1
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Zimmerman K, Pegler JL, Oultram JMJ, Collings DA, Wang MB, Grof CPL, Eamens AL. Molecular Manipulation of the miR160/ AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR Expression Module Impacts Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1042. [PMID: 39202402 PMCID: PMC11353855 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), microRNA160 (miR160) regulates the expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR10 (ARF10), ARF16 and ARF17 throughout development, including the development of the root system. We have previously shown that in addition to DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA BINDING1 (DRB1), DRB2 is also involved in controlling the rate of production of specific miRNA cohorts in the tissues where DRB2 is expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. In this study, a miR160 overexpression transgene (MIR160B) and miR160-resistant transgene versions of ARF10 and ARF16 (mARF10 and mARF16) were introduced into wild-type Arabidopsis plants and the drb1 and drb2 single mutants to determine the degree of requirement of DRB2 to regulate the miR160 expression module as part of root development. Via this molecular modification approach, we show that in addition to DRB1, DRB2 is required to regulate the level of miR160 production from its precursor transcripts in Arabidopsis roots. Furthermore, we go on to correlate the altered abundance of miR160 or its ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 target genes in the generated series of transformant lines with the enhanced development of the root system displayed by these plant lines. More specifically, promotion of primary root elongation likely stemmed from enhancement of miR160-directed ARF17 expression repression, while the promotion of lateral and adventitious root formation was the result of an elevated degree of miR160-directed regulation of ARF17 expression, and to a lesser degree, ARF10 and ARF16 expression. Taken together, the results presented in this study identify the requirement of the functional interplay between DRB1 and DRB2 to tightly control the rate of miR160 production, to in turn ensure the appropriate degree of miR160-directed ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 gene expression regulation as part of normal root system development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Zimmerman
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - David A. Collings
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ming-Bo Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- Seaweed Research Group, School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
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2
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Hassani SB, Latifi M, Aliniaeifard S, Sohrabi Bonab S, Nasiri Almanghadim N, Jafari S, Mohebbifar E, Ahangir A, Seifikalhor M, Rezadoost H, Bosacchi M, Rastogi A, Bernard F. Response to Cadmium Toxicity: Orchestration of Polyamines and microRNAs in Maize Plant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1991. [PMID: 37653908 PMCID: PMC10223431 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is widely contaminating the environment due to its uses in industries as corrosive reagents, paints, batteries, etc. Cd can easily be absorbed through plant roots and may have serious negative impacts on plant growth. To investigate the mechanisms utilized by plants to cope with Cd toxicity, an experiment was conducted on maize seedlings. We observed that the plant growth and photosynthetic mechanism were negatively influenced during 20 days of Cd stress. The expression levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ORDC) increased in the six seedlings under Cd exposure compared to the control. However, Cd toxicity led to an increase in putrescine (Put) content only on day 15 when compared to the control plants. In fact, with the exception of day 15, the increases in the ORDC transcript levels did not show a direct correlation with the observed increases in Put content. Spermidine and Spermine levels were reduced on day 6 by Cd application, which was parallel with suppressed Spermidine synthase gene. However, an increase in Spermidine and Spermine levels was observed on day 12 along with a significant elevation in Spermidine synthase expression. On day 6, Cd was observed to start accumulating in the root with an increase in the expression of microRNA 528; while on day 15, Cd started to be observed in the shoot part with an increase in microRNA 390 and microRNA 168. These results imply that different miRNAs may regulate polyamines (PAs) in maize under Cd toxicity, suggesting a plant-derived strategy to commit a PAs/miRNA-regulated mechanism/s in different developmental stages (time points) in response to Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Batool Hassani
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | - Mojgan Latifi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Technology (Aburaihan), University of Tehran, Tehran 33916-53755, Iran
| | - Shabnam Sohrabi Bonab
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | - Neda Nasiri Almanghadim
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | - Sara Jafari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | - Elham Mohebbifar
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | - Anahita Ahangir
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
| | | | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Massimo Bosacchi
- Park at the Danforth Plant Science Center, KWS Gateway Research Center, LLC, BRDG, Saint Louis, MO 95618, USA
| | - Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649 Poznań, Poland
| | - Françoise Bernard
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran; (S.B.H.)
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3
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Ghuge SA, Nikalje GC, Kadam US, Suprasanna P, Hong JC. Comprehensive mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity in plants, detoxification, and remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131039. [PMID: 36867909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic causes are continually growing sources of metals in the ecosystem; hence, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a primary environmental concern. HM contamination poses a serious threat to plants. A major focus of global research has been to develop cost-effective and proficient phytoremediation technologies to rehabilitate HM-contaminated soil. In this regard, there is a need for insights into the mechanisms associated with the accumulation and tolerance of HMs in plants. It has been recently suggested that plant root architecture has a critical role in the processes that determine sensitivity or tolerance to HMs stress. Several plant species, including those from aquatic habitats, are considered good hyperaccumulators for HM cleanup. Several transporters, such as the ABC transporter family, NRAMP, HMA, and metal tolerance proteins, are involved in the metal acquisition mechanisms. Omics tools have shown that HM stress regulates several genes, stress metabolites or small molecules, microRNAs, and phytohormones to promote tolerance to HM stress and for efficient regulation of metabolic pathways for survival. This review presents a mechanistic view of HM uptake, translocation, and detoxification. Sustainable plant-based solutions may provide essential and economical means of mitigating HM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip A Ghuge
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Institute, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ganesh Chandrakant Nikalje
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea; Department of Botany, Seva Sadan's R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Affiliated to University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar 421003, India
| | - Ulhas Sopanrao Kadam
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea.
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Amity Centre for Nuclear Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, India
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea; Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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4
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Pegler JL, Oultram JMJ, Mann CWG, Carroll BJ, Grof CPL, Eamens AL. Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements: Small DNA Transposons That Have Contributed to Plant MICRORNA Gene Evolution. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1101. [PMID: 36903960 PMCID: PMC10004981 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms form the largest phylum within the Plantae kingdom and show remarkable genetic variation due to the considerable difference in the nuclear genome size of each species. Transposable elements (TEs), mobile DNA sequences that can amplify and change their chromosome position, account for much of the difference in nuclear genome size between individual angiosperm species. Considering the dramatic consequences of TE movement, including the complete loss of gene function, it is unsurprising that the angiosperms have developed elegant molecular strategies to control TE amplification and movement. Specifically, the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway, directed by the repeat-associated small-interfering RNA (rasiRNA) class of small regulatory RNA, forms the primary line of defense to control TE activity in the angiosperms. However, the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) species of TE has at times avoided the repressive effects imposed by the rasiRNA-directed RdDM pathway. MITE proliferation in angiosperm nuclear genomes is due to their preference to transpose within gene-rich regions, a pattern of transposition that has enabled MITEs to gain further transcriptional activity. The sequence-based properties of a MITE results in the synthesis of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA), which, after transcription, folds to form a structure that closely resembles those of the precursor transcripts of the microRNA (miRNA) class of small regulatory RNA. This shared folding structure results in a MITE-derived miRNA being processed from the MITE-transcribed ncRNA, and post-maturation, the MITE-derived miRNA can be used by the core protein machinery of the miRNA pathway to regulate the expression of protein-coding genes that harbor homologous MITE insertions. Here, we outline the considerable contribution that the MITE species of TE have made to expanding the miRNA repertoire of the angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christopher W. G. Mann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
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5
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Huang X, Wei J, Wu D, Mi N, Fang S, Xiao Y, Li Y. Silencing of SlDRB1 gene reduces resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2149942. [PMID: 36453197 PMCID: PMC9718546 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2149942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins are small molecules in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway that form the RNAi machinery together with the Dicer-like protein (DCL) as a cofactor. This machinery cuts double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to form multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Our goal was to clarify the function of DRB in tomato resistant to TYLCV. In this experiment, the expression of the SlDRB1 and SlDRB4 genes was analyzed in tomato leaves by qPCR, and the function of SlDRB1 and SlDRB4 in resistance to TYLCV was investigated by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Then, peroxidase activity was determined. The results showed that the expression of SlDRB1 gradually increased after inoculation of 'dwarf tomato' plants with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), but this gene was suppressed after 28 days. Resistance to TYLCV was significantly weakened after silencing of the SlDRB1 gene. However, there were no significant expression differences in SlDRB4 after TYLCV inoculation. Our study showed that silencing SlDRB1 attenuated the ability of tomato plants to resist virus infection; therefore, SlDRB1 may play a key role in the defense against TYLCV in tomato plants, whereas SlDRB4 is likely not involved in this defense response. Taken together, These results suggest that the DRB gene is involved in the mechanism of antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianming Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Na Mi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sili Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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6
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Ren Q, Xu Z, Xue Y, Yang R, Ma X, Sun J, Wang J, Lin S, Wang W, Yang L, Sun Z. Mechanism of calcium signal response to cadmium stress in duckweed. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2119340. [PMID: 36102362 PMCID: PMC9481097 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2119340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) causes serious damage to plants. Although calcium (Ca) signal has been found to respond to certain stress, the localization of Ca and molecular mechanisms underlying Ca signal in plants during Cd stress are largely unknown. In this study, Ca2+-sensing fluorescent reporter (GCaMP3) transgenic duckweed showed the Ca2+ signal response in Lemna turionifera 5511 (duckweed) during Cd stress. Subsequently, the subcellular localization of Ca2+ has been studied during Cd stress by transmission electron microscopy, showing the accumulation of Ca2+ in vacuoles. Also, Ca2+ flow during Cd stress has been measured. At the same time, the effects of exogenous glutamic acid (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric (GABA) on duckweed can better clarify the signal operation mechanism of plants to Cd stress. The molecular mechanism of Ca2+ signal responsed during Cd stress showed that Cd treatment promotes the positive response of Ca signaling channels in plant cells, and thus affects the intracellular Ca content. These novel signal studies provided an important Ca2+ signal molecular mechanism during Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuting Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinge Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqiao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanpeng Sun
- Faculty of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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7
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UVB-Pretreatment-Enhanced Cadmium Absorption and Enrichment in Poplar Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010052. [PMID: 36613496 PMCID: PMC9820001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cross adaptation refers to the ability of plants to improve their resistance to other stress after experiencing one type of stress. However, there are limited reports on how ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) pretreatment affects the enrichment, transport, and tolerance of cadmium (Cd) in plants. Since an appropriate UVB pretreatment has been reported to change plant tolerance to stress, we hypothesized that this application could alter plant uptake and tolerance to heavy metals. In this study, a woody plant species, 84K poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa), was pretreated with UVB and then subjected to Cd treatment. The RT-qPCR results indicated that the UVB-treated plants could affect the expression of Cd uptake, transport, and detoxification-related genes in plants, and that the UVB-Pretreatment induced the ability of Cd absorption in plants, which significantly enriched Cd accumulation in several plant organs, especially in the leaves and roots. The above results showed that the UVB-Pretreatment further increased the toxicity of Cd to plants in UVB-Cd group, which was shown as increased leaf malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, as well as downregulated activities of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, poplar plants in the UVB-Cd group presented a decreased photosynthesis and leaf chlorosis. In summary, the UVB treatment improved the Cd accumulation ability of poplar plants, which could provide some guidance for the potential application of forest trees in the phytoremediation of heavy metals in the future.
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8
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Li J, Li Y, Wang R, Fu J, Zhou X, Fang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. Multiple Functions of MiRNAs in Brassica napus L. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1811. [PMID: 36362967 PMCID: PMC9694376 DOI: 10.3390/life12111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide climate changes every year due to global warming, waterlogging, drought, salinity, pests, and pathogens, impeding crop productivity. Brassica napus is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and rapeseed oil is considered one of the most health-beneficial edible vegetable oils. Recently, miRNAs have been found and confirmed to control the expression of targets under disruptive environmental conditions. The mechanism is through the formation of the silencing complex that mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing, which pairs the target mRNA and target cleavage and/or translation inhibition. However, the functional role of miRNAs and targets in B. napus is still not clarified. This review focuses on the current knowledge of miRNAs concerning development regulation and biotic and abiotic stress responses in B. napus. Moreover, more strategies for miRNA manipulation in plants are discussed, along with future perspectives, and the enormous amount of transcriptome data available provides cues for miRNA functions in B. napus. Finally, the construction of the miRNA regulatory network can lead to the significant development of climate change-tolerant B. napus through miRNA manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Rongyuan Wang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Jiangyan Fu
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Xinxing Zhou
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Yujie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yaju Liu
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou 221121, China
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9
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Islam W, Naveed H, Idress A, Ishaq DU, Kurfi BG, Zeng F. Plant responses to metals stress: microRNAs in focus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69197-69212. [PMID: 35951237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal toxicity can largely affect the growth and yield of numerous plant species. Plants have developed specific mechanisms to withstand the varying amounts of metals. One approach involves utilization of microRNAs (miRNAs) that are known for cleaving transcripts or inhibiting translation to mediate post-transcriptional control. Use of transcription factors (TFs) or gene regulation in metal detoxification largely depends on metal-responsive miRNAs. Moreover, systemic signals and physiological processes for plants response to metal toxicities are likewise controlled by miRNAs. Therefore, it is necessary to understand miRNAs and their regulatory networks in relation to metal stress. The miRNA-based approach can be important to produce metal-tolerant plant species. Here, we have reviewed the importance of plant miRNAs and their role in mitigating metal toxicities. The current review also discusses the specific advances that have occurred as a result of the identification and validation of several metal stress-responsive miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, 848300, China
| | - Hassan Naveed
- College of Life Sciences, Leshan Normal University, Sichuan, 614004, China
| | - Atif Idress
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Daha Umar Ishaq
- Centre of Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, Xian Joiotong University, Xi'An, 710049, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Binta G Kurfi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Fanjiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, 848300, China.
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10
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Yang Y, Huang J, Sun Q, Wang J, Huang L, Fu S, Qin S, Xie X, Ge S, Li X, Cheng Z, Wang X, Chen H, Zheng B, He Y. microRNAs: Key Players in Plant Response to Metal Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158642. [PMID: 35955772 PMCID: PMC9369385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental metal pollution is a common problem threatening sustainable and safe crop production. Heavy metals (HMs) cause toxicity by targeting key molecules and life processes in plant cells. Plants counteract excess metals in the environment by enhancing defense responses, such as metal chelation, isolation to vacuoles, regulating metal intake through transporters, and strengthening antioxidant mechanisms. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs), as a small non-coding RNA, have become the central regulator of a variety of abiotic stresses, including HMs. With the introduction of the latest technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), more and more miRNAs have been widely recognized in several plants due to their diverse roles. Metal-regulated miRNAs and their target genes are part of a complex regulatory network. Known miRNAs coordinate plant responses to metal stress through antioxidant functions, root growth, hormone signals, transcription factors (TF), and metal transporters. This article reviews the research progress of miRNAs in the stress response of plants to the accumulation of HMs, such as Cu, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Al, and the toxicity of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiu Huang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informaftics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Qiumin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Siyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Sini Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Sisi Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Houming Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max Planck Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (Y.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-0571-8663-3652 (Y.H.)
| | - Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.S.); (J.W.); (L.H.); (S.F.); (S.Q.); (X.X.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (Y.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-0571-8663-3652 (Y.H.)
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Gelaw TA, Sanan-Mishra N. Nanomaterials coupled with microRNAs for alleviating plant stress: a new opening towards sustainable agriculture. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:791-818. [PMID: 35592477 PMCID: PMC9110591 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development is influenced by their continuous interaction with the environment. Their cellular machinery is geared to make rapid changes for adjusting the morphology and physiology to withstand the stressful changes in their surroundings. The present scenario of climate change has however intensified the occurrence and duration of stress and this is getting reflected in terms of yield loss. A number of breeding and molecular strategies are being adopted to enhance the performance of plants under abiotic stress conditions. In this context, the use of nanomaterials is gaining momentum. Nanotechnology is a versatile field and its application has been demonstrated in almost all the existing fields of science. In the agriculture sector, the use of nanoparticles is still limited, even though it has been found to increase germination and growth, enhance physiological and biochemical activities and impact gene expression. In this review, we have summarized the use and role of nanomaterial and small non-coding RNAs in crop improvement while highlighting the potential of nanomaterial assisted eco-friendly delivery of small non-coding RNAs as an innovative strategy for mitigating the effect of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Assefa Gelaw
- Group Leader, Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 110067 New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Birhan University, 445, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Group Leader, Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 110067 New Delhi, India
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Alam I, Wu X, Ge L. Comprehensive Genomic Survey, Evolution, and Expression Analysis of GIF Gene Family during the Development and Metal Ion Stress Responses in Soybean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040570. [PMID: 35214903 PMCID: PMC8876841 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The GIF gene family is one of the plant transcription factors specific to seed plants. The family members are expressed in all lateral organs produced by apical and floral meristems and contribute to the development of leaves, shoots, flowers, and seeds. This study identified eight GIF genes in the soybean genome and clustered them into three groups. Analyses of Ka/Ks ratios and divergence times indicated that they had undergone purifying selection during species evolution. RNA-sequence and relative expression patterns of these GmGIF genes tended to be conserved, while different expression patterns were also observed between the duplicated GIF members in soybean. Numerous cis-regulatory elements related to plant hormones, light, and stresses were found in the promoter regions of these GmGIF genes. Moreover, the expression patterns of GmGIF members were confirmed in soybean roots under cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) stress, indicating their potential functions in the heavy metal response in soybean. Our research provides valuable information for the functional characterization of each GmGIF gene in different legumes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intikhab Alam
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (I.A.); (X.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xueting Wu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (I.A.); (X.W.)
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (I.A.); (X.W.)
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Dubey S, Shri M, Chakrabarty D. MicroRNA mediated regulation of gene expression in response to heavy metals in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 30:744-755. [DOI: 10.1007/s13562-021-00718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
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14
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Pegler JL, Nguyen DQ, Oultram JMJ, Grof CPL, Eamens AL. Molecular Manipulation of the miR396 and miR399 Expression Modules Alters the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Phosphate Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122570. [PMID: 34961041 PMCID: PMC8706208 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the molecular and metabolic processes of nucleic acid synthesis, phospholipid production, coenzyme activation and the generation of the vast amount of chemical energy required to drive these processes relies on an adequate supply of the essential macronutrient, phosphorous (P). The requirement of an appropriate level of P in plant cells is evidenced by the intricately linked molecular mechanisms of P sensing, signaling and transport. One such mechanism is the posttranscriptional regulation of the P response pathway by the highly conserved plant microRNA (miRNA), miR399. In addition to miR399, numerous other plant miRNAs are also required to respond to environmental stress, including miR396. Here, we exposed Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) transformant lines which harbor molecular modifications to the miR396 and miR399 expression modules to phosphate (PO4) starvation. We show that molecular alteration of either miR396 or miR399 abundance afforded the Arabidopsis transformant lines different degrees of tolerance to PO4 starvation. Furthermore, RT-qPCR assessment of PO4-starved miR396 and miR399 transformants revealed that the tolerance displayed by these plant lines to this form of abiotic stress most likely stemmed from the altered expression of the target genes of these two miRNAs. Therefore, this study forms an early step towards the future development of molecularly modified plant lines which possess a degree of tolerance to growth in a PO4 deficient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.P.); (D.Q.N.); (J.M.J.O.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Duc Quan Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.P.); (D.Q.N.); (J.M.J.O.); (C.P.L.G.)
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Research and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.P.); (D.Q.N.); (J.M.J.O.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.P.); (D.Q.N.); (J.M.J.O.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.L.P.); (D.Q.N.); (J.M.J.O.); (C.P.L.G.)
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Analysis of Cadmium-Stress-Induced microRNAs and Their Targets Reveals bra-miR172b-3p as a Potential Cd2+-Specific Resistance Factor in Brassica juncea. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of soil with high levels of cadmium (Cd) is of increasing concern, as Cd is a heavy metal element that seriously limits crop productivity and quality, thus affecting human health. (1) Background: Some miRNAs play key regulatory roles in response to Cd stress, but few have been explored in the highly Cd-enriched coefficient oilseed crop, Brassica juncea. (2) Methods: The genome-wide identification and characterization of miRNAs and their targets in leaves and roots of Brassica juncea exposed to Cd stress was undertaken using strand specific transcript sequencing and miRNA sequencing. (3) Results: In total, 11 known and novel miRNAs, as well as 56 target transcripts, were identified as Cd-responsive miRNAs and transcripts. Additionally, four corresponding target transcripts of six miRNAs, including FLA9 (Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-protein 9), ATCAT3 (catalase 3), DOX1 (dioxygenases) and ATCCS (copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase), were found to be involved in the plant’s biotic stress pathway. We further validated the expression of three miRNA and six target genes in response to Cd, hydrargyrum (Hg), manganese (Mn), plumbum (Pb) or natrium (Na) stress and Mucor infection by qRT-PCR, and show that ATCCS and FLA9 were significantly and differentially regulated in the Cd-treated leaves. In addition, our results showed that DOX1 was obviously induced by Pb stress. Among the respective target miRNAs, bra-miR172b-3p (target for ATCCS) and ra-miR398-3p (target for FLA9) were down-regulated in Cd-treated leaves. (4) Conclusions: We identified bra-miR172b-3p as a potential Cd-specific resistant inhibitor, which may be negatively regulated in ATCCS in response to Cd stress. These findings could provide further insight into the regulatory networks of Cd-responsive miRNA in Brassica juncea.
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Angulo-Bejarano PI, Puente-Rivera J, Cruz-Ortega R. Metal and Metalloid Toxicity in Plants: An Overview on Molecular Aspects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:635. [PMID: 33801570 PMCID: PMC8066251 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the effects of metal and metalloid toxicity are increasing, mainly due to anthropogenic causes. Soil contamination ranks among the most important factors, since it affects crop yield, and the metals/metalloids can enter the food chain and undergo biomagnification, having concomitant effects on human health and alterations to the environment. Plants have developed complex mechanisms to overcome these biotic and abiotic stresses during evolution. Metals and metalloids exert several effects on plants generated by elements such as Zn, Cu, Al, Pb, Cd, and As, among others. The main strategies involve hyperaccumulation, tolerance, exclusion, and chelation with organic molecules. Recent studies in the omics era have increased knowledge on the plant genome and transcriptome plasticity to defend against these stimuli. The aim of the present review is to summarize relevant findings on the mechanisms by which plants take up, accumulate, transport, tolerate, and respond to this metal/metalloid stress. We also address some of the potential applications of biotechnology to improve plant tolerance or increase accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola I. Angulo-Bejarano
- Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, 275, Ciudad Universitaria D.F. Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico Exterior, México City 04510, Mexico; (P.I.A.-B.); (J.P.-R.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Centre of Bioengineering, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 21620, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Puente-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, 275, Ciudad Universitaria D.F. Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico Exterior, México City 04510, Mexico; (P.I.A.-B.); (J.P.-R.)
| | - Rocío Cruz-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, 275, Ciudad Universitaria D.F. Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico Exterior, México City 04510, Mexico; (P.I.A.-B.); (J.P.-R.)
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