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Yong J, Wu M, Carroll BJ, Xu ZP, Zhang R. Enhancing plant biotechnology by nanoparticle delivery of nucleic acids. Trends Genet 2024; 40:352-363. [PMID: 38320883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant biotechnology plays a crucial role in developing modern agriculture and plant science research. However, the delivery of exogenous genetic material into plants has been a long-standing obstacle. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being established to address this limitation and are proving to be a feasible, versatile, and efficient approach to facilitate the internalization of functional RNA and DNA by plants. The nanoparticle-based delivery systems can also be designed for subcellular delivery and controlled release of the biomolecular cargo. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the recent advances in nanocarriers for the delivery of biomolecules into plants, with a specific focus on applications to enhance RNA interference, foreign gene transfer, and genome editing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Yong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering and Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P. R. China 518107
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia.
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2
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Degnan RM, Shuey LS, Radford-Smith J, Gardiner DM, Carroll BJ, Mitter N, McTaggart AR, Sawyer A. Double-stranded RNA prevents and cures infection by rust fungi. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1234. [PMID: 38057635 PMCID: PMC10700371 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens that impact perennial plants or natural ecosystems require management strategies beyond fungicides and breeding for resistance. Rust fungi, some of the most economically and environmentally important plant pathogens, have shown amenability to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mediated control. To date, dsRNA treatments have been applied prior to infection or together with the inoculum. Here we show that a dsRNA spray can effectively prevent and cure infection by Austropuccinia psidii (cause of myrtle rust) at different stages of the disease cycle. Significant reductions in disease coverage were observed in plants treated with dsRNA targeting essential fungal genes 48 h pre-infection through to 14 days post-infection. For curative treatments, improvements in plant health and photosynthetic capacity were seen 2-6 weeks post-infection. Two-photon microscopy suggests inhibitory activity of dsRNA on intercellular hyphae or haustoria. Our results show that dsRNA acts both preventively and curatively against myrtle rust disease, with treated plants recovering from severe infection. These findings have immediate potential in the management of the more than 10-year epidemic of myrtle rust in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Degnan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Louise S Shuey
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julian Radford-Smith
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alistair R McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Mann CWG, Sawyer A, Gardiner DM, Mitter N, Carroll BJ, Eamens AL. RNA-Based Control of Fungal Pathogens in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12391. [PMID: 37569766 PMCID: PMC10418863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our duty to conserve global natural ecosystems is increasingly in conflict with our need to feed an expanding population. The use of conventional pesticides not only damages the environment and vulnerable biodiversity but can also still fail to prevent crop losses of 20-40% due to pests and pathogens. There is a growing call for more ecologically sustainable pathogen control measures. RNA-based biopesticides offer an eco-friendly alternative to the use of conventional fungicides for crop protection. The genetic modification (GM) of crops remains controversial in many countries, though expression of transgenes inducing pathogen-specific RNA interference (RNAi) has been proven effective against many agronomically important fungal pathogens. The topical application of pathogen-specific RNAi-inducing sprays is a more responsive, GM-free approach to conventional RNAi transgene-based crop protection. The specific targeting of essential pathogen genes, the development of RNAi-nanoparticle carrier spray formulations, and the possible structural modifications to the RNA molecules themselves are crucial to the success of this novel technology. Here, we outline the current understanding of gene silencing pathways in plants and fungi and summarize the pioneering and recent work exploring RNA-based biopesticides for crop protection against fungal pathogens, with a focus on spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS). Further, we discuss factors that could affect the success of RNA-based control strategies, including RNA uptake, stability, amplification, and movement within and between the plant host and pathogen, as well as the cost and design of RNA pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. G. Mann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.W.G.M.); (A.S.); (B.J.C.)
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.W.G.M.); (A.S.); (B.J.C.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (D.M.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (D.M.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (D.M.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.W.G.M.); (A.S.); (B.J.C.)
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
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Pegler JL, Oultram JMJ, Mann CWG, Carroll BJ, Grof CPL, Eamens AL. Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements: Small DNA Transposons That Have Contributed to Plant MICRORNA Gene Evolution. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1101. [PMID: 36903960 PMCID: PMC10004981 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms form the largest phylum within the Plantae kingdom and show remarkable genetic variation due to the considerable difference in the nuclear genome size of each species. Transposable elements (TEs), mobile DNA sequences that can amplify and change their chromosome position, account for much of the difference in nuclear genome size between individual angiosperm species. Considering the dramatic consequences of TE movement, including the complete loss of gene function, it is unsurprising that the angiosperms have developed elegant molecular strategies to control TE amplification and movement. Specifically, the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway, directed by the repeat-associated small-interfering RNA (rasiRNA) class of small regulatory RNA, forms the primary line of defense to control TE activity in the angiosperms. However, the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) species of TE has at times avoided the repressive effects imposed by the rasiRNA-directed RdDM pathway. MITE proliferation in angiosperm nuclear genomes is due to their preference to transpose within gene-rich regions, a pattern of transposition that has enabled MITEs to gain further transcriptional activity. The sequence-based properties of a MITE results in the synthesis of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA), which, after transcription, folds to form a structure that closely resembles those of the precursor transcripts of the microRNA (miRNA) class of small regulatory RNA. This shared folding structure results in a MITE-derived miRNA being processed from the MITE-transcribed ncRNA, and post-maturation, the MITE-derived miRNA can be used by the core protein machinery of the miRNA pathway to regulate the expression of protein-coding genes that harbor homologous MITE insertions. Here, we outline the considerable contribution that the MITE species of TE have made to expanding the miRNA repertoire of the angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christopher W. G. Mann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
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Degnan RM, McTaggart AR, Shuey LS, Pame LJS, Smith GR, Gardiner DM, Nock V, Soffe R, Sale S, Garrill A, Carroll BJ, Mitter N, Sawyer A. Exogenous double-stranded RNA inhibits the infection physiology of rust fungi to reduce symptoms in planta. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:191-207. [PMID: 36528383 PMCID: PMC9923395 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are a diverse group of plant pathogens in natural and agricultural systems. They pose ongoing threats to the diversity of native flora and cause annual crop yield losses. Agricultural rusts are predominantly managed with fungicides and breeding for resistance, but new control strategies are needed on non-agricultural plants and in fragile ecosystems. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has promise as a sustainable approach for managing plant-pathogenic fungi, including rust fungi. We investigated the mechanisms and impact of exogenous dsRNA on rust fungi through in vitro and whole-plant assays using two species as models, Austropuccinia psidii (the cause of myrtle rust) and Coleosporium plumeriae (the cause of frangipani rust). In vitro, dsRNA either associates externally or is internalized by urediniospores during the early stages of germination. The impact of dsRNA on rust infection architecture was examined on artificial leaf surfaces. dsRNA targeting predicted essential genes significantly reduced germination and inhibited development of infection structures, namely appressoria and penetration pegs. Exogenous dsRNA sprayed onto 1-year-old trees significantly reduced myrtle rust symptoms. Furthermore, we used comparative genomics to assess the wide-scale amenability of dsRNA to control rust fungi. We sequenced genomes of six species of rust fungi, including three new families (Araucariomyceaceae, Phragmidiaceae, and Skierkaceae) and identified key genes of the RNAi pathway across 15 species in eight families of Pucciniales. Together, these findings indicate that dsRNA targeting essential genes has potential for broad-use management of rust fungi across natural and agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Degnan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alistair R. McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and FisheriesEcosciences PrecinctDutton ParkQueenslandAustralia
| | - Leny Jane S. Pame
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Grant R. Smith
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedLincolnNew Zealand
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Volker Nock
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Rebecca Soffe
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Present address:
School of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sarah Sale
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Ashley Garrill
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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Yong J, Wu M, Zhang R, Bi S, Mann CWG, Mitter N, Carroll BJ, Xu ZP. Clay nanoparticles efficiently deliver small interfering RNA to intact plant leaf cells. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:2187-2202. [PMID: 36135825 PMCID: PMC9706441 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is triggered in plants by the exogenous application of double-stranded RNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence the expression of target genes. This approach can potentially provide insights into metabolic pathways and gene function and afford plant protection against viruses and other plant pathogens. However, the effective delivery of biomolecules such as siRNA into plant cells is difficult because of the unique barrier imposed by the plant cell wall. Here, we demonstrate that 40-nm layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles are rapidly taken up by intact Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells and by chloroplasts, following their application via infiltration. We also describe the distribution of infiltrated LDH nanoparticles in leaves and demonstrate their translocation through the apoplast and vasculature system. Furthermore, we show that 40-nm LDH nanoparticles can greatly enhance the internalization of nucleic acids by N. benthamiana leaf cells to facilitate siRNA-mediated downregulation of targeted transgene mRNA by >70% within 1 day of exogenous application. Together, our results show that 40-nm LDH nanoparticle is an effective platform for delivery of siRNA into intact plant leaf cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Yong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shengnan Bi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher W G Mann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Authors for correspondence: (Z.P.X.), (B.C.)
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Matthew L, Reyes MEC, Mann CWG, McDowall AW, Eamens AL, Carroll BJ. DEFECTIVE EMBRYO AND MERISTEMS1 (DEM1) Is Essential for Cell Proliferation and Cell Differentiation in Tomato. Plants 2022; 11:plants11192545. [PMID: 36235411 PMCID: PMC9573268 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most flowering plant species contain at least two copies of the DEFECTIVE EMBRYO AND MERISTEMS (DEM) gene with the encoded DEM proteins lacking homology to proteins of known biochemical function. In tomato (Sl; Solanum lycopersicum), stable mutations in the SlDEM1 locus result in shoot and root meristem defects with the dem1 mutant failing to progress past the cotyledon stage of seedling development. Generation of a Somatic Mutagenesis of DEM1 (SMD) transformant line in tomato allowed for the characterization of SlDEM1 gene function past the seedling stage of vegetative development with SMD plants displaying a range of leaf development abnormalities. Further, the sectored or stable in planta expression of specific regions of the SlDEM1 coding sequence also resulted in the generation of tomato transformants that displayed a range of vegetative development defects, which when considered together with the dem1 mutant seedling and SMD transformant line phenotypic data, allowed for the assignment of SlDEM1 gene function to early embryo development, adaxial epidermis cell development, lateral leaf blade expansion, and mesophyll cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Matthew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Melquiades E. C. Reyes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher W. G. Mann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alasdair W. McDowall
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.E.); (B.J.C.)
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.E.); (B.J.C.)
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Fletcher SJ, Peters JR, Olaya C, Persley DM, Dietzgen RG, Carroll BJ, Pappu H, Mitter N. Tospoviruses Induce Small Interfering RNAs Targeting Viral Sequences and Endogenous Transcripts in Solanaceous Plants. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070745. [PMID: 35889991 PMCID: PMC9317859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tospoviruses infect numerous crop species worldwide, causing significant losses throughout the supply chain. As a defence mechanism, plants use RNA interference (RNAi) to generate virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs), which target viral transcripts for degradation. Small RNA sequencing and in silico analysis of capsicum and N. benthamiana infected by tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) demonstrated the presence of abundant vsiRNAs, with host-specific differences evident for each pathosystem. Despite the biogenesis of vsiRNAs in capsicum and N. benthamiana, TSWV and CaCV viral loads were readily detectable. In response to tospovirus infection, the solanaceous host species also generated highly abundant virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs) against many endogenous transcripts, except for an N. benthamiana accession lacking a functional RDR1 gene. Strong enrichment for ribosomal protein-encoding genes and for many genes involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum suggested co-localisation of viral and endogenous transcripts as a basis for initiating vasiRNA biogenesis. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR-based analyses of target transcript expression revealed an inconsistent role for vasiRNAs in modulating gene expression in N. benthamiana, which may be characteristic of this tospovirus-host pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Fletcher
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.J.F.); (J.R.P.); (R.G.D.)
| | - Jonathan R. Peters
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.J.F.); (J.R.P.); (R.G.D.)
| | - Cristian Olaya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA;
| | - Denis M. Persley
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, AgriScience Queensland, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.J.F.); (J.R.P.); (R.G.D.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Hanu Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Neena Mitter
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.J.F.); (J.R.P.); (R.G.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (N.M.)
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9
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Yong J, Zhang R, Bi S, Li P, Sun L, Mitter N, Carroll BJ, Xu ZP. Sheet-like clay nanoparticles deliver RNA into developing pollen to efficiently silence a target gene. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:886-899. [PMID: 34608968 PMCID: PMC8491087 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Topical application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can induce RNA interference (RNAi) and modify traits in plants without genetic modification. However, delivering dsRNA into plant cells remains challenging. Using developing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pollen as a model plant cell system, we demonstrate that layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles up to 50 nm in diameter are readily internalized, particularly by early bicellular pollen, in both energy-dependent and energy-independent manners and without physical or chemical aids. More importantly, these LDH nanoparticles efficiently deliver dsRNA into tomato pollen within 2-4 h of incubation, resulting in an 89% decrease in transgene reporter mRNA levels in early bicellular pollen 3-d post-treatment, compared with a 37% decrease induced by the same dose of naked dsRNA. The target gene silencing is dependent on the LDH particle size, the dsRNA dose, the LDH-dsRNA complexing ratio, and the treatment time. Our findings indicate that LDH nanoparticles are an effective nonviral vector for the effective delivery of dsRNA and other biomolecules into plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Yong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shengnan Bi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Luyao Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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10
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Lee CH, Hawker NP, Peters JR, Lonhienne TGA, Gursanscky NR, Matthew L, Brosnan CA, Mann CWG, Cromer L, Taochy C, Ngo QA, Sundaresan V, Schenk PM, Kobe B, Borges F, Mercier R, Bowman JL, Carroll BJ. DEFECTIVE EMBRYO AND MERISTEMS genes are required for cell division and gamete viability in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009561. [PMID: 33999950 PMCID: PMC8158957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The DEFECTIVE EMBRYO AND MERISTEMS 1 (DEM1) gene encodes a protein of unknown biochemical function required for meristem formation and seedling development in tomato, but it was unclear whether DEM1’s primary role was in cell division or alternatively, in defining the identity of meristematic cells. Genome sequence analysis indicates that flowering plants possess at least two DEM genes. Arabidopsis has two DEM genes, DEM1 and DEM2, which we show are expressed in developing embryos and meristems in a punctate pattern that is typical of genes involved in cell division. Homozygous dem1 dem2 double mutants were not recovered, and plants carrying a single functional DEM1 allele and no functional copies of DEM2, i.e. DEM1/dem1 dem2/dem2 plants, exhibit normal development through to the time of flowering but during male reproductive development, chromosomes fail to align on the metaphase plate at meiosis II and result in abnormal numbers of daughter cells following meiosis. Additionally, these plants show defects in both pollen and embryo sac development, and produce defective male and female gametes. In contrast, dem1/dem1 DEM2/dem2 plants showed normal levels of fertility, indicating that DEM2 plays a more important role than DEM1 in gamete viability. The increased importance of DEM2 in gamete viability correlated with higher mRNA levels of DEM2 compared to DEM1 in most tissues examined and particularly in the vegetative shoot apex, developing siliques, pollen and sperm. We also demonstrate that gamete viability depends not only on the number of functional DEM alleles inherited following meiosis, but also on the number of functional DEM alleles in the parent plant that undergoes meiosis. Furthermore, DEM1 interacts with RAS-RELATED NUCLEAR PROTEIN 1 (RAN1) in yeast two-hybrid and pull-down binding assays, and we show that fluorescent proteins fused to DEM1 and RAN1 co-localize transiently during male meiosis and pollen development. In eukaryotes, RAN is a highly conserved GTPase that plays key roles in cell cycle progression, spindle assembly during cell division, reformation of the nuclear envelope following cell division, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Our results demonstrate that DEM proteins play an essential role in cell division in plants, most likely through an interaction with RAN1. Up to half of the genes predicted from genome projects lack a known biological and biochemical function. Many of these genes are likely to play essential roles but it is difficult to reveal their function because minor changes in the genetic sequence can result in lethality and genetic redundancy can obscure analysis. Genome projects predict that flowering plants have at least two DEM genes that encode a protein of unknown cellular and biochemical function. In this paper, we use multiple combinations of dem mutants in Arabidopsis to show that DEM genes are essential for cell division and gamete viability. Interestingly, gamete viability depends not only on the number of functional copies of DEM genes in the gametes, but also on the number of functional copies of DEM genes in the parent plant that produces the gametes. We also show that DEM proteins interact with RAN, a highly conserved protein that controls cell division in all eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hong Lee
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Nathaniel P. Hawker
- Section of Plant Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Thierry G. A. Lonhienne
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Nial R. Gursanscky
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Louisa Matthew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Christopher A. Brosnan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Christopher W. G. Mann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Laurence Cromer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Christelle Taochy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Quy A. Ngo
- Section of Plant Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Venkatesan Sundaresan
- Section of Plant Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Filipe Borges
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - John L. Bowman
- Section of Plant Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JLB); (BJC)
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail: (JLB); (BJC)
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11
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Butel N, Yu A, Le Masson I, Borges F, Elmayan T, Taochy C, Gursanscky NR, Cao J, Bi S, Sawyer A, Carroll BJ, Vaucheret H. Contrasting epigenetic control of transgenes and endogenous genes promotes post-transcriptional transgene silencing in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2787. [PMID: 33986281 PMCID: PMC8119426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenes that are stably expressed in plant genomes over many generations could be assumed to behave epigenetically the same as endogenous genes. Here, we report that whereas the histone H3K9me2 demethylase IBM1, but not the histone H3K4me3 demethylase JMJ14, counteracts DNA methylation of Arabidopsis endogenous genes, JMJ14, but not IBM1, counteracts DNA methylation of expressed transgenes. Additionally, JMJ14-mediated specific attenuation of transgene DNA methylation enhances the production of aberrant RNAs that readily induce systemic post-transcriptional transgene silencing (PTGS). Thus, the JMJ14 chromatin modifying complex maintains expressed transgenes in a probationary state of susceptibility to PTGS, suggesting that the host plant genome does not immediately accept expressed transgenes as being epigenetically the same as endogenous genes. Accumulating evidences point to a discrepancy in the epigenetic behaviour of transgenes and endogenous genes. Here, via characterization of mutants impaired in histone demethylases JMJ14 and IBM1, the authors show that transgenes and endogenous genes are regulated by different epigenetic mechanisms in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Butel
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Agnès Yu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Ivan Le Masson
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Filipe Borges
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Taline Elmayan
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Christelle Taochy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nial R Gursanscky
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jiangling Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shengnan Bi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
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12
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Cao J, Gursanscky NR, Fletcher SJ, Sawyer A, Wadia M, McKeough L, Coleman M, Dressel U, Taochy C, Mitter N, Vaucheret H, Carroll BJ. Can-Seq: a PCR and DNA sequencing strategy for identifying new alleles of known and candidate genes. Plant Methods 2020; 16:16. [PMID: 32082406 PMCID: PMC7017465 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-0555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forward genetic screens are a powerful approach for identifying the genes contributing to a trait of interest. However, mutants arising in genes already known can obscure the identification of new genes contributing to the trait. Here, we describe a strategy called Candidate gene-Sequencing (Can-Seq) for rapidly identifying and filtering out mutants carrying new alleles of known and candidate genes. RESULTS We carried out a forward genetic screen and identified 40 independent Arabidopsis mutants with defects in systemic spreading of RNA interference (RNAi), or more specifically in root-to-shoot transmission of post-transcriptional gene silencing (rtp). To classify the mutants as either representing a new allele of a known or candidate gene versus carrying a mutation in an undiscovered gene, bulk genomic DNA from up to 23 independent mutants was used as template to amplify a collection of 47 known or candidate genes. These amplified sequences were combined into Can-Seq libraries and deep sequenced. Subsequently, mutations in the known and candidate genes were identified using a custom Snakemake script (https://github.com/Carroll-Lab/can_seq), and PCR zygosity tests were then designed and used to identify the individual mutants carrying each mutation. Using this approach, we showed that 28 of the 40 rtp mutants carried homozygous nonsense, missense or splice site mutations in one or more of the 47 known or candidate genes. We conducted complementation tests to demonstrate that several of the candidate mutations were responsible for the rtp defect. Importantly, by exclusion, the Can-Seq pipeline also identified rtp mutants that did not carry a causative mutation in any of the 47 known and candidate genes, and these mutants represent an undiscovered gene(s) required for systemic RNAi. CONCLUSIONS Can-Seq offers an accurate, cost-effective method for classifying new mutants into known versus unknown genes. It has several advantages over existing genetic and DNA sequencing approaches that are currently being used in forward genetic screens for gene discovery. Using Can-Seq in conjunction with map-based gene cloning is a cost-effective approach towards identifying the full complement of genes contributing to a trait of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nial R. Gursanscky
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Stephen J. Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Mehershad Wadia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Lachlan McKeough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Marek Coleman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Uwe Dressel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christelle Taochy
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRA AgroParisTech CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRA AgroParisTech CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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13
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Taochy C, Yu A, Bouché N, Bouteiller N, Elmayan T, Dressel U, Carroll BJ, Vaucheret H. Post-transcriptional gene silencing triggers dispensable DNA methylation in gene body in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:9104-9114. [PMID: 31372641 PMCID: PMC6753489 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous post-transcriptional silencing of sense transgenes (S-PTGS) is established in each generation and is accompanied by DNA methylation, but the pathway of PTGS-dependent DNA methylation is unknown and so is its role. Here we show that CHH and CHG methylation coincides spatially and temporally with RDR6-dependent products derived from the central and 3' regions of the coding sequence, and requires the components of the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway NRPE1, DRD1 and DRM2, but not CLSY1, NRPD1, RDR2 or DCL3, suggesting that RDR6-dependent products, namely long dsRNAs and/or siRNAs, trigger PTGS-dependent DNA methylation. Nevertheless, none of these RdDM components are required to establish S-PTGS or produce a systemic silencing signal. Moreover, preventing de novo DNA methylation in non-silenced transgenic tissues grafted onto homologous silenced tissues does not inhibit the triggering of PTGS. Overall, these data indicate that gene body DNA methylation is a consequence, not a cause, of PTGS, and rule out the hypothesis that a PTGS-associated DNA methylation signal is transmitted independent of a PTGS signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Taochy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Agnès Yu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Bouché
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Bouteiller
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Taline Elmayan
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Uwe Dressel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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14
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Kim CT, Myung W, Lewis M, Lee H, Kim SE, Lee K, Lee C, Choi J, Kim H, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Exposure to General Anesthesia and Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:395-405. [PMID: 29614656 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing concern that general anesthesia could increase the risk of dementia. However, the relationship between anesthesia and subsequent dementia is still undetermined. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the risk of dementia increases after exposure to general anesthesia. METHODS A population-based prospective cohort study analyzing the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database was conducted of all persons aged over 50 years (n = 219,423) from 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2013. RESULTS 44,956 in the general anesthesia group and 174,469 in the control group were followed for 12 years. The risk of dementia associated with previous exposure to general anesthesia was increased after adjusting for all covariates such as gender, age, health care visit frequency, and co-morbidities (Hazard ratio = 1.285, 95% confidence interval = 1.262-1.384, time-varying Cox hazard model). In addition, the number of anesthetic agents administered, the number of exposures to general anesthesia, the cumulative exposure time, and the organ category involved in surgery were associated with risk of dementia. CONCLUSION In light of the increasing societal burden of dementia, careful surveillance for dementia and prevention guidelines for patients after general anesthesia are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Tammy Kim
- Institute of Life and Death Studies, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Aged Psychiatry Service, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University & Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Satbyul Estella Kim
- Center for Social and Environmental System Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kyungsang Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chunsoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junbae Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University & Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Emeritus, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Carroll BJ, Ritchie JC, Rogers H, Kim DK. Fast Feedback Inhibition of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion by Endogenous Cortisol in Humans. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:299-309. [PMID: 30884492 DOI: 10.1159/000499662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using high-frequency blood sampling, we demonstrate glucocorticoid fast feedback (FF) mediated by endogenous cortisol in 6 normal humans. METHODS We stimulated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) with the experimental paradigm in which a high-frequency blood sampling was designed for plasma ACTH and cortisol determinations. RESULTS We saw previously unrecognized variability in the timing of key events such as onsets of ACTH and cortisol secretion, onset and offset of FF, and in FF duration. This variability mandated analyses referenced to case-wise event times rather than referenced simply to time since oCRH administration. The mean time of FF onset was 4.0 min (range 0-9; median 3) after cortisol secretion began, and the mean FF duration was 7.5 min (range 3-18; median 6.0). The FF effect was rate-sensitive and does not reflect level-sensitive cortisol feedback. In agreement with previous estimates using hydrocortisone infusions, the rate of rise of cortisol that triggered FF was approximately 44 nmol/L/min or 1.6 µg/dL/min. FF onset followed the trigger cortisol slope with an average lag of 1 min (range 0-3; median 0). Unexpectedly, this trigger cortisol slope quickly declined within the FF period. CONCLUSIONS This experimental design may enable new physiological studies of human FF that is mediated by endogenous cortisol, including mechanisms, reproducibility, and generalizability to other activating stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James C Ritchie
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hollister Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
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16
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Abstract
Sulodexide is a glycosaminoglycan extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa. The purpose of this review is to discuss sulodexide's complex pharmacological profile and its clinical applications for venous disease. Sulodexide has wide-ranging biological effects on the vascular system, including antithrombotic, profibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory, endothelial protective and vasoregulatory effects. Sulodexide has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for the management of chronic venous insufficiency, including venous ulceration, and the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism, with a low rate of major bleeding complications. Sulodexide's pleiotropic vascular effects may facilitate the management of common venous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Carroll
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Piazza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Z Goldhaber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Lee CH, Carroll BJ. Evolution and Diversification of Small RNA Pathways in Flowering Plants. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:2169-2187. [PMID: 30169685 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small regulatory RNAs guide gene silencing at the DNA or RNA level through repression of complementary sequences. The two main forms of small RNAs are microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNAs), which are generated from the processing of different forms of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors. These two forms of small regulatory RNAs function in distinct but overlapping gene silencing pathways in plants. Gene silencing pathways in eukaryotes evolved from an ancient prokaryotic mechanism involved in genome defense against invasive genetic elements, but has since diversified to also play a crucial role in regulation of endogenous gene expression. Here, we review the biogenesis of the different forms of small RNAs in plants, including miRNAs, phased, secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs) and heterochromatic siRNAs (hetsiRNAs), with a focus on their functions in genome defense, transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, RNA-directed DNA methylation, trans-chromosomal methylation and paramutation. We also discuss the important role that gene duplication has played in the functional diversification of gene silencing pathways in plants, and we highlight recently discovered components of gene silencing pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hong Lee
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Eimer H, Sureshkumar S, Singh Yadav A, Kraupner-Taylor C, Bandaranayake C, Seleznev A, Thomason T, Fletcher SJ, Gordon SF, Carroll BJ, Balasubramanian S. RNA-Dependent Epigenetic Silencing Directs Transcriptional Downregulation Caused by Intronic Repeat Expansions. Cell 2018; 174:1095-1105.e11. [PMID: 30057112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional downregulation caused by intronic triplet repeat expansions underlies diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia. This downregulation of gene expression is coupled with epigenetic changes, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that an intronic GAA/TTC triplet expansion within the IIL1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana results in accumulation of 24-nt short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and repressive histone marks at the IIL1 locus, which in turn causes its transcriptional downregulation and an associated phenotype. Knocking down DICER LIKE-3 (DCL3), which produces 24-nt siRNAs, suppressed transcriptional downregulation of IIL1 and the triplet expansion-associated phenotype. Furthermore, knocking down additional components of the RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway also suppressed both transcriptional downregulation of IIL1 and the repeat expansion-associated phenotype. Thus, our results show that triplet repeat expansions can lead to local siRNA biogenesis, which in turn downregulates transcription through an RdDM-dependent epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Eimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sridevi Sureshkumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Avilash Singh Yadav
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Champa Bandaranayake
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrei Seleznev
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tamblyn Thomason
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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19
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Lee H, Myung W, Lee C, Choi J, Kim H, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Clinical epidemiology of long-term suicide risk in a nationwide population-based cohort study in South Korea. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 100:47-55. [PMID: 29486402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a large range of clinical factors on the long-term risk of suicide in the general population of South Korea. We analyzed the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) database in South Korea. A total of 300,232 individuals were followed for up to 12 years. We obtained information on demographic variables (age and sex), lifestyle variables (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise), psychiatric and physical disorders, laboratory examination results and physical examination findings. We conducted a competing risk survival analysis to estimate the risk of completed suicide. 725 individuals (241/100,000) died by suicide in the follow-up period. After Bonferroni correction, we found a significant suicide risk associated with 6 variables: Parkinson's disease, depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (inverted association), elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase levels, male gender and age. Before Bonferroni correction, variables such as cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, psychotic disorder, other psychiatric disorder, benzodiazepine use and higher fasting glucose showed some significant association. In addition, body mass index and height were inversely related to completed suicide before Bonferroni correction. However, only the 6 variables listed above were robust predictors of suicide in the fully adjusted analyses with multiple test correction. Common medical conditions had no clear influence on suicide. Diverse clinical factors influenced the long-term risk of completed suicide in this general population sample. Comprehensive assessment of these risk factors will facilitate more focused suicide surveillance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Chunsoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junbae Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, South Korea.
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Emeritus, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Lee KS, Lee H, Myung W, Song GY, Lee K, Kim H, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Advanced Daily Prediction Model for National Suicide Numbers with Social Media Data. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:344-354. [PMID: 29614852 PMCID: PMC5912497 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2017.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide is a significant public health concern worldwide. Social media data have a potential role in identifying high suicide risk individuals and also in predicting suicide rate at the population level. In this study, we report an advanced daily suicide prediction model using social media data combined with economic/meteorological variables along with observed suicide data lagged by 1 week. METHODS The social media data were drawn from weblog posts. We examined a total of 10,035 social media keywords for suicide prediction. We made predictions of national suicide numbers 7 days in advance daily for 2 years, based on a daily moving 5-year prediction modeling period. RESULTS Our model predicted the likely range of daily national suicide numbers with 82.9% accuracy. Among the social media variables, words denoting economic issues and mood status showed high predictive strength. Observed number of suicides one week previously, recent celebrity suicide, and day of week followed by stock index, consumer price index, and sunlight duration 7 days before the target date were notable predictors along with the social media variables. CONCLUSION These results strengthen the case for social media data to supplement classical social/economic/climatic data in forecasting national suicide events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sang Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kihwang Lee
- The Mining Company, Daumsoft, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Emeritus, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fletcher SJ, Boden M, Mitter N, Carroll BJ. SCRAM: a pipeline for fast index-free small RNA read alignment and visualization. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2670-2672. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mikael Boden
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Myung W, Lee C, Park JH, Woo SY, Kim S, Kim S, Chung JW, Kang HS, Lim SW, Choi J, Na DL, Kim SY, Lee JH, Han SH, Choi SH, Kim SY, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Occupational Attainment as Risk Factor for Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease: A CREDOS Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:283-292. [PMID: 27662289 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High occupational attainment has been known as a marker of cognitive reserve. Previous studies in the general population have shown that high occupational attainment is associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, few studies have assessed the effect of occupational attainment on the clinical course of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this study, we evaluated whether individuals with high occupational attainment show more frequent progression from MCI to AD. Participants (n = 961) with MCI were recruited from a nationwide, hospital-based multi-center cohort, and were followed for up to 60 months (median: 17.64, interquartile range [12.36, 29.28]). We used Cox regression for competing risks to analyze the effect of occupational attainment on development of AD, treating dementia other than AD as a competing risk. Among the 961 individuals with MCI, a total of 280 (29.1%) converted to dementia during the follow-up period. The risk of progression to AD was higher in the individuals with high occupational attainment after controlling for potential confounders (hazard ratio = 1.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.25-2.69, p = 0.002). High occupational attainment in individuals with MCI is an independent risk factor for higher progression rate of MCI to AD. This result suggests that the protective effect of high occupational attainment against cognitive decline disappears in the MCI stage, and that careful assessment of occupational history can yield important clinical information for prognosis in individuals with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojae Myung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chunsoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Woo
- Biostatistical Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistical Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangha Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Shin Kang
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinn-Won Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junbae Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Taochy C, Gursanscky NR, Cao J, Fletcher SJ, Dressel U, Mitter N, Tucker MR, Koltunow AMG, Bowman JL, Vaucheret H, Carroll BJ. A Genetic Screen for Impaired Systemic RNAi Highlights the Crucial Role of DICER-LIKE 2. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:1424-1437. [PMID: 28928141 PMCID: PMC5664484 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of transgenes involves abundant 21-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and low-abundance 22-nucleotide siRNAs produced from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by DCL4 and DCL2, respectively. However, DCL2 facilitates the recruitment of RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6) to ARGONAUTE 1-derived cleavage products, resulting in more efficient amplification of secondary and transitive dsRNA and siRNAs. Here, we describe a reporter system where RDR6-dependent PTGS is initiated by restricted expression of an inverted-repeat dsRNA specifically in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root tip, allowing a genetic screen to identify mutants impaired in RDR6-dependent systemic PTGS. Our screen identified dcl2 but not dcl4 mutants. Moreover, grafting experiments showed that DCL2, but not DCL4, is required in both the source rootstock and the recipient shoot tissue for efficient RDR6-dependent systemic PTGS. Furthermore, dcl4 rootstocks produced more DCL2-dependent 22-nucleotide siRNAs than the wild type and showed enhanced systemic movement of PTGS to grafted shoots. Thus, along with its role in recruiting RDR6 for further amplification of PTGS, DCL2 is crucial for RDR6-dependent systemic PTGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Taochy
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique AgroParisTech Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nial R Gursanscky
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiangling Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Uwe Dressel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Anna M G Koltunow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique AgroParisTech Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Myung W, Park JH, Woo SY, Kim S, Kim SH, Chung JW, Kang HS, Lim SW, Choi J, Na DL, Kim SY, Lee JH, Han SH, Choi SH, Kim SY, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Extrapyramidal Signs and Risk of Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia: A Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea Study. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:754-761. [PMID: 29209378 PMCID: PMC5714716 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.6.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extrapyramidal signs (EPS) are common in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, few studies have assessed the effect of EPS on the clinical course of MCI. We aimed to evaluate whether patients with EPS show more frequent progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to other types of dementia. METHODS Participants (n=882) with MCI were recruited, and were followed for up to 5 years. The EPS positive group was defined by the presence of at least one EPS based on a focused neurologic examination at baseline. RESULTS A total of 234 converted to dementia during the follow-up period. The risk of progression to AD was lower in the patients with EPS after adjusting for potential confounders [hazard ratio (HR)=0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.53-0.93, p=0.01]. In contrast, the patients with EPS had a six-fold elevated risk of progression to dementia other than AD (HR=6.33, 95%CI=2.30-17.39, p<0.001). CONCLUSION EPS in patients with MCI is a strong risk factor for progression of MCI to non-Alzheimer dementia. The careful neurologic examination for EPS in patients with MCI can yield important clinical information for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojae Myung
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Young Woo
- Biostatistical Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistical Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ha Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Shin Kang
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinn-Won Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbae Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L. Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mitter N, Worrall EA, Robinson KE, Xu ZP, Carroll BJ. Induction of virus resistance by exogenous application of double-stranded RNA. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Carroll BJ. Beyond symptom counts to case-wise probabilities. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:403-404. [PMID: 28714547 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Frances
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
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Mitter N, Worrall EA, Robinson KE, Li P, Jain RG, Taochy C, Fletcher SJ, Carroll BJ, Lu GQM, Xu ZP. Clay nanosheets for topical delivery of RNAi for sustained protection against plant viruses. Nat Plants 2017; 3:16207. [PMID: 28067898 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Topical application of pathogen-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for virus resistance in plants represents an attractive alternative to transgenic RNA interference (RNAi). However, the instability of naked dsRNA sprayed on plants has been a major challenge towards its practical application. We demonstrate that dsRNA can be loaded on designer, non-toxic, degradable, layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets. Once loaded on LDH, the dsRNA does not wash off, shows sustained release and can be detected on sprayed leaves even 30 days after application. We provide evidence for the degradation of LDH, dsRNA uptake in plant cells and silencing of homologous RNA on topical application. Significantly, a single spray of dsRNA loaded on LDH (BioClay) afforded virus protection for at least 20 days when challenged on sprayed and newly emerged unsprayed leaves. This innovation translates nanotechnology developed for delivery of RNAi for human therapeutics to use in crop protection as an environmentally sustainable and easy to adopt topical spray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Worrall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Karl E Robinson
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ritesh G Jain
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christelle Taochy
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - G Q Max Lu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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30
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Myung W, Choi H, Lee C, Lee JR, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Association Between Levels of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and General Psychological Distress Symptoms. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:1199-1201. [PMID: 27653970 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woojae Myung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea2Department of Health Promotion Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chunsoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ro Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rabiger DS, Taylor JM, Spriggs A, Hand ML, Henderson ST, Johnson SD, Oelkers K, Hrmova M, Saito K, Suzuki G, Mukai Y, Carroll BJ, Koltunow AMG. Generation of an integrated Hieracium genomic and transcriptomic resource enables exploration of small RNA pathways during apomixis initiation. BMC Biol 2016; 14:86. [PMID: 27716180 PMCID: PMC5054587 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Application of apomixis, or asexual seed formation, in crop breeding would allow rapid fixation of complex traits, economizing improved crop delivery. Identification of apomixis genes is confounded by the polyploid nature, high genome complexity and lack of genomic sequence integration with reproductive tissue transcriptomes in most apomicts. Results A genomic and transcriptomic resource was developed for Hieracium subgenus Pilosella (Asteraceae) which incorporates characterized sexual, apomictic and mutant apomict plants exhibiting reversion to sexual reproduction. Apomicts develop additional female gametogenic cells that suppress the sexual pathway in ovules. Disrupting small RNA pathways in sexual Arabidopsis also induces extra female gametogenic cells; therefore, the resource was used to examine if changes in small RNA pathways correlate with apomixis initiation. An initial characterization of small RNA pathway genes within Hieracium was undertaken, and ovary-expressed ARGONAUTE genes were identified and cloned. Comparisons of whole ovary transcriptomes from mutant apomicts, relative to the parental apomict, revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for processes involved in small RNA biogenesis and chromatin silencing. Small RNA profiles within mutant ovaries did not reveal large-scale alterations in composition or length distributions; however, a small number of differentially expressed, putative small RNA targets were identified. Conclusions The established Hieracium resource represents a substantial contribution towards the investigation of early sexual and apomictic female gamete development, and the generation of new candidate genes and markers. Observed changes in small RNA targets and biogenesis pathways within sexual and apomictic ovaries will underlie future functional research into apomixis initiation in Hieracium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0311-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rabiger
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Taylor
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Bellenden Street, Crace, Australian Capital Territory, 2911, Australia
| | - Andrew Spriggs
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Bellenden Street, Crace, Australian Capital Territory, 2911, Australia
| | - Melanie L Hand
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Steven T Henderson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Susan D Johnson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Karsten Oelkers
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Mukai
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Anna M G Koltunow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia.
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Fletcher SJ, Shrestha A, Peters JR, Carroll BJ, Srinivasan R, Pappu HR, Mitter N. The Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Genome Is Processed Differentially in its Plant Host Arachis hypogaea and its Thrips Vector Frankliniella fusca. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1349. [PMID: 27656190 PMCID: PMC5013717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrips-transmitted tospoviruses are economically important viruses affecting a wide range of field and horticultural crops worldwide. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the Tospovirus genus with a broad host range of more than 900 plant species. Interactions between these viruses and their plant hosts and insect vectors via RNAi pathways are likely a key determinant of pathogenicity. The current investigation, for the first time, compares biogenesis of small RNAs between the plant host and insect vector in the presence or absence of TSWV. Unique viral small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) profiles are evident for Arachis hypogaea (peanut) and Frankliniella fusca (thrips vector) following infection with TSWV. Differences between vsiRNA profiles for these plant and insect species, such as the relative abundance of 21 and 22 nt vsiRNAs and locations of alignment hotspots, reflect the diverse siRNA biosynthesis pathways of their respective kingdoms. The presence of unique vsiRNAs in F. fusca samples indicates that vsiRNA generation takes place within the thrips, and not solely through uptake via feeding on vsiRNAs produced in infected A. hypogaea. The study also shows key vsiRNA profile differences for TSWV among plant families, which are evident in the case of A. hypogaea, a legume, and members of Solanaceae (S. lycopersicum and Nicotiana benthamiana). Distinctively, overall small RNA (sRNA) biogenesis in A. hypogaea is markedly affected with an absence of the 24 nt sRNAs in TSWV-infected plants, possibly leading to wide-spread molecular and phenotypic perturbations specific to this species. These findings add significant information on the host-virus-vector interaction in terms of RNAi pathways and may lead to better crop and vector specific control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
| | - Anita Shrestha
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, TiftonGA, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Peters
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, TiftonGA, USA
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
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Kang HS, Kwon JH, Kim S, Na DL, Kim SY, Lee JH, Han SH, Choi SH, Kim S, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Comparison of neuropsychological profiles in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia. J Neurol Sci 2016; 369:134-138. [PMID: 27653879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS We designed this study to extensively compare the neuropsychological profiles of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia (MD) in a large multicenter cohort of patients. Specifically, we performed subgroup analyses to examine group differences associated with dementia severity. METHODS A total of 1021 AD patients and 577 MD patients were included from the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS) Study. All patients underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and functional ratings, as well as complete physical and neurological examinations. To avoid floor confounds, only patients with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores of 0.5-2.0 were included. RESULTS Overall, MD patients showed worse performance in frontal/executive function than those with AD. Stratification by dementia severity revealed a significant difference in global cognitive function scores between AD and MD patients only in the low severity groups (CDR 0.5). Also, MD patients showed worse performance in frontal/executive function domains in the CDR 0.5 groups whereas they had better performance in the memory domain in the CDR 1 groups than did AD patients. Additionally, AD patients showed better performance than MD patients with respect to activities of daily living at CDR levels 0.5 and 1. All differences had disappeared at the CDR 2 level of global dementia severity. CONCLUSION This study suggests that there are significant differences in neuropsychological profiles between AD and MD patients, with the pattern of this difference varying distinctively according to dementia severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Shin Kang
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hye Kwon
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim S, Woo SY, Kang HS, Lim SW, Choi SH, Myung W, Jeong JH, Lee Y, Hong CH, Kim JH, Na H, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Factors related to prevalence, persistence, and incidence of depressive symptoms in mild cognitive impairment: vascular depression construct. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:818-26. [PMID: 26679895 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is prevalent among elders with cognitive impairment. Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) have consistently been implicated in late-life depression and in cognitive impairment. This study aims to clarify the factors related to prevalence, persistence, and new onset of depressive symptoms in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS As part of a multicenter prospective study, the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS) Study, we enrolled 590 subjects diagnosed with MCI and with no prior history of depression. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale short form (SGDS-K) at baseline and at follow-up visits. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline to quantify WMH using a visual rating scale. RESULTS The baseline prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms (SGDS-K ≥5) was 51.4%, and this feature was associated with younger age, lower educational achievement, and higher Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) scores. Persistence of depressive symptoms across the study period was significantly associated with baseline CDR-SB and depression scores. New onset of depression (SGDS-K ≥8; incidence 15.7%) among subjects free of depressive symptoms (SGDS-K <5) at baseline was associated with severe deep subcortical, but not periventricular, WMH. CONCLUSIONS In patients with MCI aged 50 years or older, depressive symptoms were highly prevalent. Cognitive status was closely related to both prevalence and persistence of depressive symptoms, while new onset of depression was associated with deep subcortical WMH severity in this MCI cohort. Our findings provide prospective evidence consistent with the vascular depression hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook Young Woo
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Shin Kang
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Won Lim
- SAHIST, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunhwan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Neurology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - HaeRi Na
- Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Essebier A, Vera Wolf P, Cao MD, Carroll BJ, Balasubramanian S, Bodén M. Statistical Enrichment of Epigenetic States Around Triplet Repeats that Can Undergo Expansions. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:92. [PMID: 27013954 PMCID: PMC4782033 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 30 human genetic diseases are linked to tri-nucleotide repeat expansions. There is no known mechanism that explains repeat expansions in full, but changes in the epigenetic state of the associated locus has been implicated in the disease pathology for a growing number of examples. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the genomic features associated with diverse repeat expansions has been lacking. Here, in an effort to decipher the propensity of repeats to undergo expansion and result in a disease state, we determine the genomic coordinates of tri-nucleotide repeat tracts at base pair resolution and computationally establish epigenetic profiles around them. Using three complementary statistical tests, we reveal that several epigenetic states are enriched around repeats that are associated with disease, even in cells that do not harbor expansion, relative to a carefully stratified background. Analysis of over one hundred cell types reveals that epigenetic states generally tend to vary widely between genic regions and cell types. However, there is qualified consistency in the epigenetic signatures of repeats associated with disease suggesting that changes to the chromatin and the DNA around an expanding repeat locus are likely to be similar. These epigenetic signatures may be exploited further to develop models that could explain the propensity of repeats to undergo expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Essebier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia Vera Wolf
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Minh Duc Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Mikael Bodén
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Mann KS, Johnson KN, Carroll BJ, Dietzgen RG. Cytorhabdovirus P protein suppresses RISC-mediated cleavage and RNA silencing amplification in planta. Virology 2016; 490:27-40. [PMID: 26808923 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved to undermine the RNA silencing pathway by expressing suppressor protein(s) that interfere with one or more key components of this antiviral defense. Here we show that the recently identified RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV), phosphoprotein P, binds to RNA silencing machinery proteins AGO1, AGO2, AGO4, RDR6 and SGS3 in protein-protein interaction assays when transiently expressed. In planta, we demonstrate that LNYV P inhibits miRNA-guided AGO1 cleavage and translational repression, and RDR6/SGS3-dependent amplification of silencing. Analysis of LNYV P deletion mutants identified a C-terminal protein domain essential for both local RNA silencing suppression and interaction with AGO1, AGO2, AGO4, RDR6 and SGS3. In contrast to other viral RSS known to disrupt AGO activity, LNYV P sequence does not contain any recognizable GW/WG or F-box motifs. This suggests that LNYV P may represent a new class of AGO binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Carroll
- Pacific Behavioral Research Foundation, Carmel, CA, USA.
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Saraf S, Sanan-Mishra N, Gursanscky NR, Carroll BJ, Gupta D, Mukherjee SK. 3' and 5' microRNA-end post-biogenesis modifications in plant transcriptomes: Evidences from small RNA next generation sequencing data analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:892-9. [PMID: 26471296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The processing of miRNA from its precursors is a precisely regulated process and after biogenesis, the miRNAs are amenable to different kinds of modifications by the addition or deletion of nucleotides at the terminal ends. However, the mechanism and functions of such modifications are not well studied in plants. In this study, we have specifically analysed the terminal end non-templated miRNA modifications, using NGS data of rice, tomato and Arabidopsis small RNA transcriptomes from different tissues and physiological conditions. Our analysis reveals template independent terminal end modifications in the mature as well as passenger strands of the miRNA duplex. Interestingly, it is also observed that miRNA sequences terminating with a cytosine (C) at the 3' end undergo a higher percentage of 5' end modifications. The terminal end modifications did not correlate with the miRNA abundances and are independent of tissue types, physiological conditions and plant species. Our analysis indicates that the addition of nucleotides at miRNA ends is not influenced by the absence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase 6. Moreover the terminal end modified miRNAs are also observed amongst AGO1 bound small RNAs and have potential to alter target, indicating its important functional role in repression of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Saraf
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Group, ICGEB, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Nial R Gursanscky
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Group, ICGEB, New Delhi, India.
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Kim S, Kim MJ, Kim S, Kang HS, Lim SW, Myung W, Lee Y, Hong CH, Choi SH, Na DL, Seo SW, Ku BD, Kim SY, Kim SY, Jeong JH, Park SA, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Gender differences in risk factors for transition from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: A CREDOS study. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 62:114-22. [PMID: 26343475 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are subject to a disproportionate burden from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and sex differences exist in treatment response and prognosis of the disease. Yet gender-specific risk factors have not been widely studied. We aimed to investigate gender-specific risk factors for AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Participants (n=294) with MCI were recruited from a nationwide, prospective cohort study of dementia and were followed for a median (range) of 13.8 (6.0-36.0) months. Sex-stratified associations of progression to AD with baseline characteristics were explored. RESULTS Seventy-four individuals (25.2%) developed incident dementia (67 AD) during follow-up. Significant risk factors for probable AD differed by sex. In men, the significant risk factors were severe periventricular white matter hyperintensities, and poorer global cognitive function. In women, older age, clinically significant depressive symptoms at baseline, and positive APOE ε4 alleles were the significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for progression from MCI to probable AD differed in men and women. These results may translate to gender-specific preventative or therapeutic strategies for patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Shin Kang
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Won Lim
- SAHIST, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunhwan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bon D Ku
- Department of Neurology, Myungji Hospital, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | | | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Carroll BJ. Challenging Psychiatric Discrimination in Insurance. Psychiatr Ann 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20150626-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lim SW, Won HH, Kim H, Myung W, Kim S, Kim KK, Carroll BJ, Kim JW, Kim DK. Genetic prediction of antidepressant drug response and nonresponse in Korean patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107098. [PMID: 25226239 PMCID: PMC4166419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism contributes to variation in response to drug treatment of depression. We conducted three independent 6-week treatment studies in outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) to develop a pharmacogenomic model predicting response and nonresponse. We screened candidate genomic markers for association with response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). No patients had received any antidepressant drug treatment in the current episode of depression. Outcome evaluation was blinded to drug and genotype data. The prediction model derived from a development sample of 239 completer cases treated with SSRIs comprised haplotypes and polymorphisms related to serotonin synthesis, serotonin transport, glutamate receptors, and GABA synthesis. The model was evaluated prospectively for prediction of outcome in a validation sample of 176 new SSRI-treated completer cases. The model gave a prediction in 60% of these cases. Predictive values were 85% for predicted responders and 86% for predicted nonresponders, compared to prior probabilities of 66% for observed response and 34% for observed nonresponse in those cases (both P<0.001). Convergent cross-validation was obtained through failure of the model to predict outcomes in a third independent sample of 189 completer cases who received non-SSRI antidepressants. We suggest proof of principle for genetic guidance to use or avoid SSRIs in a majority of Korean depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Won Lim
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistics Unit, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka-Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- Pacific Behavioral Research Foundation, Carmel, California, United States of America
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (DKK); (J-WK)
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (DKK); (J-WK)
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Carroll BJ. ICD-11 and operationalism: response. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014; 48:781. [PMID: 24577067 DOI: 10.1177/0004867414526286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kurdyukov S, Mathesius U, Nolan KE, Sheahan MB, Goffard N, Carroll BJ, Rose RJ. The 2HA line of Medicago truncatula has characteristics of an epigenetic mutant that is weakly ethylene insensitive. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:174. [PMID: 24952658 PMCID: PMC4082419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Medicago truncatula 2HA seed line is highly embryogenic while the parental line Jemalong rarely produces embryos. The 2HA line was developed from one of the rare Jemalong regenerates and this method for obtaining a highly regenerable genotype in M. truncatula is readily reproducible suggesting an epigenetic mechanism. Microarray transcriptomic analysis showed down regulation of an ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like gene in 2HA callus which provided an approach to investigating epigenetic regulation of genes related to ethylene signalling and the 2HA phenotype. Ethylene is involved in many developmental processes including somatic embryogenesis (SE) and is associated with stress responses. RESULTS Microarray transcriptomic analysis showed a significant number of up-regulated transcripts in 2HA tissue culture, including nodule and embryo specific genes and transposon-like genes, while only a few genes were down-regulated, including an EIN3-like gene we called MtEIL1. This reduced expression was associated with ethylene insensitivity of 2HA plants that was further investigated. The weak ethylene insensitivity affected root and nodule development. Sequencing of MtEIL1 found no difference between 2HA and wild-type plants. DNA methylation analysis of MtEIL1 revealed significant difference between 2HA and wild-type plants. Tiling arrays demonstrated an elevated level of miRNA in 2HA plants that hybridised to the antisense strand of the MtEIL1 gene. AFLP-like methylation profiling revealed more differences in DNA methylation between 2HA and wild-type. Segregation analysis demonstrated the recessive nature of the eil1 phenotype and the dominant nature of the SE trait. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that EIL1 of Medicago truncatula (MtEIL1) is epigenetically silenced in the 2HA seed line. The possible cause is an elevated level of miRNA that targets its 3'UTR and is also associated with DNA methylation of MtEIL1. Down regulation of MtEIL1 makes it possible to form nodules in the presence of ethylene and affects root growth under normal conditions. Segregation analysis showed no association between MtEIL1 expression and SE in culture but the role and mechanism of ethylene signalling in the process of plant regeneration through SE requires further investigation. The work also suggests that epigenetic changes to a particular gene induced in culture can be fixed in regenerated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kurdyukov
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kim E Nolan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Sheahan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicolas Goffard
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Enterome Bioscience, Paris, France
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ray J Rose
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Carroll BJ. CAD-MDD: not diagnostic, lacks screening data. J Clin Psychiatry 2014; 75:85. [PMID: 24502862 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.13lr08758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Choi J, Myung W, Chung JW, Kang HS, Na DL, Kim SY, Lee JH, Han SH, Choi SH, Kim S, Kim S, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Association between functional impairment, depression, and extrapyramidal signs in neuroleptic-free patients with Alzheimer disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 26:144-50. [PMID: 23733855 DOI: 10.1177/0891988713490993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrapyramidal signs (EPSs) are commonly observed in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). We report here the base rate of EPS in a large cohort of patients with AD who were not receiving neuroleptic drugs, and the associations of EPS with functional outcomes and depressive symptoms. METHODS In a consortium involving 56 clinics, we recruited 2614 patients with AD. We estimated basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL by the Barthel index and the Seoul-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (S-IADL) scales, respectively. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The EPS group was defined by the presence of at least 1 EPS based on a focused neurologic examination. RESULTS The prevalence of EPS-positive patients was 12%. These had lower Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) scores than the EPS-negative cases (P < .001). After controlling for demographic, medical, radiological, genetic, and cognitive (K-MMSE) factors, the proportion of patients with impaired ADL was significantly higher in the EPS group than in the non-EPS group (P < .001, odds ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.48, and logistic regression). The S-IADL scores were significantly higher in the EPS group than this in the non-EPS group (P < .001, regression coefficient = 3.19, and median regression). The GDS-15 scores were higher in the EPS group (P = .04, regression coefficient = 0.89, and median regression). CONCLUSION The presence of EPS in patients with AD who were not receiving neuroleptic drugs was associated with more impaired basic and instrumental ADL functioning and with greater depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Carroll BJ. Computerized adaptive test-depression inventory not ready for prime time. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:763. [PMID: 23824048 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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