery techniques are being developed. In vivo immunogenicity and safety studies in animals are mandatory before moving to clinical trials. However, the results obtained in animals may or may not be predictive for humans. Knowledge about differences and similarities in skin architecture and immunology within a species and between species is crucial. In this review, we discuss variables, including skin morphology, skin barrier function, mechanical properties, site of application and immunology, which should be taken into account when designing animal studies for vaccination via the skin in order to support the translation to clinical trial outcomes.
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24
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Kumar S, Zakrewsky M, Chen M, Menegatti S, Muraski JA, Mitragotri S. Peptides as skin penetration enhancers: Mechanisms of action. J Control Release 2015; 199:168-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Li SK, Peck KD. Passive and iontophoretic transport through the skin polar pathway. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:243-53. [PMID: 23921111 DOI: 10.1159/000351926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to briefly recount the contributions of Prof. William I. Higuchi to the area of skin transport. These contributions include developing fundamental knowledge of the barrier properties of the stratum corneum, mechanisms of skin transport, concentration gradient across skin in topical drug applications that target the viable epidermal layer, and permeation enhancement by chemical and electrical means. The complex and changeable nature of the skin barrier makes it difficult to assess and characterize the critical parameters that influence skin permeation. The systematic and mechanistic approaches taken by Dr. Higuchi in studying these parameters provided fundamental knowledge in this area and had a measured and lasting influence upon this field of study. This article specifically reviews the validation and characterization of the polar permeation pathway, the mechanistic model of skin transport, the influence of the dermis on the target skin concentration concept, and iontophoretic transport across the polar pathway of skin including the effects of electroosmosis and electropermeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0004, USA. kevin.li @ uc.edu
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