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Matías J, Cruz V, Rodríguez MJ, Calvo P, Maestro-Gaitán I, Reguera M. Evaluating Yield, Nutritional Quality, and Environmental Impact of Quinoa Straws across Mediterranean Water Environments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:751. [PMID: 38592749 PMCID: PMC10974331 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a promising and versatile crop due to its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and the exceptional nutritional value of its seeds. Nevertheless, despite the recent extensive research on quinoa seeds, the straw associated with this crop has received comparatively little attention. The valorisation of this by-product provides an opportunity to improve the overall outcomes of quinoa cultivation. In this work, three quinoa varieties were evaluated for two years (2019 and 2020) under three different Mediterranean water environments (irrigation, fresh rainfed, and hard rainfed), aiming to assess the straw yield and nutritional quality and to study the changes in the crop nutritional uptake associated with different water environmental conditions. The nutritional analysis included the quantification of the ash, crude protein, crude fat, minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg), and fibre (gross fibre (GF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemicellulose, cellulose) contents. As the results reveal, most of the parameters evaluated were susceptible to change mainly with the water environment but also with the genotype (or their interaction), including the yield, crude protein, relative feed value (RFV), and mineral content, which generally decreased under water-limiting conditions. Moreover, a comparative analysis revealed that straw Ca, Mg, and K contents were generally higher than in seeds. Overall, this study demonstrates that quinoa straw quality is genotypic and environmentally dependent, and these factors should be considered when aiming at improving straw feed value for livestock nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Matías
- Agrarian Research Institute “La Orden-Valdesequera” of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Verónica Cruz
- Agrarian Research Institute “La Orden-Valdesequera” of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (M.J.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Patricia Calvo
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (M.J.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Isaac Maestro-Gaitán
- Department of Biology, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Reguera
- Department of Biology, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Rubinovich L, Dagan R, Lugasi Y, Galili S, Asher A. The potential of young vegetative quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) as a new sustainable protein-rich winter leafy crop under Mediterranean climate. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290000. [PMID: 38064459 PMCID: PMC10707627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for protein products has significantly risen in the last few years. In western countries, animals are the primary source of protein; however, plants could take a share of this market due to lower production costs, among other advantages such as a lower environmental footprint. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a well-known but under-utilized protein-rich crop, commonly cultivated for grain production. These plants were recently evaluated for their use as a non-traditional, green leafy crop. Here we assessed the potential of young vegetative quinoa as a new sustainable winter leafy crop in Israel-serving as a model for Mediterranean semi-arid regions, by evaluating yield, protein content and quality. Five quinoa accessions were sown on three winter sowing dates over two consecutive years. Plants were harvested when they reached 10% dry matter (DM). DM yield ranged between 574 and 1,982 kg ha-1 and was generally higher in the second year. Protein content ranged from 14.4-34% and was generally higher in the first year. Protein yield ranged from 111-471 kg ha-1 and was greatest on the December sowing date. DM and protein yields were positively correlated with plant density. Protein content was negatively correlated with plant density and DM yield. Our findings show that 200 g DM of young vegetative quinoa can meet the protein and most essential amino acid requirements for a 70 kg human adult. Prospects for cultivating young vegetative quinoa in Mediterranean countries as a new sustainable, protein-rich winter leafy crop are therefore high, as supported by its high protein yields and quality, and its requirement for only scant irrigation. Further studies should examine economic and other agrotechnical parameters toward the geographical distribution and expansion of young vegetative quinoa cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Rubinovich
- Northern Agriculture R&D, MIGAL–Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Reut Dagan
- Northern Agriculture R&D, MIGAL–Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Yaron Lugasi
- Northern Agriculture R&D, MIGAL–Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Shmuel Galili
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Aviv Asher
- Northern Agriculture R&D, MIGAL–Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Craine EB, Davies A, Packer D, Miller ND, Schmöckel SM, Spalding EP, Tester M, Murphy KM. A comprehensive characterization of agronomic and end-use quality phenotypes across a quinoa world core collection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1101547. [PMID: 36875583 PMCID: PMC9978749 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a pseudocereal with high protein quality originating from the Andean region of South America, has broad genetic variation and adaptability to diverse agroecological conditions, contributing to the potential to serve as a global keystone protein crop in a changing climate. However, the germplasm resources currently available to facilitate quinoa expansion worldwide are restricted to a small portion of quinoa's total genetic diversity, in part because of day-length sensitivity and issues related to seed sovereignty. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic relationships and variation within a quinoa world core collection. The 360 accessions were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in each of two greenhouses in Pullman, WA during the summer of 2018. Phenological stages, plant height, and inflorescence characteristics were recorded. Seed yield, composition, thousand seed weight, nutritional composition, shape, size, and color were measured using a high-throughput phenotyping pipeline. Considerable variation existed among the germplasm. Crude protein content ranged from 11.24% to 17.81% (fixed at 14% moisture). We found that protein content was negatively correlated with yield and positively correlated with total amino acid content and days to harvest. Mean essential amino acids values met adult daily requirements but not leucine and lysine infant requirements. Yield was positively correlated with thousand seed weight and seed area, and negatively correlated with ash content and days to harvest. The accessions clustered into four groups, with one-group representing useful accessions for long-day breeding programs. The results of this study establish a practical resource for plant breeders to leverage as they strategically develop germplasm in support of the global expansion of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alathea Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Daniel Packer
- Sustainable Seed Systems Laboratory, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nathan D. Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sandra M. Schmöckel
- Department Physiology of Yield Stability, Institute of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Edgar P. Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark Tester
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kevin M. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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Pulvento C, Bazile D. Worldwide Evaluations of Quinoa-Biodiversity and Food Security under Climate Change Pressures: Advances and Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 36840215 PMCID: PMC9959060 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cataldo Pulvento
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA) University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Didier Bazile
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- SENS, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Matías J, Rodríguez MJ, Granado-Rodríguez S, Cruz V, Calvo P, Reguera M. Changes in Quinoa Seed Fatty Acid Profile Under Heat Stress Field Conditions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:820010. [PMID: 35419388 PMCID: PMC8996139 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.820010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional quality of quinoa is often related to the high protein content of their seeds. However, and despite not being an oilseed crop, the oil composition of quinoa seeds is remarkable due to its profile, which shows a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly in essential fatty acids such as linoleic (ω-6) and α-linolenic (ω-3). In line with this, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of elevated temperatures on the oil composition of different quinoa cultivars grown in the field in two consecutive years (i.e., 2017 and 2018). In 2017, heat stress episodes resulted in a reduced oil content and lower quality linked to decreased ratios of oleic acid:linoleic acid, larger omega-6 (ω-6) to omega-3 (ω-3) ratios, and lower monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and higher PUFA contents. Furthermore, the correlations found between mineral nutrients such as phosphorous (P) and the contents of oleic and linoleic acids emphasize the possibility of optimizing oil quality by controlling fertilization. Overall, the results presented in this study show how the environmental and genetic factors and their interaction may impact oil quality in quinoa seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Matías
- Agrarian Research Institute "La Orden-Valdesequera" of Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture of Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Cruz
- Agrarian Research Institute "La Orden-Valdesequera" of Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Patricia Calvo
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture of Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Tovar JC, Berry JC, Quillatupa C, Castillo SE, Acosta‐Gamboa L, Fahlgren N, Gehan MA. Heat stress changes mineral nutrient concentrations in Chenopodium quinoa seed. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e384. [PMID: 35146239 PMCID: PMC8818816 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is a popular seed crop, often consumed for its high nutritional quality. We studied how heat stress in the roots or the shoots of quinoa plants affected the concentrations of 20 elements (aluminum, arsenic, boron, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, phosphorous, rubidium, sulfur, selenium, strontium, and zinc) in quinoa seed. Elemental concentrations in quinoa seed were significantly changed after an 11-day heat treatment during anthesis. The type of panicle (main, secondary, and tertiary) sampled and the type of heat treatment (root only, shoot only, or whole plants) significantly affected elemental profiles in quinoa seed. Plants were also divided into five sections from top to bottom to assess the effect of panicle position on seed elemental profiles. Plant section had an effect on the concentrations of arsenic, iron, and sodium under control conditions and on copper with heat treatment. Overall, the time of panicle development in relation to the time of heat exposure had the largest effect on seed elemental concentrations. Interestingly, the quinoa plants were exposed to heat only during anthesis of the main panicle, but the elemental concentrations of seeds produced after heat treatment ended were still significantly changed, indicating that heat stress has long-lasting effects on quinoa plants. These findings demonstrate how the nutritional quality of quinoa seeds can be changed significantly even by relatively short heat spells.
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