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Bastow S, Greszler C. Exploring the Value of Medical Affairs Learning Experiences for Pharmacy Students and Residents. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100687. [PMID: 38493877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this article is 3-fold: to strengthen the understanding of medical affairs (MA) among pharmacy professionals; to provide greater visibility into the value experienced by educators, learners, and the practice of pharmacy across the health care ecosystem when MA learning opportunities are available; and to provide a framework for organizations who seek to establish an MA experiential rotation. The authors collated information from published literature, anecdotal experience, and interviews with experiential education leaders from several colleges of pharmacy. As a result, the article summarizes the current perceptions of MA practice among educators and students and highlights how MA experiences may support pharmacy learners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bastow
- Becton Dickinson and Company, Medical Affairs, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.
| | - Craig Greszler
- Becton Dickinson and Company, Medical Affairs, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA
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Plewka B, Waszyk-Nowaczyk M, Cerbin-Koczorowska M, Przymuszała P, Osmałek T. Perception of Polish pharmacy students on simulation exercise in pharmaceutical care for diabetes-a pilot study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:283. [PMID: 38486206 PMCID: PMC10941357 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transformation of a pharmacist's role from that of a drug dispenser to an advisor and patient educator, partially accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, requires a thorough change in the pharmacy curriculum. Preparation for the provision of modern pharmaceutical services requires the use of the most advanced teaching methods, such as pharmaceutical simulation. Knowledge alone does not guarantee students' readiness and motivation to take on new challenges in their professional work, but it seems crucial that graduates of medical faculties have the ability to practically apply their knowledge, including in new and nonstandard situations. Therefore, in our study, we proposed an intervention using a simulation method (peer role play) in teaching pharmaceutical care, and we assessed its impact on students' levels of self-perceived confidence and self-efficacy in accordance with Bandura's theory. The aim of the study was to verify whether the introduction of these types of classes could be a useful element of pharmacy curriculum renewal. METHODS The questionnaire-based study was conducted during pharmaceutical care peer role-playing classes in a simulation environment with a debriefing session among 85 final-year pharmacy students at Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. The questionnaire consisted of two surveys: the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and a pre-post self-assessment and self-efficacy questionnaire. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between the GSE score and self-efficacy (R = 0.52, p < 0.0001). A statistically significant increase in the post-self-assessment of all the skills and competencies included in the survey in the field of pharmaceutical care of a patient with diabetes compared to the pre-values was also observed (p < 0.001). Additionally, the students' self-efficacy in terms of communicating with patients was greater following the class than before the class (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The peer role-play active teaching method was found to be a cost-effective method allowing for an increase in the self-assessment and self-efficacy of pharmacy students in diabetic patient pharmaceutical care. However, further in-depth research is needed to fully confirm the effectiveness of simulation exercises for teaching pharmacy undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Plewka
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Waszyk-Nowaczyk
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerbin-Koczorowska
- Edinburgh Medical School: Medical Education, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Piotr Przymuszała
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Tomasz Osmałek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
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Schmutz W, Hejazi A, Brixner D, Arnwine C, Magness J. The Utah Pharmacy Summit: Collaborating to Optimize Patient Care. J Pharm Pract 2024:8971900241228806. [PMID: 38262928 DOI: 10.1177/08971900241228806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacy has evolved significantly over the past 20 years, despite advances in pharmacotherapy and the expanding scope of pharmacy practice, pharmacists have struggled to collaborate across disciplines to create improved processes that enable the best outcomes from these innovations. A lack of innovation at any part of the healthcare system could inhibit the progress of practice innovations thereby leading to suboptimal patient medication and health outcomes. The Utah Pharmacy Summit was held in late 2022 with the goal of promoting pharmacist collaboration and a unified pharmacist voice within the state. The success of the Summit leads us to encourage collaborative forums across the Globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Schmutz
- Academy of Managed Care, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Andre Hejazi
- Academy of Managed Care, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Diana Brixner
- Academy of Managed Care, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Caitlin Arnwine
- Academy of Managed Care, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Magness
- Academy of Managed Care, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Magellan Rx Management, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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Alrasheedy AA. Trends, Capacity Growth, and Current State of Community Pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: Findings and Implications of a 16-Year Retrospective Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:2833-2847. [PMID: 38146313 PMCID: PMC10749569 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s443325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Community pharmacies provide access to medicines and pharmaceutical services. Consequently, adequate availability and sufficient workforce capacity must be ensured for effective healthcare delivery. This study assessed the community pharmacy sector in Saudi Arabia, including density, workforce capacity, and evolution from 2007 to 2022. Methods This retrospective study measured community pharmacy infrastructure and workforce capacity using international indicators and standardized measures, including community pharmacy and community pharmacist density per 10,000 people and ratio of community pharmacists per pharmacy. Several data sources and platforms were used to collect the data including the Ministry of Health, Saudi General Authority for Statistics, and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development. Results The number of community pharmacies increased by 89.30%, from 5466 in 2007 to 10,347 in 2022, and density increased from 2.25 to 3.22. However, density varied by region, from 3.97 to 1.95. The number of community pharmacists increased by 98.02%, from 10,932 in 2007 to 21,648 in 2022, and community pharmacist density increased from 4.51 to 6.73. However, the ratio of community pharmacists per pharmacy remained unchanged (2.0 in 2007 and 2.1 in 2022). Female pharmacists were first issued licenses to practice in community pharmacies in 2016, and the proportion of female pharmacists to total increased from 0.29% (n=42) in 2016 to 10.95% (n=2370) in 2022. The nationalization policy for community pharmacies was implemented in 2020, and the proportion of Saudi pharmacists increased from 3.08% (n=581) in 2019 to 19.90% (n=4306) in 2022, while proportion of expatriate pharmacists decreased from 96.92% (n=18,292) to 80.10% (n=17,342). Conclusion The findings showed that the community pharmacy sector in Saudi Arabia recently experienced substantial growth comparable to high-income countries. However, further improvements are required in some regions to increase community pharmacy density. Moreover, the ratio of pharmacists per pharmacy should be improved to meet the healthcare system needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Schenkelberg CV, Al-Khatib A, Bakken BK, Arya V, Gaither CA, Kreling DH, Mott DA, Schommer JC, Witry MJ, Doucette WR. Identifying Services Provided in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings. Innov Pharm 2023; 14:10.24926/iip.v14i3.5543. [PMID: 38487385 PMCID: PMC10936450 DOI: 10.24926/iip.v14i3.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: To better address their patients' needs, community pharmacists are expanding from their traditional role of dispensing to managing medications and providing other care. Objective: This study characterized services reported by pharmacists practicing in community pharmacy settings in the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS). Methods: The 2019 NPWS was conducted via an online survey. E-mails containing survey links were sent to a systematic random sample of 96,110 U.S. pharmacists. The survey allowed tailoring of questions related to specific practice settings and for respondents in community pharmacies included reporting on delivery of twelve services. Other descriptive characteristic questions included community pharmacy type, staffing, monitoring activities, self-reported workload, and respondent demographics. An index was created by summing the number of yes responses for the service questions. This index served as the dependent variable in an ordinary least squares regression examining the association of work setting characteristics with the index. Results: Usable responses were received from 2,150 community pharmacists. The top four services were: administer vaccines (91.1%), patient medication assistance program (83.7%), naloxone dispensing (72.8%) and medication synchronization (67.2%). The regression model was significant, with supermarket pharmacies having a higher service index than large chains. Elevated service index scores were associated with more technicians on duty, CPESN participation, direct communication with primary care providers, practicing under a CPA and monitoring activities. Conclusions: Pharmacy operational characteristics were important influences on the delivery of services in community pharmacies. These findings can help inform the continuing transformation of community pharmacy practice.
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Fu W, Li W, Chen B, Zhang J, Xie Q, Zhou L, Zhang X. Drug design education in China. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 51:662-669. [PMID: 37665065 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of innovative technologies, including combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, computer-aided drug design (CADD), artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, the importance of drug design in the field of drug discovery and development is increasing. Additionally, education in drug design plays an important role in the training of pharmaceutical talent. Starting with undergraduates, cultivating pharmaceutical design thinking, developing innovation and creativity, and establishing an interdisciplinary knowledge system will not only provide students with a solid knowledge basis but also promote the development of the pharmaceutical industry in China. This article presents the current status of pharmaceutical education and the distribution of drug design courses in China and summarizes the employment prospects of graduates, thus providing valuable references and evidence for global pharmaceutical design education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Boyu Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiong Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Bingham JM, Grabenstein JD, Leal S, Axon DR. Pharmacy on the front lines: A century of pandemic response in America. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1689-1693. [PMID: 37704064 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The history of American pharmacy contributions to pandemic responses can be described for five pandemics: 1918 (influenza A/H1N1 virus), 1957-1958 (H2N2 virus), 1968 (H3N2 virus), 2009 (H1N1pdm09 virus), and 2019-2023 (syndrome coronavirus-2 virus). Using historical surveillance data and published literature, this article provides opportunities to reflect on how the pharmacy profession played a role in preparedness and response.
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O'Sullivan TA, Allen RA, Bacci JL, O'Sullivan AC. A Qualitative Study of Experiences Contributing to Professional Identity Formation in Recent Pharmacy Graduates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100070. [PMID: 37852681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A professional identity has been described as "an individual thinking, acting, and feeling" like a person within the profession. The objective of this study was to learn about professional identity formation (PIF) in recent graduates of a pharmacy program. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with students graduating from a doctor of pharmacy degree program. Investigators performed a thematic content analysis of interview transcripts. RESULTS Participants were from community pharmacy practice (4), residencies (4), industry (1), and ambulatory care (1). At the time of the interview, participants were a range of 5-13 months out from graduation. Analysis of the data revealed 4 thematic findings. First, thinking and acting like a pharmacist occurred frequently while in school but feeling like a pharmacist occurred mostly after graduation. Second, feeling like a pharmacist meant participants felt confident in their knowledge base and ability to independently make decisions. Third, real-world practice is critical to PIF, particularly through interactions with patients. Finally, feedback, mentoring, and reflection support PIF and can aid in reconciling the tensions between concepts taught in school and experiences in practice. CONCLUSIONS In this qualitative analysis of data about PIF obtained from recent graduates from a pharmacy school, we found that thinking and acting like a pharmacist preceded feeling like a pharmacist; feeling like a pharmacist involved confidence in the ability to work autonomously; feedback, mentoring, and reflection on experiences supported PIF; and real-world experiences were critical to PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A Allen
- University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tenerelli P, Cervania PJT, Dhillon E, Romero A, Tenerelli K, Thai T, Bandy J. Impact of Experiential Education on the Intersectionality of Pharmacy Student Personal and Professional Identity Formation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100126. [PMID: 37852682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to summarize evidence relating to the impact of experiential education on the development of professional identity formation (PIF) and determine areas for future research and development to improve the integration of a professional identity within the student's unique personal identity within experiential education programs. METHODS A systematic scoping review was conducted using the systematic evidence-based approach following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles published between 2012 and 2022 related to the development of PIF in relation to the experiential experience were researched using PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Eric, and JSTOR (search engines) to find relevant articles. RESULTS A total of 986 articles were identified from the literature search. After undergoing an exclusion criterion, the total number of articles was reduced to 23 to be included in this review. Following the full-text review of the 23 articles, the authors identified common themes or domains and key findings relating to PIF and pharmacy experiential education. Articles were then assigned to 1 or more of the following domains: Experiential Education and PIF, Experiential Education and Professional Socialization, and Factors that influence PIF. CONCLUSION This review found that professional identity is highly impacted by experiential education and that pharmacy students cannot rely on didactic teaching alone but need to be exposed to authentic practice settings early within their curriculum by means of experiential education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tenerelli
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | | | - Ekjot Dhillon
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Alexia Romero
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Krista Tenerelli
- California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Thuong Thai
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Jason Bandy
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA.
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Dores AR, Peixoto M, Carvalho IP, Jesus Â, Moreira F, Marques A. The Pharmacy of the Future: Pharmacy Professionals' Perceptions and Contributions Regarding New Services in Community Pharmacies. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2580. [PMID: 37761777 PMCID: PMC10531482 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has revolutionized the provision of health services, often referred to as eHealth, benefiting community pharmacies that can offer new services in innovative formats, namely through telepharmacy. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of pharmacy professionals (i.e., pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) on the provision of new services. The study consisted of administering an online questionnaire to pharmacy professionals nationwide. The questionnaire was developed by the research team, based on focus group methodology, from which an inductive analysis led to the categories that made up the dimensions of the survey. Participants were 95 pharmacy professionals with a mean age of 33.69 years old (SD = 10.75). Almost 79% were women. The results show overall receptivity to the development of new services in community pharmacies. Suggestions for the development of the new services, conditions necessary for their implementation, potential obstacles, and strategies to promote adherence to the new services, among others, are identified. The knowledge thus acquired will help community pharmacies to develop innovative solutions in counselling, pharmacotherapy monitoring, and pharmacovigilance, for example, of herb/dietary supplement-drug adverse reactions and interactions. Based on this information, new services can become more accessible, namely through the use of ICTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa R. Dores
- Laboratório de Reabilitação Psicossocial, Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação (CIR), Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Miguel Peixoto
- Laboratório de Reabilitação Psicossocial, Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação (CIR), Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Irene P. Carvalho
- Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Jesus
- CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (Â.J.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernando Moreira
- CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (Â.J.); (F.M.)
| | - António Marques
- Laboratório de Reabilitação Psicossocial, Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação (CIR), Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (A.M.)
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Young D, Gadd S, Ashmead P, Abbinanti A, Pinnock E, Do Lam TL, Turner K. Assessing the impact of a leadership and advocacy elective course in a college of pharmacy curriculum. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:843-847. [PMID: 37541944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND LEADERSHIP FRAMEWORK While the scope of a pharmacist's work has grown, continued advocacy is needed to ensure that their skillset is used to the best advantage of the patient. To accomplish this aim, the University of Utah College of Pharmacy created an elective advocacy and leadership class to train students in leadership and advocacy methods, with a focus on enabling students to practice advocacy within the state of Utah throughout the class. EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT AND METHODS In addition to traditional lectures, this class asked students to apply the knowledge learned in class to projects within their sphere of influence. Activities included drafting their own bill, writing to a legislator, attending state legislative and board of pharmacy meetings, and a longitudinal quality improvement project. Students answered a pre- and post-class survey to assess their attitudes towards advocacy efforts and how those attitudes were affected by participation in the class. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION As expected, a positive change in attitude towards advocacy was observed, and students indicated that they were more likely to engage in advocacy activities in the future after participating in the course. Moreover, a real legislative outcome has been observed as the result of class projects. IMPLICATIONS Enabling students to engage in advocacy activities and guiding them to effect real change is a valuable technique in pharmacy education. Similar efforts can be replicated in other institutions, and similar training should be expanded to required portions of the pharmacy curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Young
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Shannon Gadd
- Division of Physician Assistant Studies, 375 Chipeta Wat Ste A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
| | - Payson Ashmead
- PGY1 Resident, University of Utah Health Hospitals and Clinics, 50 Medical Dr N, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Alan Abbinanti
- Clinical Pharmacist, University of Utah Health Hospitals and Clinics, 50 Medical Dr N, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Emily Pinnock
- Intermountain Healthcare Homecare and Hospice, 11520 S Redwood Rd, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
| | - Tuyet Lien Do Lam
- PGY1/2 Health-System Pharmacy Administration and Leadership Resident, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Clinics, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Kyle Turner
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Juperi RNAA, Goh HP, Rehman IU, Lee KS, Ming LC, Hermansyah A. Evaluating healthcare professionals' perceptions of dispensing separation and sale of pharmacy medicine in Brunei Darussalam. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 37620839 PMCID: PMC10463969 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy medicine (P) is obtained exclusively from a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist. This study aims to understand the perception of healthcare professionals towards the dispensing separation, as well as the dispensing of pharmacy medicine by community pharmacies to enhance patient health outcomes in Brunei Darussalam. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st March 2023 and 20th April 2023 among healthcare professionals. A newly designed and validated questionnaire was used. Its face and content validity, along with internal consistency, was adequately established. Convenient sampling was employed to recruit participants for the study. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA was performed, considering a p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS The study compiled data from 108 participants, comprising doctors (38.9%) and pharmacy technicians (45.4%). Approximately 28.7% of respondents had 11-20 years of healthcare experience, while 25.9% had less than 5 years. Nearly all respondents (98.1%) agreed on the vital role pharmacists and pharmacy technicians play in prescription checks. A significant number of participants (93.5%) agreed that Brunei's current medicine dispensing system needs improvement. The mean total score for the perception of medicine dispensing in Brunei was 3.79 ± 1.103. A statistically significant difference was found between the perception score and the respondents' profession (p = 0.018), but not with their age, experience, or place of work. Respondents' awareness score showed no statistically significant correlation with their profession, age, experience, or place of work. CONCLUSION The study underscores the necessity for more patient-centered care in community pharmacies in Brunei Darussalam. The country's healthcare professionals should recognize the potential advantages of expanding pharmacy services. However, to implement these services successfully, regulatory restrictions and infrastructure limitations must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei.
| | - Inayat Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Kah Seng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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Sudeshika T, Deeks LS, Naunton M, Peterson GM, Kosari S. Evaluating the potential outcomes of pharmacist-led activities in the Australian general practice setting: a prospective observational study. Int J Clin Pharm 2023:10.1007/s11096-023-01604-x. [PMID: 37269443 PMCID: PMC10239215 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists have been co-located in general practice teams to support the quality use of medicines and optimise patient health outcomes. Evidence of the impact of pharmacist-led activities in Australian general practices is sparse. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the potential outcomes of pharmacist-led activities in Australian general practices. METHOD A prospective observational study was conducted in eight general practices in the Australian Capital Territory, where each general practice employed a pharmacist on a part-time basis for 18 months. A recommended, but flexible, list of activities was provided for pharmacists. Descriptive information on general practice pharmacist-led activities, collected with an online diary, was analysed. The potential clinical, economic, and organisational impact of pharmacist-led clinical activities was evaluated using the CLinical Economic Organisational (CLEO) tool, with a modified economic dimension. RESULTS Nine pharmacists reported 4290 activities over 3918.5 work hours in general practice. Medication management services were the primary clinical activity of pharmacists. In medication reviews, 75% of the pharmacists' recommendations were fully accepted by general practitioners. Conducting clinical audits, updating patients' medical records, and providing information to patients and staff were other major activities of pharmacists. Of 2419 clinical activities, around 50% had the potential for a moderate or major positive clinical impact on patients. Sixty-three per cent of activities had the potential to decrease healthcare costs. Almost all the pharmacist-led clinical activities had a positive organisational impact. CONCLUSION Most pharmacist-led clinical activities in general practice had the potential for a positive impact on patients and reduction in healthcare costs, supporting the expansion of this model in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini Sudeshika
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Louise S Deeks
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Mark Naunton
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Sam Kosari
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
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14
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Navarrete J, Hughes CA, Yuksel N, Schindel TJ, Yamamura S, Terajima T, Sriboonruang T, Patikorn C, Anantachoti P. Community Pharmacists' Experiences and Attitudes towards the Provision of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: An International Survey. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111530. [PMID: 37297670 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services remains a challenge worldwide. Describing community pharmacists' SRH services in countries with different scopes of practice will aid in understanding how pharmacists view their roles and how to support them in providing needed services. A cross-sectional web-based survey was administered to pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Japan, Thailand, and Canada. The survey covered 7 SRH categories: pregnancy tests, ovulation tests, contraception, emergency contraception, sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections, maternal and perinatal health, and general sexual health. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. A total of 922 eligible responses were included in the analysis (Japan = 534, Thailand = 85, and Canada = 303). Most Thai and Canadian participants reported dispensing hormonal contraceptives (Thailand = 99%, Canada = 98%) and emergency contraceptive pills (Thailand = 98%, Canada = 97%). Most Japanese participants provided patient education on barrier contraceptives for men (56%) and information on the safety of medications in pregnancy (74%) and breastfeeding (76%). The majority of participants expressed interest in additional training and expanding their roles in SRH. Sharing international experiences can guide challenges faced by the evolution of pharmacists' practice in SRH. Providing pharmacists support could help their readiness for this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Navarrete
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Christine A Hughes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Nese Yuksel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Theresa J Schindel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Shigeo Yamamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoko Terajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Tatta Sriboonruang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanthawat Patikorn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Puree Anantachoti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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15
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Fadare OO, Witry MJ, Gaither CA, Doucette WR, Schommer JC. What drives job satisfaction among community pharmacists? An application of relative importance analysis. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100237. [PMID: 36923066 PMCID: PMC10009529 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacy employers want to improve pharmacists' job satisfaction, but ratings of job satisfaction are highly subjective, as evaluating job satisfaction involves weighing simultaneously the importance of multiple correlated determinants that are often perceived unequally. Objectives To 1) describe the application of relative importance analysis in estimating the predictive ability of correlated determinants of job satisfaction, and to rank the determinants in order of relative importance, and 2) explore how the perceived relative importance of job satisfaction predictors may vary across community pharmacists' age, gender, and work setting categories. Methods Data were obtained from the 2019 National Pharmacy Workforce Survey administered to 96,110 licensed U.S. pharmacists. Multiple regression analysis (MR) and relative weight analysis (RWA) were used to assess the predictive ability of determinants to explain pharmacists' job satisfaction. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore variations in the perceived relative importance of predictors across pharmacists' age, gender and work setting categories. Results Over the entire sample of community pharmacists, no personal experience of workplace discrimination [RW = 0.0613, rank = 1] and less reported engagement in advanced dispensing activities [RW = 0.0235, rank = 2] were most associated with greater job satisfaction, as both predictors jointly accounted for 67.5% of the predicted criterion variance (R 2). Pharmacists' compensation was observed to have the lowest perceived relative importance for predicting job satisfaction [RW = 0.0005, rank = 6], accounting for 0.5% of R 2. Between-group comparisons showed that, no personal experience of workplace discrimination had the highest perceived relative importance for job satisfaction across pharmacists' age groups, among women, and across most work settings except small chain pharmacies. Within-group comparisons showed that pharmacists' compensation was significantly more important than professional interactions (ΔRW(PC-PPI) 0.2900 [0.0637, 0.5360]) for job satisfaction among pharmacists in large chain pharmacies, while patient-care services was significantly more important than compensation for job satisfaction in independent (ΔRW(PPS-PC) 0.1761 [0.0017, 0.5980]) and health system retail pharmacists (ΔRW(PPS-PC) 0.4190 [0.0444, 0.8303]). Conclusions Relative importance analysis corroborated multiple regression and provided a more interpretable presentation of variable influence on community pharmacists job satisfaction as the importance of personal and workplace characteristics in how pharmacists evaluate their job satisfaction varied across age, gender and work setting categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide O Fadare
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Matthew J Witry
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Caroline A Gaither
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, 308 SE Harvard St, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - William R Doucette
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jon C Schommer
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, 308 SE Harvard St, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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16
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Khanfar NM, Harrington CA, Alsharif NZ, Warravat A, Hale G. Considerations of management and marketing courses within pharmacy curricula in the United States. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:1348-1352. [PMID: 36402517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assess the extent pharmacy programs are offering courses in management and marketing. METHODS We sampled the extent of management and marketing coursework in the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curricula in the United States (US) by examining website descriptions of the best pharmacy schools in 2020 (N = 134) as ranked by the US News and World report. Links to curriculum descriptions and catalogs were reviewed for coursework having the words, marketing, management, entrepreneurship, or business plan in the title. RESULTS Of the 134 PharmD curricula reviewed, 36 (27%) had no required or elective management courses, and 101 (75%) had no required or elective marketing courses in their curriculum. Most schools did offer a core (n = 89) or elective (n = 9) management course. However, of those, about half (n = 46) provided only a single management course over the entire curriculum. Only 33 (25%) schools offered a marketing course, of which most (n = 27) were elective. CONCLUSIONS Many pharmacy schools in the US are not providing pharmacy graduates with the business management and marketing education required for the role of a pharmacist. Pharmacy education should consider curriculum changes that equip pharmacy students with sufficient business knowledge and skills to be innovative and entrepreneurial in all practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nile M Khanfar
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, United States.
| | - Catherine A Harrington
- Palm Beach Atlantic University, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, West Palm Beach, Fl, United States
| | - Naser Z Alsharif
- Lebanese American University, School of Pharmacy, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Adnan Warravat
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, United States
| | - Genevieve Hale
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, United States.
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17
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Spann N, Quates C, Nguyen E, Carr G, Cleveland KW, Owens C. Serving underserved Hispanic populations: Practical strategies for pharmacy professionals. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 63:507-510. [PMID: 36411230 PMCID: PMC9616509 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As pharmacy professionals and health care systems serve diverse patient populations, especially in continued efforts to reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019, racial and ethnic disparities must be acknowledged and addressed. The authors share a collaboration between a nonprofit immunization coalition and college of pharmacy to provide mobile coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination clinics to communities across Idaho that have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. The goal of this commentary is to share experiences providing vaccination services for the Hispanic community and discuss strategies for pharmacy professionals to provide more equitable care. Through clinical experience and listening sessions to address vaccine hesitancy, several themes emerged that could be categorized into the following: convenience, complacency, and confidence. Suggestions to overcome vaccine hesitancy include hosting events at work sites, bilingual communication techniques, targeted education, and collaboration with trusted community partners. Additional considerations in implementing more equitable care include creating a culturally competent workforce, combatting vaccine misinformation, and finding sustainable ways to continue community partnerships to provide ongoing and expanding services. Utilizing unique approaches to serve the stated needs of a Hispanic population is essential to providing equitable health care to all members of a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Spann
- Correspondence: Nathan Spann, PharmD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice, Idaho State University College of Pharmacy, 1311 East Central Drive, Meridian, ID 83642
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18
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Saadah LM, Deiab GIA, Al-Balas QA, Basheti IA. Computational medicinal chemistry role in clinical pharmacy education: Ingavirin for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) discovery model. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2746. [PMID: 36793906 PMCID: PMC9891799 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.4.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the major shift to patient-directed education, novel coronavirus (nCoV) provides a live example on how medicinal chemistry could be a key science to teach pharmacy students. In this paper, students and clinical pharmacy practitioners will find a stepwise primer on identifying new potential nCoV treatments mechanistically modulated through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Methods First, we identified the maximum common pharmacophore between carnosine and melatonin as background ACE2 inhibitors. Second, we performed a similarity search to spot out structures containing the pharmacophore. Third, molinspiration bioactivity scoring enabled us to promote one of the newly identified molecules as the best next candidate for nCoV. Preliminary docking in SwissDock and visualization through University of California San Francisco (UCSF) chimera made it possible to qualify one of them for further detailed docking and experimental validation. Results Ingavirin had the best docking results with full fitness of -3347.15 kcal/mol and estimated ΔG of -8.53 kcal/mol compared with melatonin (-6.57 kcal/mol) and carnosine (-6.29 kcal/mol). UCSF chimera showed viral spike protein elements binding to ACE2 retained in the best ingavirin pose in SwissDock at 1.75 Angstroms. Conclusion Ingavirin has a promising inhibitory potential to host (ACE2 and nCoV spike protein) recognition, and hence could offer the next best mitigating effect against the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai M Saadah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, 11931, Amman, Jordan.
| | | | - Qosay A Al-Balas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science & Technology, 22110, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Iman A Basheti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, 11931, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, Australia.
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19
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Schuh MJ. Should Business Training Be a Significant Element of Pharmacy Training? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2022; 86:8756. [PMID: 34507960 PMCID: PMC10159429 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because pharmacists cannot be reimbursed for their clinical services and are not listed as providers under the US Social Security Act, they often have difficulty finding ways to financially support their services. Specifically, because pharmacists are not listed as providers, there is not usually sufficient financial support through reimbursement to cover pharmacist labor costs. Further, pharmacists must show that they save more in labor costs through cost avoidance to be accessible to patients in particular health care settings. Business training may provide a foundation for pharmacists to create financially viable models of practice and allow for better communication with administrative decision-makers, thus increasing the accessibility of their clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Schuh
- Mayo Clinic Florida, Department of Pharmacy, Jacksonville, Florida
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20
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Jamil N, A. Wahab I, Jamludin NA, Ahmad Hisham S. Development and Conduct of Tele-Objective Structured Clinical Examination (Tele-OSCE) to Assess Clinical Pharmacy Competencies During COVID-19 Emergency Remote Teaching. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2022; 32:321-327. [PMID: 35284196 PMCID: PMC8897727 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions in face-to-face contact during the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated the conversion to online teaching-learning activities. To assess relevant competencies of a Master's in Clinical Pharmacy student cohort, an online tele-objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was developed and conducted using Microsoft Teams®. Afterward, a survey was conducted to determine the acceptance of tele-OSCE by students and faculty members. Students' performance was also compared to a previous cohort that underwent face-to-face OSCE. The majority of students generally agreed that tele-OSCE was operationally easy to undertake (94.0%) and did not deter their exam performance. The majority of faculty members also generally agreed that the online platform did not deter the assessment of students' performance and a minority disagreed on the ease of assessing counselling tasks or calculation work (13.0%). There was no statistically significant difference in students' overall scores between the tele-OSCE and the face-to-face cohort (p > 0.05). A thoughtfully planned tele-OSCE is a feasible method of examination that allows acceptable assessment of attained clinical competencies when social distancing measures are mandated. Stakeholders should look towards fortifying IT and online platform access to support optimal emergency remote teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdiana Jamil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izyan A. Wahab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ashikin Jamludin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shairyzah Ahmad Hisham
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Kumar A, Ray AB, Blanchard C. Use of research evidence varied in efforts to expand specific pharmacist autonomous prescriptive authority: an evaluation and recommendations to increase research utilization. Health Res Policy Syst 2022; 20:1. [PMID: 34980147 PMCID: PMC8721476 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-021-00789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An expanding body of literature shows that pharmacists' interventions improve health outcomes and are cost-saving. However, diverse state regulations of pharmacists' scope of practice create a discrepancy between what pharmacists are trained to do and what they legally can do. This study investigated how stakeholders utilized research evidence when developing expanded scope of practice policies in their respective states. METHODS Using autonomous pharmacist prescriptive authority as a surrogate for general pharmacist scope of practice, a general policy document analysis was performed to understand the scope of practice landscape for pharmacists across the United States. Next, semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and pharmacy advocates were conducted to explore how the identified states in the policy document analysis utilized evidence during the policy-making process. Investigators analysed findings from the transcribed interviews through application of the SPIRIT Action Framework. Resulting codes were summarized across themes, and recommendations to researchers about increasing utilization of research evidence were crafted. RESULTS Sixteen states with 27 autonomous pharmacist prescriptive authority policies were identified. Public health need and safety considerations motivated evidence engagement, while key considerations dictating utilization of research included perceptions of research, access to resources and experts, and the successful implementation of similar policy. Research evidence helped to advocate for and set terms for pharmacist prescribing. Barriers to research utilization include stakeholder opposition to pharmacist prescribing, inability to interpret research, and a lack of relevant evidence. Recommendations for researchers include investigating specific metrics to evaluate scope of practice policy, developing relationships between policy-makers and researchers, and leveraging pharmacy practice stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS Overall, alignment of researcher goals and legislative priorities, coupled with timely communication, may help to increase research evidence engagement in pharmacist scope of practice policy. By addressing these factors regarding research engagement identified in this study, researchers can increase evidence-based scope of practice, which can help to improve patient outcomes, contain costs, and provide pharmacists with the legal infrastructure to practise at the top of their license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshara Kumar
- Center for Medication Optimization, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Amber Bivins Ray
- Center for Medication Optimization, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Carrie Blanchard
- Center for Medication Optimization, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, United States of America
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22
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Community pharmacists’ provision of sexual and reproductive health services: a cross sectional study in Alberta, Canada. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1214-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Hohmeier KC, Renfro C, Turner K, Patel P, Ndrianasy E, Williams-Clark R, Underwood L, Gatwood J. The Tennessee Medicaid medication therapy management program: early stage contextual factors and implementation outcomes. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1189. [PMID: 34727944 PMCID: PMC8561881 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First investigated in the 1990s, medication therapy management (MTM) is an evidence-based practice offered by pharmacists to ensure a patient's medication regimen is individualized to include the safest and most effective medications. MTM has been shown to a) improve quality of patient care, b) reduces health care costs, and c) lead to fewer medication-related adverse effects. However, there has been limited testing of evidence-based, a-priori implementation strategies that support MTM implementation on a large scale. METHODS The study has two objectives assessed at the organizational and individual level: 1) to determine the adoption, feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to support the MTM pilot program in Tennessee; and 2) to report on the contextual factors associated with program implementation based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The overall design of the study was a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation study reporting outcomes of Tennessee state Medicaid's (TennCare) MTM Pilot program. This paper presents early stage implementation outcomes (e.g., adoption, feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness) and explores implementation barriers and facilitators using the CFIR. The study was assessed at the (a) organizational and (b) individual level. A mixed-methods approach was used including surveys, claims data, and semi-structured interviews. Interview data underwent initial, rapid qualitative analysis to provide real time feedback to TennCare leadership on project barriers and facilitators. RESULTS The total reach of the program from July 2018 through June 2020 was 2033 MTM sessions provided by 17 Medicaid credentialed pharmacists. Preliminary findings suggest participants agreed that MTM was acceptable (μ = 16.22, SD = 0.28), appropriate (μ = 15.33, SD = 0.03), and feasible (μ = 14.72, SD = 0.46). Each of the scales had an excellent level of internal (> 0.70) consistency (feasibility, α = 0.91; acceptability, α = 0.96; appropriateness, α = 0.98;). Eight program participants were interviewed and were mapped to the following CFIR constructs: Process, Characteristics of Individuals, Intervention Characteristics, and Inner Setting. Rapid data analysis of the contextual inquiry allowed TennCare to alter initial implementation strategies during project rollout. CONCLUSION The early stage implementation of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to support delivery of Tennessee Medicaid's MTM program was found to be well accepted and appropriate across multiple stakeholders including providers, administrators, and pharmacists. However, as the early stage of implementation progressed, barriers related to relative priority, characteristics of the intervention (e.g., complexity), and workflow impeded adoption. Programmatic changes to the MTM Pilot based on early stage contextual analysis and implementation outcomes had a positive impact on adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.
| | - Chelsea Renfro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Kea Turner
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Parin Patel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | | | | | | | - Justin Gatwood
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
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24
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Janke KK, Bloom TJ, Boyce EG, Johnson JL, Kopacek K, O'Sullivan TA, Petrelli HMW, Steeb DR, Ross LJ. A Pathway to Professional Identity Formation: Report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8714. [PMID: 34301578 PMCID: PMC8715968 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Professional identity formation (PIF) involves internalizing and demonstrating the behavioral norms, standards, and values of a professional community, such that one comes to "think, act and feel" like a member of that community. Professional identity influences how a professional perceives, explains, presents and conducts themselves. This report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee (SAC) describes the benefits of a strong professional identity, including its importance in advancing practice transformation. Responding to a recommendation from the 2019-2020 SAC, this report presents an illustrative and interpretative schema as an initial step towards describing a pharmacist's identity. However, the profession must further elucidate a universal and distinctive pharmacist identity, in order to better support pharmacists and learners in explaining and presenting the pharmacist's scope of practice and opportunities for practice change. Additionally, the report outlines recommendations for integrating intentional professional identity formation within professional curricula at colleges and schools of pharmacy. Although there is no standardized, single way to facilitate PIF in students, the report explores possibilities for meeting the student support and faculty development needs of an emerging new emphasis on PIF within the Academy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Janke
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Timothy J Bloom
- Shenandoah University, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Winchester, Virginia
| | - Eric G Boyce
- University of the Pacific, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, Stockton, California
| | | | - Karen Kopacek
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - David R Steeb
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Libby J Ross
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
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25
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Nelson NR, Armistead LT, Blanchard CM, Rhoney DH. The pharmacist's professional identity: Preventing, identifying, and managing medication therapy problems as the medication specialist. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Gregório J, Reis L, Peyroteo M, Maia M, Mira da Silva M, Lapão LV. The role of Design Science Research Methodology in developing pharmacy eHealth services. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:2089-2096. [PMID: 34119446 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing focus on efficiency of care has prompted health systems to look for innovative solutions that yield maximum value for care. Integration of care and eHealth are seen as the most promising solutions in the high technological environment of the coming decades. Pharmacy services have been developed to a point where the face of community pharmacy has changed dramatically. Thus, service design and implementation has become an area of increased attention by Pharmacy practice researchers, and the arrival of eHealth concepts to Pharmacy is driving the need to find alternative ways to design new services. Moreover, known barriers and challenges remain when securing integration of pharmacy services with the health systems. In this paper, Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM), a user-centered alternative methodology to the design, development and implementation of health services, especially eHealth services, is presented. This alternative, originally from the Information Sciences field, has been adopted as a service design methodology in diverse settings, including health care. Here, case studies are used to explain how a DSRM process should be conducted in a health care setting, illustrating what methods to choose in each step of the process. Finally, the advantages of DSRM compared to other user-centered methodologies for service design are presented, hopefully prompting the discussion on the use of DSRM for the study of the implementation and sustainability of pharmacy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gregório
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Reis
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Peyroteo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Melanie Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | - Luís Velez Lapão
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Watson CJ, Whitledge JD, Siani AM, Burns MM. Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors. J Med Toxicol 2021; 17:197-217. [PMID: 33140232 PMCID: PMC7605468 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medications are compounded when a formulation of a medication is needed but not commercially available. Regulatory oversight of compounding is piecemeal and compounding errors have resulted in patient harm. We review compounding in the United States (US), including a history of compounding, a critique of current regulatory oversight, and a systematic review of compounding errors recorded in the literature. METHODS We gathered reports of compounding errors occurring in the US from 1990 to 2020 from PubMed, Embase, several relevant conference abstracts, and the US Food and Drug Administration "Drug Alerts and Statements" repository. We categorized reports into errors of "contamination," suprapotency," and "subpotency." Errors were also subdivided by whether they resulted in morbidity and mortality. We reported demographic, medication, and outcome data where available. RESULTS We screened 2155 reports and identified 63 errors. Twenty-one of 63 were errors of concentration, harming 36 patients. Twenty-seven of 63 were contamination errors, harming 1119 patients. Fifteen errors did not result in any identified harm. DISCUSSION Compounding errors are attributed to contamination or concentration. Concentration errors predominantly result from compounding a prescription for a single patient, and disproportionately affect children. Contamination errors largely occur during bulk distribution of compounded medications for parenteral use, and affect more patients. The burden falls on the government, pharmacy industry, and medical providers to reduce the risk of patient harm caused by compounding errors. CONCLUSION In the US, drug compounding is important in ensuring access to vital medications, but has the potential to cause patient harm without adequate safeguards.
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Affiliation(s)
- C James Watson
- Harvard Medical Toxicology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop 3025, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James D Whitledge
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michele M Burns
- Harvard Medical Toxicology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop 3025, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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The pharmacist's guide to the future: Are we there yet? Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:795-798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Ibrahim IR, Ibrahim MI, Majeed IA, Alkhafaje Z. Assessment of job satisfaction among community pharmacists in Baghdad, Iraq: a cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2021; 19:2190. [PMID: 33777262 PMCID: PMC7979314 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2021.1.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists have the unique position of providing safe and effective care. Hence, addressing their feelings about their working life is crucial to provide good pharmacy services. Objective this study aimed to assess job satisfaction among Iraqi community pharmacists and determine the effect of pharmacist characteristics on job satisfaction. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. A simple random sample technique was adopted to select community pharmacists. A survey questionnaire using Warr-Cook-Wall satisfaction scale (ranging from extremely dissatisfied to extremely satisfied) was used to assess job satisfaction. Results Community pharmacists experienced moderate satisfaction with their jobs. The mean satisfaction score for all pharmacists was 20.4 (SD 3.7). The lowest mean scores occurred for recognition (1.4; SD 0.7), public respect (1.8; SD 0.9), and pharmacy regulations (1.9; SD 0.9). Job satisfaction was significantly affected by pharmacist characteristics, including gender (p<0.001), age (p<0.001), degree level (p=0.003), years in practice (p<0.001), working patterns (p< 0.001), and working hours (p<0.001). Regression analysis indicated pharmacist gender and age had the highest effect on job satisfaction, while, years in practice, working hours, and working pattern had the lowest effect. Conclusions Community pharmacists expressed moderate satisfaction with their jobs with satisfaction levels being affected by gender, age, years in practice, working patterns, and working hours. New strategies will require support for Iraqi pharmacists by the Ministry of Health and Syndicate of Iraqi Pharmacists before being included in extended pharmacy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas R Ibrahim
- PhD. College of Pharmacy, Uruk University . Baghdad ( Iraq ).
| | - Mohamed I Ibrahim
- PhD. Professor of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Head of Research and Graduate Studies - Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University . Doha ( Qatar ).
| | - Ibrahim A Majeed
- Assistant Professor in Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, Uruk University . Baghdad ( Iraq ).
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Empowering Public Health Pharmacy Practice-Moving from Collaborative Practice Agreements to Provider Status in the U.S. PHARMACY 2021; 9:pharmacy9010057. [PMID: 33803293 PMCID: PMC8005938 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the history and evolution of pharmacist-physician collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) in the United States with future directions to support pharmacists’ provider status as the profession continues to evolve from product-oriented to patient-centered care and population health. The pharmacy profession has a long history of dispensing and compounding, with the addition of clinical roles in the late 20th century. These clinical roles have continued to expand into diverse arenas such as communicable and non-communicable diseases, antimicrobial stewardship, emergency preparedness and response, public health education and health promotion, and critical and emergency care. Pharmacists continue to serve as integral members of interprofessional and interdisciplinary healthcare teams. In this context, CPAs allow pharmacists to expand their roles in patient care and may be considered as a step towards securing provider status. Moving beyond CPAs to a provider status would enable pharmacists to be reimbursed for cognitive services and promote integrated public health delivery models.
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Badreldin HA, Thabit AK, Almangour TA, Alessa M, Eljaaly K, Fanikos J, Katz M. Pursuing postgraduate pharmacy training in the United States for international pharmacy graduates: Approaches, current status, challenges, and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham A. Badreldin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Services King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar K. Thabit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A. Almangour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alessa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Eljaaly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - John Fanikos
- Department of Pharmacy Services Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael Katz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
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Bragazzi NL, Mansour M, Bonsignore A, Ciliberti R. The Role of Hospital and Community Pharmacists in the Management of COVID-19: Towards an Expanded Definition of the Roles, Responsibilities, and Duties of the Pharmacist. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E140. [PMID: 32784696 PMCID: PMC7558051 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since late December 2019, a novel, emerging coronavirus was identified as the infectious agent responsible for a generally mild but sometimes severe and even life-threatening disease, termed as "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19). The pathogen was initially named as "2019 novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV) and later renamed as "Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus type 2" (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 quickly spread from the first epicenter, the city of Wuhan, province of Hubei, mainland China, into neighboring countries, and became a global pandemic. As of July 15th 2020, the outbreak is still ongoing, with SARS-CoV-2 affecting 213 countries and territories. The coronavirus has caused a dramatic toll of deaths and imposed a severe burden, both from a societal and economic point of view. COVID-19 has challenged health systems, straining and overwhelming healthcare facilities and settings, including hospital and community pharmacies. On the other hand, COVID-19 has propelled several changes. During the last decades, pharmacy has shifted from being products-based and patient-facing to being services-based and patient-centered. Pharmacies have transitioned from being compounding centers devoted to the manipulation of materia medica to pharmaceutical centers, clinical pharmacies and fully integrated "medical-pharmaceutical networks", providing a significant range of non-prescribing services. Moreover, roles, duties and responsibilities of pharmacists have paralleled such historical changes and have known a gradual expansion, incorporating new skills and reflecting new societal demands and challenges. The COVID-19 outbreak has unearthed new opportunities for pharmacists: community and hospital pharmacists have, indeed, played a key role during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that a fully integrated, inter-sectoral and inter-professional collaboration is necessary to face crises and public health emergencies. Preliminary, emerging evidence seems to suggest that, probably, a new era in the history of pharmacies ("the post-COVID-19 post-pharmaceutical care era") has begun, with community pharmacists acquiring more professional standing, being authentic heroes and frontline health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, Genoa University, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Muhammad Mansour
- Department of Surgery A, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Faculty of Medicine of the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel;
- Division of General Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Alessandro Bonsignore
- Section of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Rosagemma Ciliberti
- Section of History of Medicine and Bioethics, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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33
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Schommer JC, Garza OW, Taitel MS, Akinbosoye OE, Suzuki S, Clay PG. Work System and Process Designs for Community Pharmacy-Medical Clinic Partnerships to Improve Retention in Care, Antiretroviral Adherence, and Viral Suppression in Persons with HIV. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030125. [PMID: 32707940 PMCID: PMC7558622 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this project was to collect and analyze information about work systems and processes that community pharmacy-medical clinic partnerships used for implementing the Patient-Centered HIV Care Model (PCHCM). Paired collaborations of 10 Walgreens community pharmacies and 10 medical clinics were formed in 10 cities located throughout the United States that had relatively high HIV prevalence rates and existing Walgreens HIV Centers of Excellence. Patient service provision data and most significant change stories were collected from key informants at each of the clinic and pharmacy sites over an 8 week period in 2016 and through in-depth phone interviews. Written notes were reviewed by two authors (J.C.S. and O.W.G.) and analyzed using the most significant change technique. The findings showed that half of the partnerships (n = 5) were unable to fully engage in service implementation due to external factors or severe staff turnover during the project period. The other half of the partnerships (n = 5) were able to engage in service implementation, with the most impactful changes being related to strong patient care systems, having a point person at the clinic who served as a connector between sites, and having pharmacists integrated fully into the health care team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C. Schommer
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-9915; Fax: +1-612-625-9931
| | - Oscar W. Garza
- School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Orleans Campus, University of Louisiana—Monroe, 478 South Johnson St, Suite 230, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Michael S. Taitel
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, 102 Wilmot Road, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA;
| | | | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (S.S.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Patrick G. Clay
- Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (S.S.); (P.G.C.)
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Costantino RC, Nau D, Neigh JJ, Hoerner PJ, Hull JR, Perfetto E. Use of Pharmacy Quality Measures to Enhance Value-Based Performance Within the Military Health System. Mil Med 2020; 185:e894-e899. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
As the healthcare system shifts from fee-for service toward value-driven healthcare, interest has grown in medication-related quality metrics to evaluate quality and value within the healthcare system. While the Defense Health Agency (DHA) has taken steps to align healthcare quality measures across the enterprise, the extent to which DHA utilizes pharmacy quality measures (PQMs) or evaluates the quality of direct and purchased pharmacy care is unknown.
Materials and Methods
A comparison was made between existing PQMs utilized by DHA and all measures published and endorsed by the Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA), a recognized, PQM standard-setting organization. We also compared DHA PQMs to those used within the Medicare Part D Star Rating Program.
Results
DHA has implemented 10 (28%) of the 36 PQA measures available for evaluation as of August 2019. Of the five measures included in the 2020 CMS Part D Star Rating program, DHA has currently implemented four (80%) of the measures. DHA has implemented 3 of the 5 (60%) PQA CMS Display Measures, and 5 of 9 (56%) PQA CMS Patient Safety Report Measures that are not part of the Star Ratings, but that are used to benchmark and provide feedback to health plans.
Conclusion
Opportunities exist within the DHA to leverage PQMs to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care, build trust with beneficiaries by increasing transparency, and maintain parity with the civilian healthcare system. Existing models and commercially available technology could be considered to rapidly operationalize the use of PQMs within the MHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Costantino
- Enterprise Intelligence & Data Solutions Program Management Office, Defense Health Agency, 3515 S. General McMullen, San Antonio, TX 78226
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - David Nau
- Rx Quality Consultants, 306 North Main Street, Ada, Ohio 45810
| | - Jeffrey J Neigh
- MEDCOM Pharmacy Service Line, Defense Health Headquarters, 7700 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 5101, Falls Church, VA 22042
| | - Paul J Hoerner
- Pharmacy Operations Division, Defense Health Agency, 7700 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 5101, Falls Church, VA 22042
| | - Jessica R Hull
- Pharmacy Operations Division, Defense Health Agency, 7700 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 5101, Falls Church, VA 22042
| | - Eleanor Perfetto
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201
- National Health Council, 1730 M St NW # 500, Washington, DC 20036
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Schommer J, Doucette W, Witry M, Arya V, Bakken B, Gaither C, Kreling D, Mott D. Pharmacist Segments Identified from 2009, 2014, and 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Surveys: Implications for Pharmacy Organizations and Personnel. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8020049. [PMID: 32224863 PMCID: PMC7355503 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: Findings from the 2009 and 2014 National Pharmacist Workforce Surveys showed that approximately 40% of U.S. pharmacists devoted their time primarily to medication providing, 40% contributed a significant portion of their time to patient care service provision, and the remaining 20% contributed most of their time to other health-system improvement activities. The objective of this study was to characterize the U.S. pharmacist workforce into segments based on the proportion of time they spend in medication providing and patient care services and compare changes in these segments between 2009, 2014, and 2019. Methods: Data from 2009, 2014, and 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Surveys were analyzed. Responses from 1200 pharmacists in 2009, 1382 in 2014, and 4766 in 2019 were used for analysis. Respondents working in the pharmacy or pharmacy-related fields reported both their percent time devoted to medication providing and to patient care services. Medication providing included preparing, distributing, and administering medication products, including associated professional services. Patient care services were professional services designed for assessing and evaluating medication-related needs, monitoring and adjusting patient's treatments, and other services designed for patient care. For each year of data, pharmacist segments were identified using a two-step cluster analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for describing the characteristics of the segments. Results: For each year, five segments of pharmacists were identified. The proportions of pharmacists in each segment for the three surveys (2009, 2014, 2019) were: (1) medication providers (41%, 40%, 34%), (2) medication providers who also provide patient care (25%, 22%, 25%), (3) other activity pharmacists (16%, 18%, 14%), (4) patient care providers who also provide medication (12%, 13%, 15%), and (5) patient care providers (6%, 7%, 12%). In 2019, other activity pharmacists worked over 45 hours per week, on average, with 12 of these hours worked remotely. Patient care providers worked 41 hours per week, on average, with six of these hours worked remotely. Medication providers worked less than 40 hours per week, on average, with just one of these hours worked remotely. Regarding the number of patients with whom a respondent interacted on a typical day, medication providers reported 18 per day, patient care providers reported 11 per day, and other activity pharmacists reported 6 per day. In 2009, 8% of patient care providers worked in a setting that was not licensed as a pharmacy. In 2019, this grew to 17%. Implications/Conclusions: The 2019 findings showed that 34% of U.S. pharmacists devoted their time primarily to medication providing (compared to 40% in 2009 and 2014), 52% contributed a significant portion of their time to patient care service provision (compared to 40% in 2009 and 2014), and the remaining 14% contributed most of their time to other health-system improvement activities. Distinguishing characteristics of the segments suggested that recent growth in the pharmacist workforce has been in the patient care services, with more being provided through remote means in organizations that are not licensed as pharmacies. The findings have implications for pharmacist training, continuing education, labor monitoring, regulations, work systems, and process designs. These changes will create new roles and tasks for pharmacy organizations and personnel that will be needed to support emerging patient care services provided by pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Schommer
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 612-626-9915; Fax: 612-625-9931
| | - William Doucette
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, S518 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (W.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthew Witry
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, S518 PHAR, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (W.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Vibhuti Arya
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, St. Augustine Hall, B48, Queens, NY 11439, USA;
| | - Brianne Bakken
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Health Research Center, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Caroline Gaither
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - David Kreling
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (D.K.); (D.M.)
| | - David Mott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (D.K.); (D.M.)
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McQuade BM, Reed BN, DiDomenico RJ, Baker WL, Shipper AG, Jarrett JB. Feeling the burn? A systematic review of burnout in pharmacists. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. McQuade
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy; Chicago Illinois
| | - Brent N. Reed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science; University of Maryland School of Pharmacy; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Robert J. DiDomenico
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy; Chicago Illinois
| | - William L. Baker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy; Storrs Connecticut
| | - Andrea G. Shipper
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library; University of Maryland; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Jennie B. Jarrett
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy; Chicago Illinois
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