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Afzal I, Haq MZU, Ahmed S, Hirich A, Bazile D. Challenges and Perspectives for Integrating Quinoa into the Agri-Food System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3361. [PMID: 37836099 PMCID: PMC10574050 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is a highly nutritious and abiotic stress-tolerant crop that can be used to ensure food security for the rapidly growing world population under changing climate conditions. Various experiments, based on morphology, phenology, physiology, and yield-related attributes, are being conducted across the globe to check its adoptability under stressful environmental conditions. High weed infestation, early stand establishment, photoperiod sensitivity, loss of seed viability after harvest, and heat stress during its reproductive stage are major constraints to its cultivation. The presence of saponin on its outer surface is also a significant restriction to its local consumption. Scientists are using modern breeding programs, such as participatory approaches, to understand and define breeding goals to promote quinoa adaptation under marginalized conditions. Despite its rich nutritional value, there is still a need to create awareness among people and industries about its nutritional profile and potential for revenue generation. In the future, the breeding of the sweet and larger-grain quinoa varietals will be an option for avoiding the cleaning of saponins, but with the risk of having more pests in the field. There is also a need to focus on mechanized farming systems for the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of quinoa to facilitate and expand its cultivation and consumption across the globe, considering its high genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Afzal
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zia Ul Haq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Shahbaz Ahmed
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Abdelaziz Hirich
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Laayoune 70000, Morocco;
| | - Didier Bazile
- CIRAD, SENS, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- SENS, CIRAD, IRD, University Paul Valery Montpellier 3, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Zhou X, Yue T, Wei Z, Yang L, Zhang L, Wu B. Evaluation of nutritional value, bioactivity and mineral content of quinoa bran in China and its potential use in the food industry. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100562. [PMID: 37600465 PMCID: PMC10432820 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa bran is a by-product during quinoa processing, which is not well used due to its high content of antinutritional factors. The nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidative and mineral content were analyzed in quinoa bran from five producing areas (Hebei, Shanxi, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Gansu Province) in China. The results showed that the mean values of protein, starch, fat, fiber, reducing sugar, ash, moisture and energy in quinoa bran were 9.35%, 47.37%, 8.26%, 10.74%, 3.68%, 6.25%, 9.29% and 360.2 kcal/100 g, respectively. Although the protein content in quinoa bran is lower than that in quinoa grain, it is comparable to that in other grains (rice, corn, millet and sorghum) and brans (wheat, oat and rice), so it has the commercial potential to be processed into animal feed or other edible food. The contents of antioxidant flavonoids (460.9 mg/100g) and polyphenols (477.8 mg/100 g) in quinoa bran were higher than those in quinoa grain, suggesting that quinoa bran had better antioxidant capacity. The contents of saponins, tannins and phytic acid in quinoa bran were 18.65, 0.30 and 0.73%, respectively. The content of saponins was nearly one times higher than that in quinoa grain, the contents of tannins and phytic acid, however, were lower than those in quinoa grain. Therefore, the removal of saponins is the key to eliminate the antinutritional properties of quinoa bran. The contents of macroelements (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus) and microelements (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, barium) in quinoa bran were generally higher than those in quinoa grain, which was consistent with the results of ash determination. In summary, quinoa bran was found to be a rich source of nutritional and bioactive components and minerals. If the antinutritional problem can be overcome, quinoa bran has great potential for application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhou
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Ting Yue
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Zuofu Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Baomei Wu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
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El Mouttaqi A, Sabraoui T, Belcaid M, Ibourki M, Mnaouer I, Lazaar K, Sehbaoui F, Ait Elhaj R, Khaldi M, Rafik S, Zim J, Nilahyane A, Ghoulam C, Devkota KP, Kouisni L, Hirich A. Agro-morphological and biochemical responses of quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd. var: ICBA-Q5) to organic amendments under various salinity conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143170. [PMID: 37223820 PMCID: PMC10200984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the Sahara Desert, due to drought and salinity and poor soil fertility, very limited crop choice is available for the farmers to grow crops. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has shown promising under such conditions in the South of Morocco, a true representative site of Sahara Desert. Soil organic amendments have the potential to minimize negative effects of soil salinity and improve crop production. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of nine organic amendments on quinoa (var. ICBA-Q5) growth, productivity, and biochemical parameters under saline irrigation water application (4, 12, and 20 dS·m-1). Results of the experiment indicate a significant effect of organic amendments on major agro-morphological and productivity parameters. Biomass and seed yield tends to decrease with the rise of salinity level, and organic amendments have improved productivity compared to the non-treated control. However, salinity stress alleviation was assessed by determining pigments concentration, proline content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the action of organic amendments varies from one level of salinity to another. Furthermore, a remarkably significant decrease in total saponin content was reached due to the application of amendments even at high saline conditions (20 dS·m-1). The results demonstrate the possibility of enhancing the productivity of quinoa as an alternative food crop under salinity conditions by using organic amendments and improving the quality of grains (saponin reduction) during the pre-industrialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub El Mouttaqi
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Talal Sabraoui
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Belcaid
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ibourki
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Ihssane Mnaouer
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Karima Lazaar
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Faissal Sehbaoui
- Agri-Edge, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Reda Ait Elhaj
- Agri-Edge, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Manal Khaldi
- Agri-Edge, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Sifeddine Rafik
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Jamaâ Zim
- Department of Plant Protection, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Nilahyane
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Cherki Ghoulam
- AgroBioSciences Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Agrobiotechnology & Bioengineering Centre, Cadi Ayyad University, FST, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Krishna Prasad Devkota
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
- Soil, Water, and Agronomy (SWA) Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Lamfeddal Kouisni
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Hirich
- Agriculure in Marginal Environment Program, African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
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Pulvento C, Bazile D. Worldwide Evaluations of Quinoa-Biodiversity and Food Security under Climate Change Pressures: Advances and Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 36840215 PMCID: PMC9959060 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cataldo Pulvento
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA) University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Didier Bazile
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- SENS, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Manjarres Hernández EH, Morillo Coronado AC, Cárdenas Chaparro A, Merchán López C. Yield, phenology and triterpene saponins in Colombian quinoa. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.919885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring yield, phenology and their relationship with secondary metabolites in seeds provides a fundamental analysis that expands knowledge on the nutritional quality of seeds and the effect on productive potential. This knowledge is fundamental when improving or selecting nutritionally important crops, including Chenopodium quinoa Willd, which has excellent nutritional properties and contributes to global food security. This species contains saponins, a metabolite that imparts a bitter taste and can be highly toxic to consumers in large quantities. Therefore, the identification and selection of genotypes according to their saponin contents and outstanding agronomic characteristics are fundamental objectives for the genetic improvement programs of these species. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the characteristics of the grain, the phenology and the saponin content of 30 C. quinoa accessions with an aim to select or relate genotypes according to their yield and grain quality. The accessions were sown using randomized complete blocks (RCB) with nine repetitions for each material. Seven FAO-defined descriptors were evaluated to characterize the grain and physiological maturity. Saponin was extracted using microwave, and the quantification was done with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which a UV-VIS detector at 277 nm wavelength. The accessions were classified according to their phenology: semi-late (56.7%), late (36.7%), and semi-early (3.3%). The total triterpene saponin content varied from 0.018 to 0.537%. The multivariate and cluster analyses formed groups of accessions with good yields (>62.02 g of seeds per plant) and desirable grain morphological characteristics. The more suitable accessions for the production of saponins are Quinoa semiamarga (0.537%), Quinoa peruana (0.412%) and Amarilla de maranganí (0.305%). Quinoa real and Quinoa primavera are more suitable for food products, which can be used as parents in future quinoa genetic improvement programs in Colombia.
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Extraction and Quantification of Saponins in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes from Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:7287487. [PMID: 35265708 PMCID: PMC8901361 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7287487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa has a high nutraceutical potential because of the presence of secondary metabolites called saponins, which have industrial and medicinal uses and protect against attacks by pathogens. These compounds are found especially in the seed coat and give the grain a bitter taste; therefore, they must be eliminated before consumption. Despite the potential use in Colombia, there are few studies aimed at quantifying this metabolite. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate two extraction methodologies (physical and chemical) and two methods for quantifying saponins in five quinoa genotypes grown in Colombia. The most efficient extraction method was the physical method. The saponin contents of the five genotypes were variable. The cluster analysis differentiated the genotypes into two groups: low saponin content (<4.49 mg/g seed) and high saponin content (>14.76 mg/g seeds). Blanca de Jericó had the lowest saponin content (<0.40%), and Amarilla de Maranganí had the highest content (>0.18%). Identifying more efficient methodologies for extracting and quantifying saponins will allow a better characterization of the germplasm and selection of genotypes with desirable characteristics for both consumption and industrial use.
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