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Degnan RM, Shuey LS, Radford-Smith J, Gardiner DM, Carroll BJ, Mitter N, McTaggart AR, Sawyer A. Double-stranded RNA prevents and cures infection by rust fungi. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1234. [PMID: 38057635 PMCID: PMC10700371 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens that impact perennial plants or natural ecosystems require management strategies beyond fungicides and breeding for resistance. Rust fungi, some of the most economically and environmentally important plant pathogens, have shown amenability to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mediated control. To date, dsRNA treatments have been applied prior to infection or together with the inoculum. Here we show that a dsRNA spray can effectively prevent and cure infection by Austropuccinia psidii (cause of myrtle rust) at different stages of the disease cycle. Significant reductions in disease coverage were observed in plants treated with dsRNA targeting essential fungal genes 48 h pre-infection through to 14 days post-infection. For curative treatments, improvements in plant health and photosynthetic capacity were seen 2-6 weeks post-infection. Two-photon microscopy suggests inhibitory activity of dsRNA on intercellular hyphae or haustoria. Our results show that dsRNA acts both preventively and curatively against myrtle rust disease, with treated plants recovering from severe infection. These findings have immediate potential in the management of the more than 10-year epidemic of myrtle rust in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Degnan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Louise S Shuey
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julian Radford-Smith
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alistair R McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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2
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McTaggart AR, McLaughlin S, Slot JC, McKernan K, Appleyard C, Bartlett TL, Weinert M, Barlow C, Warne LN, Shuey LS, Drenth A, James TY. Domestication through clandestine cultivation constrained genetic diversity in magic mushrooms relative to naturalized populations. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5147-5159.e7. [PMID: 38052161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi that are edible or fermentative were domesticated through selective cultivation of their desired traits. Domestication is often associated with inbreeding or selfing, which may fix traits other than those under selection, and causes an overall decrease in heterozygosity. A hallucinogenic mushroom, Psilocybe cubensis, was domesticated from its niche in livestock dung for production of psilocybin. It has caused accidental poisonings since the 1940s in Australia, which is a population hypothesized to be introduced from an unknown center of origin. We sequenced genomes of 38 isolates from Australia and compared them with 86 genomes of commercially available cultivars to determine (1) whether P. cubensis was introduced to Australia, and (2) how domestication has impacted commercial cultivars. Our analyses of genome-wide SNPs and single-copy orthologs showed that the Australian population is naturalized, having recovered its effective population size after a bottleneck when it was introduced, and it has maintained relatively high genetic diversity based on measures of nucleotide and allelic diversity. In contrast, domesticated cultivars generally have low effective population sizes and hallmarks of selfing and clonal propagation, including low genetic diversity, low heterozygosity, high linkage disequilibrium, and low allelic diversity of mating-compatibility genes. Analyses of kinship show that most cultivars are founded from related populations. Alleles in the psilocybin gene cluster are identical across most cultivars of P. cubensis with low diversity across coding sequence; however, unique allelic diversity in Australia and some cultivars may translate to differences in biosynthesis of psilocybin and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R McTaggart
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; Funky Fungus, Burpengary, QLD 4505, Australia.
| | | | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kevin McKernan
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
| | | | - Tia L Bartlett
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew Weinert
- Entheogenesis Australis, PO Box 2046, Belgrave, 3160 VIC, Australia
| | - Caine Barlow
- Entheogenesis Australis, PO Box 2046, Belgrave, 3160 VIC, Australia
| | - Leon N Warne
- Little Green Pharma, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
| | - Louise S Shuey
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - André Drenth
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
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3
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Swanepoel S, Visser EA, Shuey LS, Naidoo S. The In Planta Gene Expression of Austropuccinia psidii in Resistant and Susceptible Eucalyptus grandis. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1066-1076. [PMID: 36611233 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-22-0257-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Austropuccinia psidii, commonly known as myrtle rust, is an obligate, biotrophic rust pathogen that causes rust disease in a broad host range of Myrtaceae species. Eucalyptus grandis, a widely cultivated hardwood Myrtaceae species, is susceptible to A. psidii infection, with this pathogen threatening both their natural range and various forest plantations across the world. This study aimed to investigate the A. psidii transcriptomic responses in resistant and susceptible E. grandis at four time points. RNA-seq reads were mapped to the A. psidii reference genome to quantify expressed genes at 12 h postinoculation and 1, 2, and 5 days postinoculation (dpi). A total of eight hundred and ninety expressed genes were found, of which 43 were candidate effector protein genes. These included rust transferred protein 1 (RTP1), expressed in susceptible hosts at 5 dpi, and a hydrolase protein gene expressed in both resistant and susceptible hosts over time. Functional categorization of expressed genes revealed processes enriched in susceptible hosts, including malate metabolic and malate dehydrogenase activity, implicating oxalic acid in disease susceptibility. These results highlight putative virulence or pathogenicity mechanisms employed by A. psidii to cause disease, and they provide the first insight into the molecular responses of A. psidii in E. grandis over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shae Swanepoel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erik A Visser
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Louise S Shuey
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Australia
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa
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4
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McTaggart AR, James TY, Slot JC, Barlow C, Fechner N, Shuey LS, Drenth A. Genome sequencing progenies of magic mushrooms (Psilocybe subaeruginosa) identifies tetrapolar mating and gene duplications in the psilocybin pathway. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 165:103769. [PMID: 36587787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of breeding systems and genetic diversity is critical to select and combine desired traits that advance new cultivars in agriculture and horticulture. Mushrooms that produce psilocybin, magic mushrooms, may potentially be used in therapeutic and wellness industries, and stand to benefit from genetic improvement. We studied haploid siblings of Psilocybe subaeruginosa to resolve the genetics behind mating compatibility and advance knowledge of breeding. Our results show that mating in P. subaeruginosa is tetrapolar, with compatibility controlled at a homeodomain locus with one copy each of HD1 and HD2, and a pheromone/receptor locus with four homologs of the receptor gene STE3. An additional two pheromone/receptor loci homologous to STE3 do not appear to regulate mating compatibility. Alleles in the psilocybin gene cluster did not vary among the five siblings and were likely homozygous in the parent. Psilocybe subaeruginosa and its relatives have three copies of PsiH genes but their impact on production of psilocybin and its analogues is unknown. Genetic improvement in Psilocybe will require access to genetic diversity from the centre of origin of different species, identification of genes behind traits, and strategies to avoid inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R McTaggart
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Caine Barlow
- Entheogenesis Australis, PO Box 2046, Belgrave, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Fechner
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise S Shuey
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - André Drenth
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Degnan RM, McTaggart AR, Shuey LS, Pame LJS, Smith GR, Gardiner DM, Nock V, Soffe R, Sale S, Garrill A, Carroll BJ, Mitter N, Sawyer A. Exogenous double-stranded RNA inhibits the infection physiology of rust fungi to reduce symptoms in planta. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:191-207. [PMID: 36528383 PMCID: PMC9923395 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are a diverse group of plant pathogens in natural and agricultural systems. They pose ongoing threats to the diversity of native flora and cause annual crop yield losses. Agricultural rusts are predominantly managed with fungicides and breeding for resistance, but new control strategies are needed on non-agricultural plants and in fragile ecosystems. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has promise as a sustainable approach for managing plant-pathogenic fungi, including rust fungi. We investigated the mechanisms and impact of exogenous dsRNA on rust fungi through in vitro and whole-plant assays using two species as models, Austropuccinia psidii (the cause of myrtle rust) and Coleosporium plumeriae (the cause of frangipani rust). In vitro, dsRNA either associates externally or is internalized by urediniospores during the early stages of germination. The impact of dsRNA on rust infection architecture was examined on artificial leaf surfaces. dsRNA targeting predicted essential genes significantly reduced germination and inhibited development of infection structures, namely appressoria and penetration pegs. Exogenous dsRNA sprayed onto 1-year-old trees significantly reduced myrtle rust symptoms. Furthermore, we used comparative genomics to assess the wide-scale amenability of dsRNA to control rust fungi. We sequenced genomes of six species of rust fungi, including three new families (Araucariomyceaceae, Phragmidiaceae, and Skierkaceae) and identified key genes of the RNAi pathway across 15 species in eight families of Pucciniales. Together, these findings indicate that dsRNA targeting essential genes has potential for broad-use management of rust fungi across natural and agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Degnan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alistair R. McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and FisheriesEcosciences PrecinctDutton ParkQueenslandAustralia
| | - Leny Jane S. Pame
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Grant R. Smith
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedLincolnNew Zealand
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Volker Nock
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Rebecca Soffe
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Present address:
School of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sarah Sale
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Ashley Garrill
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Bernard J. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anne Sawyer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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6
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Liao TZ, Chen YH, Tsai JN, Chao C, Huang TP, Hong CF, Wu ZC, Tsai IJ, Lee HH, Klopfenstein NB, Kim MS, Stewart JE, Atibalentja N, Brooks FE, Cannon P, Mohd Farid A, Hattori T, Kwan HS, Lam YCR, Ota Y, Sahashi N, Schlub RL, Shuey LS, Tang AMC, Chung CL. Translocation of fungicides and their efficacy in controlling Phellinus noxius, the cause of brown root rot disease. Plant Dis 2022. [PMID: 36428260 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1285-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown root rot disease (BRRD), caused by Phellinus noxius, is an important tree disease in tropical/subtropical areas. To improve chemical control of BRRD and deter emergence of fungicide resistance in P. noxius, this study investigated control efficacies and systemic activities of fungicides with different modes of action. Fourteen fungicides with 11 different modes of action were tested for inhibitory effects in vitro on 39 P. noxius isolates from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Australia, and Pacific Islands. Cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole (FRAC 3, target-site G1) inhibited colony growth of P. noxius by 99.9 to 100% at 10 ppm and 97.7 to 99.8% at 1 ppm. The other effective fungicide was cyprodinil + fludioxonil (FRAC 9 + 12, target-site D1 + E2), which showed growth inhibition of 96.9% at 10 ppm and 88.6% at 1 ppm. Acropetal translocation of six selected fungicides was evaluated in bishop wood (Bischofia javanica) seedlings by immersion of the root tips in 100 ppm of each fungicide, followed by liquid or gas chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analyses of consecutive segments of root, stem, and leaf tissues at 7- and 21-days post-treatment. Bi-directional translocation of the fungicides was also evaluated by stem injection of fungicide solutions. Cyproconazole and tebuconazole were the most readily absorbed by roots and efficiently transported acropetally. Greenhouse experiments suggested that cyproconazole, tebuconazole, and epoxiconazole have a slightly higher potential for controlling BRRD than mepronil, prochloraz, and cyprodinil + fludioxonil. Because all tested fungicides lacked basipetal translocation, soil drenching should be considered instead of trunk injection for their use in BRRD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Zhi Liao
- National Taiwan University, 33561, Master Program for Plant Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Pesticide Residue Analysis Center, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Jyh-Nong Tsai
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, 56091, Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Chieh Chao
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Pesticide Residue Analysis Center, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Pi Huang
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Pesticide Residue Analysis Center, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Fang Hong
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Pesticide Residue Analysis Center, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Zong-Chi Wu
- National Taiwan University, 33561, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Isheng Jason Tsai
- Academia Sinica, 38017, Biodiversity Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Han Lee
- Academia Sinica, 38017, Biodiversity Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Ned Brian Klopfenstein
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 116528, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States;
| | - Mee-Sook Kim
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, 170428, Portland, Oregon, United States;
| | - Jane E Stewart
- Colorado State University, 3447, Department of Agricultural Biology, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States, 80523;
| | - Ndeme Atibalentja
- American Samoa Community College, 52639, Division of Agriculture, Community, and Natural Resources, 5319 College Road, Pago Pago, American Samoa, 96799;
| | - Fred E Brooks
- 1961 Westwood Pl., Pomona, California, United States;
| | - Phil Cannon
- USDA Forest Service Region 5, 124309, 1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, Vallejo, California, United States, 94592-0000;
| | - Ahmad Mohd Farid
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 69803, Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Tsutomu Hattori
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 57880, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Hoi-Shan Kwan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 26451, School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Yau-Ching Regent Lam
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 26451, School of Life Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Muni Arborist Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Yuko Ota
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, 73661, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Norio Sahashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 57880, Department of Forest Microbiology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Robert L Schlub
- University of Guam, 5305, Cooperative Extension and Outreach, Mangilao, Guam;
| | - Louise S Shuey
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1962, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Alvin M C Tang
- Muni Arborist Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Baptist University, 26679, Division of Applied Science, College of International Education, School of Continuing Education, Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- National Taiwan University, 33561, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Room 303, The First Hall, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617;
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7
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction, mutation, and reassortment of nuclei increase genotypic diversity in rust fungi. Sexual reproduction is inherent to rust fungi, coupled with their coevolved plant hosts in native pathosystems. Rust fungi are hypothesised to exchange nuclei by somatic hybridisation with an outcome of increased genotypic diversity, independent of sexual reproduction. We provide criteria to demonstrate whether somatic exchange has occurred, including knowledge of parental haplotypes and rejection of fertilisation in normal rust life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R. McTaggart
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert F. Park
- Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle N. K. Demers
- Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smith GR, Ganley BJ, Chagné D, Nadarajan J, Pathirana RN, Ryan J, Arnst EA, Sutherland R, Soewarto J, Houliston G, Marsh AT, Koot E, Carnegie AJ, Menzies T, Lee DJ, Shuey LS, Pegg GS. Resistance of New Zealand Provenance Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea robusta, Kunzea linearis, and Metrosideros excelsa to Austropuccinia psidii. Plant Dis 2020; 104:1771-1780. [PMID: 32272027 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2302-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to the pandemic strain of Austropuccinia psidii was identified in New Zealand provenance Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea robusta, and K. linearis plants. Only 1 Metrosideros excelsa-resistant plant was found (of the 570 tested) and no resistant plants of either Lophomyrtus bullata or L. obcordata were found. Three types of resistance were identified in Leptospermum scoparium. The first two, a putative immune response and a hypersensitive response, are leaf resistance mechanisms found in other myrtaceous species while on the lateral and main stems a putative immune stem resistance was also observed. Both leaf and stem infection were found on K. robusta and K. linearis plants as well as branch tip dieback that developed on almost 50% of the plants. L. scoparium, K. robusta, and K. linearis are the first myrtaceous species where consistent infection of stems has been observed in artificial inoculation trials. This new finding and the first observation of significant branch tip dieback of plants of the two Kunzea spp. resulted in the development of two new myrtle rust disease severity assessment scales. Significant seed family and provenance effects were found in L. scoparium, K. robusta, and K. linearis: some families produced significantly more plants with leaf, stem, and (in Kunzea spp.) branch tip dieback resistance, and provenances provided different percentages of resistant families and plants. The distribution of the disease symptoms on plants from the same seed family, and between plants from different seed families, suggested that the leaf, stem, and branch tip dieback resistances were the result of independent disease resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Smith
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Beccy J Ganley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Jayanthi Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ranjith N Pathirana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Julie Ryan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Elise A Arnst
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Gary Houliston
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Alby T Marsh
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Emily Koot
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Angus J Carnegie
- Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries-Forestry, Parramatta, NSW 2150 Australia
| | - Tracey Menzies
- The Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - David J Lee
- The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Louise S Shuey
- The Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Geoff S Pegg
- The Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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9
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McTaggart AR, van der Nest MA, Steenkamp ET, Roux J, Slippers B, Shuey LS, Wingfield MJ, Drenth A. Fungal Genomics Challenges the Dogma of Name-Based Biosecurity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005475. [PMID: 27149511 PMCID: PMC4858198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R. McTaggart
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Magriet A. van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - André Drenth
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Meyer FE, Shuey LS, Naidoo S, Mamni T, Berger DK, Myburg AA, van den Berg N, Naidoo S. Dual RNA-Sequencing of Eucalyptus nitens during Phytophthora cinnamomi Challenge Reveals Pathogen and Host Factors Influencing Compatibility. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 26973660 PMCID: PMC4773608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands remains an important concern on forest tree species. The pathogen causes root and collar rot, stem cankers, and dieback of various economically important Eucalyptus spp. In South Africa, susceptible cold tolerant Eucalyptus plantations have been affected by various Phytophthora spp. with P. cinnamomi considered one of the most virulent. The molecular basis of this compatible interaction is poorly understood. In this study, susceptible Eucalyptus nitens plants were stem inoculated with P. cinnamomi and tissue was harvested five days post inoculation. Dual RNA-sequencing, a technique which allows the concurrent detection of both pathogen and host transcripts during infection, was performed. Approximately 1% of the reads mapped to the draft genome of P. cinnamomi while 78% of the reads mapped to the Eucalyptus grandis genome. The highest expressed P. cinnamomi gene in planta was a putative crinkler effector (CRN1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the high similarity of this P. cinnamomi CRN1 to that of Phytophthora infestans. Some CRN effectors are known to target host nuclei to suppress defense. In the host, over 1400 genes were significantly differentially expressed in comparison to mock inoculated trees, including suites of pathogenesis related (PR) genes. In particular, a PR-9 peroxidase gene with a high similarity to a Carica papaya PR-9 ortholog previously shown to be suppressed upon infection by Phytophthora palmivora was down-regulated two-fold. This PR-9 gene may represent a cross-species effector target during P. cinnamomi infection. This study identified pathogenicity factors, potential manipulation targets, and attempted host defense mechanisms activated by E. nitens that contributed to the susceptible outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febé E. Meyer
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sitha Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Thandekile Mamni
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave K. Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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