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Szczygieł T, Koziróg A, Otlewska A. Synthetic and Natural Antifungal Substances in Cereal Grain Protection: A Review of Bright and Dark Sides. Molecules 2024; 29:3780. [PMID: 39202859 PMCID: PMC11357261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Molds pose a severe challenge to agriculture because they cause very large crop losses. For this reason, synthetic fungicides have been used for a long time. Without adequate protection against pests and various pathogens, crop losses could be as high as 30-40%. However, concerns mainly about the environmental impact of synthetic antifungals and human health risk have prompted a search for natural alternatives. But do natural remedies only have advantages? This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the use of antifungal substances in agriculture to protect seeds against phytopathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of using both synthetic and natural fungicides to protect cereal grains were discussed, indicating specific examples and mechanisms of action. The possibilities of an integrated control approach, combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods are described, constituting a holistic strategy for sustainable mold management in the grain industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczygieł
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
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Touzout N, Mihoub A, Ahmad I, Jamal A, Danish S. Deciphering the role of nitric oxide in mitigation of systemic fungicide induced growth inhibition and oxidative damage in wheat. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143046. [PMID: 39117087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Consento (CON) poses a significant environmental hazard as a systemic fungicide, adversely affecting the health of non-target organisms. Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, is known to play a crucial role in plant physiology and abiotic stress tolerance. However, whether NO plays any role to enhance fungicide CON tolerance in wheat seedlings is yet unclear. Therefore, we conducted a hydroponic experiment i) to investigate the morpho-physio-biochemical changes of wheat seedlings to fungicide CON stress, and ii) to examine the effects of NO and fungicide CON treatments on oxidative damage, antioxidant system, secondary metabolism and detoxification of systemic fungicide in wheat seedlings. The results showed that CON fungicide at the highest (4X) concentration significantly decreased wheat seedlings fresh weight (46.89%), shoot length (40.26%), root length (56.11%) and total chlorophyll contents (67.44%) in a dose response relationship. Moreover, CON significantly increased hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and peroxidase activities while decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) content. This ultimately impaired the redox homeostasis of cells, leading to oxidative damage in cell membrane. Under fungicide treatment, the addition of NO reduced the fungicide phytotoxicity, with an increase of over 60% in seedling growth. The NO application mitigated CON phytotoxicity as reflected by significantly increased chlorophyll pigments (69.88%) and decreased oxidative damage in wheat leaves. Indeed, the NO alleviatory effect was able to increase the tolerance of seedlings to fungicide, which resulted increments in antioxidant and detoxification enzymes activity, with the enhanced GSH level (78.54%). Interestingly, NO alleviated CON phytotoxicity through the phenylpropanoid pathway by enhancing the activity of secondary metabolism enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (47.28%), polyphenol oxidase (9%), and associated metabolites such as phenolic acids (77.62%), flavonoids (34.33%) in wheat leaves. Our study has provided evidence that NO plays a key role in the metabolism and detoxification of systemic fungicide in wheat through enhanced activity of antioxidants, detoxifications and secondary metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Touzout
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Pole Urban Ouzera, University of Medea, Medea, 26000, Algeria
| | - Adil Mihoub
- Biophysical Environment Station, Center for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan.
| | - Aftab Jamal
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Punjab, Pakistan; Pesticide Quality Control Laboratory, Agriculture Complex, Old Shujabad Road, Multan, 60000, Punjab, Pakistan
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Liu Y, Tan X, Zhao J, Niu Y, Hsiang T, Yu Z, Qin W. Diversity of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose on Euonymus japonicus and their sensitivity to fungicides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1411625. [PMID: 38938640 PMCID: PMC11208684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1411625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
As an evergreen shrub, Euonymus japonicus plays a crucial role in urban landscape construction, and its growth is affected by severe foliar anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. However, the biodiversity of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose on E. japonicus remains undetermined. This study involved a two-year collection of E. japonicus leaf samples with typical anthracnose symptoms from 9 districts in Beijing, China. A total of 194 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained, and eight Colletotrichum species were subsequently identified using morphological characteristics and molecular identification with the ACT, GADPH, CHS, TUB2, and CAL genes, as well as the rDNA-ITS region. These species included Colletotrichum aenigma, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. grossum, C. hebeiense, C. karstii, C. siamense, and C. theobromicola with C. siamense being the most prevalent (57%), followed by C. aenigma and C. theobromicola. Furthermore, C. fructicola, C. grossum and C. hebeiense are reported for the first time as causal agents of anthracnose on E. japonicus worldwide, and C. karstii is newly reported to be associated with E. japonicus anthracnose in China. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all tested isolates exhibited pathogenicity in the presence of wounds, emphasizing the need to avoid artificial or mechanical wounds to prevent infection in E. japonicus management. The EC50 values of five fungicides, namely difenoconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, hexaconazole, and prochloraz, were found to be less than 10 mg/L, indicating their strong potential for application. Notably, the EC50 of prochloraz was less than 0.05 mg/L for C. theobromicola. These findings offer valuable insights for the management of anthracnose on E. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Niu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zhihe Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Wentao Qin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Maldonado-Reina AJ, López-Ruiz R, Marín Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Tracing the dissipation of difenoconazole, its metabolites and co-formulants in tomato: A comprehensive analysis by chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry in laboratory and greenhouse trials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123924. [PMID: 38580058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The study evaluated Ceremonia 25 EC®, a plant protection product (PPP) containing difenoconazole, in tomato crops, to identify potential risks associated with PPPs, and in addition to this compound, known metabolites from difenoconazole degradation and co-formulants present in the PPP were monitored. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap mass analyser (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) method was validated with a working range of 2 μg/kg (limit of quantification, LOQ) to 200 μg/kg. Difenoconazole degradation followed a biphasic double first-order in parallel (DFOP) kinetic model in laboratory and greenhouse trials, with high accuracy (R2 > 0.9965). CGA-205374, difenoconazole-alcohol, and hydroxy-difenoconazole metabolites were tentatively identified and semi-quantified in laboratory trials by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS from day 2 to day 30. No metabolites were found in greenhouse trials. Additionally, 13 volatile co-formulants were tentatively identified by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to Q-Orbitrap-MS, detectable up to the 7th day after PPP application. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of difenoconazole dissipation in tomatoes, identification of metabolites, and detection of co-formulants associated with the applied PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Maldonado-Reina
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Jesús Marín Sáez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
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Pyatina SA, Shishatskaya EI, Dorokhin AS, Menzyanova NG. Border cell population size and oxidative stress in the root apex of Triticum aestivum seedlings exposed to fungicides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25600-25615. [PMID: 38478309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Fungicides reduce the risk of mycopathologies and reduce the content of mycotoxins in commercial grain. The effect of fungicides on the structural and functional status of the root system of grain crops has not been studied enough. In this regard, we studied the phytocytotoxic effects tebuconazole (TEB) and epoxiconazole (EPO) and azoxystrobin (AZO) in the roots of Triticum aestivum seedlings in hydroponic culture. In the presence of EPO and AZO (but not TEB) inhibition of the root growth was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the content of malondialdehyde, carbonylated proteins, and proline in roots. TEB was characterized by a dose-dependent decrease in the total amount of border cells (BCs) and the protein content in root extracellular trap (RET). For EPO and AZO, the dose curves of changes in the total number of BCs were bell-shaped. AZO did not affect the protein content in RET. The protein content in RET significantly decreased by 3 times for an EPO concentration of 1 µg/mL. The obtained results reveal that the BC-RET system is one of the functional targets of fungicides in the root system of wheat seedlings. Studied fungicides induce oxidative stress and structural and functional alterations in the BC-RET system that can affect their toxicity to the root system of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Igorevna Shishatskaya
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodnyi Av, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
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Yadav U, Anand V, Kumar S, Srivastava S, Mishra SK, Chauhan PS, Singh PC. Endophytic biofungicide Bacillus subtilis (NBRI-W9) reshapes the metabolic homeostasis disrupted by the chemical fungicide, propiconazole in tomato plants to provide sustainable immunity against non-target bacterial pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123144. [PMID: 38123116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and microbial fungicides (Bio/fungicide) act differentially on plant systems. The present work assessed the metabolic profile of tomato plants vis-a-vis endophytic diversity after spraying of Propiconazole (PCZ) and endophytic biofungicide Bacillus subtilis (W9). Bio/fungicides were sprayed on tomato plants and evaluated for phenotypic, biochemical, and metabolic profiles after one week. In W9 treatment, a significant increase in relative abundance of several metabolites was observed including sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty-acids, organic-acids, and amino-acids. Polysaccharides and fatty acids showed a significant positive correlation with Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Bacillales, and Lactobacillales, respectively (p < 0.05). The PCZ and W9 treated plant's metabolic status significantly affected their resistance to non-target, bacterial pathogen P. syringae. Compared to PCZ and control, W9 treatment reduced the ROS deposition and expression of antioxidants gene GPx, PO (~0.1-1.7fold). It enhanced the genes related to the Phenylpropanoid pathway (∼1.6-5.2 fold), PR protein (~1.2-3.4 fold), and JA biosynthesis (~1.7-4.3 fold), resulting in reduced disease incidence. The results provide novel insights into the effects of endophytic biofungicide and chemical fungicides on the plant's metabolic status, its relation to the endophytes, and role in altering the plant's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udit Yadav
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-HRDC, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Vandana Anand
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-HRDC, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-HRDC, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-HRDC, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Shashank K Mishra
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-HRDC, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Poonam C Singh
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-HRDC, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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Li J, Tian Z, Han A, Li J, Luo A, Liu R, Zhang Z. Integrative physiological, critical plant endogenous hormones, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the difenoconazole stress response mechanism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105688. [PMID: 38072543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFN) is widely utilized as a fungicide in wheat production. However, its accumulation in plant tissues has a profound impact on the physiological functions of wheat plants, thus severely threatening wheat growth and even jeopardizing human health. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the dynamic dissipation patterns of DFN, along with an investigation into the physiological, hormonal, and transcriptomic responses of wheat seedlings exposed to DFN. The results demonstrated that exposure of wheat roots to DFN (10 mg/kg in soil) led to a significant accumulation of DFN in wheat plants, with the DFN content in roots being notably higher than that in leaves. Accumulating DFN triggered an increase in reactive oxygen species content, malonaldehyde content, and antioxidant enzyme activities, while concurrently inhibiting photosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes was greater in roots compared with leaves under DFN stress. Key genes in roots and leaves that exhibited a positive response to DFN-induced stress were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that these key genes mainly encode proteins involved in glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signaling, amino acid metabolism, and detoxification/defense pathways. Further results indicated that abscisic acid and salicylic acid play vital roles in the detoxification of leaf and root DFN, respectively. In brief, the abovementioned findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the detrimental effects of DFN on wheat seedlings, while shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of wheat root and leaves to DFN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Li
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixiang Tian
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Aohui Han
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jingkun Li
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Aodi Luo
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Wei N, Lv Z, Meng X, Liang Q, Jiang T, Sun S, Li Y, Feng J. Sodium alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels loaded with difenoconazole for pH-responsive release to control wheat crown rot. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126396. [PMID: 37625754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern about environmental pollution has driven the development of controlled release formulations for agrochemicals. Due to the advantages of degradability and responsiveness to environmental stimuli, polysaccharide-based hydrogel is an ideal carrier for agrochemicals controlled release. In this study, a method-easy polysaccharide hydrogel for controlled release of difenoconazole (DZ) was prepared with sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). Due to its three-dimensional crosslinked mesh structure, the prepared hydrogels (CSDZ) showed an agrochemical load capacity of 9.03 % and an encapsulation efficiency of 68.64 %. The release rate is faster in alkaline solution, followed by neutral solution, and slowest in an acid environment, which is consistent with the swelling behavior. Furthermore, leaching studies showed that CSDZ hydrogels have excellent protective properties for encapsulated agrochemicals. Compared with technical DZ, the results of in vitro and pot antifungal testing showed that CSDZ had a better control effect against wheat crown rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum). Safety assessment studies indicated that CSDZ hydrogels exhibit good biocompatibility on nontargeted organisms (Daphnia magna, zebrafish and Eisenia fetida) and wheat. This study aims to provide a potentially promising approach for the preparation and application of biocompatible polysaccharide-based hydrogels for agrochemical-controlled release in sustainable disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ze Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaohan Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianwei Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tianzhen Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Li J, Tian Z, Li J, Askari K, Han A, Ma J, Liu R. Physcion and chitosan-Oligosaccharide (COS) synergistically improve the yield by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and resilience in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:107993. [PMID: 37678090 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
As progressively increasing food safety concerns, diversified plant diseases and abiotic stresses, environmental-friendly bio-pesticides and bio-stimulants combinations may are likely to serve as a vital means of safeguarding green and sustainable food production. Accordingly, in this study, pot and field trials were performed to examine the application potential of the combination of physcion and chitosan-Oligosaccharide (COS) in wheat production. Wheat seeds were coated with physcion and COS and the effects exerted by them on morphology, physiology and yield of the wheat were investigated. As indicated by the results, the combination of physcion and COS not only did not inhibit the growth of wheat seedlings, but also synergistically increased root vigor and photosynthetic pigment content. Simultaneously, the lignin content in the roots and leaves was increased significantly. Moreover, the result confirmed that the combination of both substances reduced the MDA content, which was correlated with the up-regulation of the transcript expression level of antioxidant enzyme genes and the resulting increased enzyme activity. Furthermore, this combination synergistically increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the flag leaves and ultimately contributed to the increase in yield. Notably, the above-mentioned desirable cooperative effect was not limited by cultivars and cultivation methods. The conclusion of this study suggested that the combination of physcion and COS synergistically improved the photosynthetic rate and resilience in wheat, such that high wheat yields can be more significantly maintained, and future food security can be more effectively ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhixiang Tian
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Jingkun Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Komelle Askari
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aohui Han
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China.
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Zakaria WGE, Atia MM, Ali AZ, Abbas EEA, Salim BMA, Marey SA, Hatamleh AA, Elnahal ASM. Assessing the Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly Management Approaches for Controlling Wheat Yellow Rust and Their Impact on Antioxidant Enzymes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2954. [PMID: 37631164 PMCID: PMC10458409 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease that causes significant yield losses in wheat production worldwide, including in Egypt. The use of biocontrol agents is among the best eco-friendly management strategies to control this disease, as they are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than traditional chemical control methods. In a comparative analysis, antioxidant enzyme activity and various management approaches were compared with two bacterial biocontrol agents, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida. This study showed the remarkable efficacy of endophytic bacteria, B. subtilis and P. putida, in mitigating wheat stripe rust infection across three wheat varieties, namely Misr1, Gimmeiza11, and Sids12. B. subtilis exhibited superior performance compared to P. putida, resulting in infection types of 1 and 2.66, respectively, following inoculation. The highest reduction rate was observed with Tilit fungicide (500 ppm), followed by B. subtilis and Salicylic acid (1000 ppm), respectively. Variations in wheat varieties' response to Pst infection were observed, with Misr1 exhibiting the lowest infection and Sids12 showing high susceptibility. Among the tested inducers, Salicylic acid demonstrated the greatest reduction in disease infection, followed by Indole acetic acid, while Oxalic acid exhibited the lowest decrease. Additionally, the study evaluated the activities of five antioxidant enzymes, including Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX), in the wheat-stripe rust interaction under different integrated management approaches. The wheat variety Misr1 treated with Tilit (500 ppm), B. subtilis, Salicylic acid, Montoro (500 ppm), and P. putida exhibited the highest increase in all enzymatic activities. These findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of B. subtilis and P. putida as biocontrol agents for wheat stripe rust control in Egypt, emphasizing their potential role in sustainable, integrated, and environmentally friendly management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Gamal Eldein Zakaria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (W.G.E.Z.); (M.M.A.); (E.E.A.A.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Atia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (W.G.E.Z.); (M.M.A.); (E.E.A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Zaki Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (W.G.E.Z.); (M.M.A.); (E.E.A.A.)
| | - Entsar E. A. Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (W.G.E.Z.); (M.M.A.); (E.E.A.A.)
| | - Bilkess M. A. Salim
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sabha University, Sabha P.O. Box 18758, Libya;
| | | | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Saeed Mohammed Elnahal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (W.G.E.Z.); (M.M.A.); (E.E.A.A.)
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11
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Gureeva MV, Gureev AP. Molecular Mechanisms Determining the Role of Bacteria from the Genus Azospirillum in Plant Adaptation to Damaging Environmental Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119122. [PMID: 37298073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural plants are continuously exposed to environmental stressors, which can lead to a significant reduction in yield and even the death of plants. One of the ways to mitigate stress impacts is the inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including bacteria from the genus Azospirillum, into the rhizosphere of plants. Different representatives of this genus have different sensitivities or resistances to osmotic stress, pesticides, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and perchlorate and also have the ability to mitigate the consequences of such stresses for plants. Bacteria from the genus Azospirillum contribute to the bioremediation of polluted soils and induce systemic resistance and have a positive effect on plants under stress by synthesizing siderophores and polysaccharides and modulating the levels of phytohormones, osmolytes, and volatile organic compounds in plants, as well as altering the efficiency of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defense system. In this review, we focus on molecular genetic features that provide bacterial resistance to various stress factors as well as on Azospirillum-related pathways for increasing plant resistance to unfavorable anthropogenic and natural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Gureeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Artem P Gureev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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12
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Gorshkov AP, Kusakin PG, Borisov YG, Tsyganova AV, Tsyganov VE. Effect of Triazole Fungicides Titul Duo and Vintage on the Development of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8646. [PMID: 37240010 PMCID: PMC10217885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are widely used in agricultural production for plant protection, including pea (Pisum sativum L.). The use of fungicides can negatively affect the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. In this study, the effects of triazole fungicides Vintage and Titul Duo on nodule formation and, in particular, on nodule morphology, were studied. Both fungicides at the highest concentration decreased the nodule number and dry weight of the roots 20 days after inoculation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the following ultrastructural changes in nodules: modifications in the cell walls (their clearing and thinning), thickening of the infection thread walls with the formation of outgrowths, accumulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrates in bacteroids, expansion of the peribacteroid space, and fusion of symbiosomes. Fungicides Vintage and Titul Duo negatively affect the composition of cell walls, leading to a decrease in the activity of synthesis of cellulose microfibrils and an increase in the number of matrix polysaccharides of cell walls. The results obtained coincide well with the data of transcriptomic analysis, which revealed an increase in the expression levels of genes that control cell wall modification and defense reactions. The data obtained indicate the need for further research on the effects of pesticides on the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis in order to optimize their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemii P. Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.P.G.); (P.G.K.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Pyotr G. Kusakin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.P.G.); (P.G.K.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Yaroslav G. Borisov
- Research Resource Centre “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.P.G.); (P.G.K.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.P.G.); (P.G.K.); (A.V.T.)
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Center RAS, Universitetskaya Embankment 5, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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13
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Li J, Geng R, Kong X, Li L, Zhang Z, Liu R. Transcriptomic and physiological properties reveal the tolerance mechanism to difenoconazole toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114787. [PMID: 36948013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide widely applied in wheat production. However, excessive accumulation is linked to phytotoxicity. The effects of DFZ on plants and the response mechanisms to DFZ toxicity are poorly understood. Herein, the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of DFZ and induced changes in the morphology, physiology, and gene expression were investigated under hydroculture of roots treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/L DFZ concentrations. Compared with the control, DEZ treatment upregulated the expression of genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and peroxidase (POD) involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway and enhanced lignin biosynthesis. DFZ accumulated more in older leaves (cotyledons and lower true leaves), with 0.49-5.71 and 0.09-2.14 folds higher than levels in new upper leaves and roots, respectively. The excessive accumulation of DFZ in tissues was rapidly degraded, with a 15.7-69.3% reduction of DFZ content in roots and leaves from 3 DAT to 6 DAT. The genes expression and activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased. Furthermore, DFZ treatments upregulated genes encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and increased the amount of flavonoid and anthocyanins in leaves. This study provides new insights into the self-protective behaviors exhibited by wheat plants under DFZ stress. The mechanisms included hindering DFZ penetration from roots by enhancing lignin biosynthesis, accumulating more in old leaves, degrading by GST, and alleviating oxidative damage by increasing the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology/School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runlian Geng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology/School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Lijie Li
- School of Life Science and Technology/School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology/School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Runqiang Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology/School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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14
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Wang J, Gao X, Liu F, Dong J, Zhao P. Difenoconazole causes cardiotoxicity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135562. [PMID: 35792209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole, a commonly used broad-spectrum triazole fungicide, is widely applied to fish culture in paddy fields. Due to its high chemical stability, low biodegradability, and easy transfer, difenoconazole persists in aquatic systems, raising public awareness of environmental threats. Difenoconazole causes cardiotoxicity in carp, however, the potential mechanisms of difenoconazole-induced cardiotoxicity remain unclear. Here, common carp were exposed to difenoconazole, and cardiotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the creatine kinase (CK) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum. Cardiac pathological injury was determined by HE staining. The content and expression of oxidative stress indicators were detected using biochemical kits and qPCR analysis. Changes in inflammation-related cytokines were examined by qPCR. Apoptosis levels were assessed by TUNEL assay and qPCR. The occurrence of autophagy was measured by western blotting detection of autophagy flux LC3II/LC3I, and autophagy regulatory pathways were detected using qPCR. The results showed that difenoconazole exposure induced cardiotoxicity accompanied by obviously elevated LDH and CK levels and caused myocardial fibers to swell and inflammatory cells to increase. Elevated peroxide MDA and reduced transcriptional and activity levels of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GSH-Px were dependent on the Nrf2/Keap-1 pathway. Moreover, the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were upregulated, iNOS activity was enhanced, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 were downregulated after exposure to difenoconazole. Moreover, apoptosis was observed in the TUNEL assay and mediated through the p53/Bcl-2/Bax-Caspase-9 mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, difenoconazole increased the autophagy markers LC3II, ATG5 and p62 and regulated them through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Altogether, this study demonstrated that difenoconazole exposure caused common carp cardiotoxicity, which is regulated by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy, providing central data for toxicological risk assessment of difenoconazole in the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xuzhu Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Feixue Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
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15
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Li J, Han A, Zhang L, Meng Y, Xu L, Ma F, Liu R. Chitosan oligosaccharide alleviates the growth inhibition caused by physcion and synergistically enhances resilience in maize seedlings. Sci Rep 2022; 12:162. [PMID: 34997123 PMCID: PMC8742106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopesticides has gradually become essential to ensure food security and sustainable agricultural production. Nevertheless, the use of single biopesticides is frequently suboptimal in agricultural production given the diversity of biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study investigated the effects of two biopesticides, physcion and chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS), alone and in combination, on growth regulation and antioxidant potential of maize seedlings by seed coating. As suggested from the results, physcion significantly inhibited the growth of the shoots of maize seedlings due to the elevated respiration rate. However, COS significantly reduced the growth inhibition induced by physcion in maize seedlings by lowering the respiration rate and increasing the content of photosynthetic pigments and root vigor, which accounted for lower consumption of photosynthesis products, a higher photosynthetic rate and a greater nutrient absorption rate. Thus, an improved growth was identified. As indicated from the in-depth research, the application of physcion and COS combination is more effective in down-regulated the malondialdehyde (MDA) content by facilitating the activities of the antioxidative enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD)). Such results indicated that the combined use of physcion and COS neither affected the normal growth of maize seedlings, but also synergistically improved the antioxidant potential of the maize plants, resulting in plants with high stress resistance. Thus, the combined use of physcion and COS by seed coating in maize production has great potential to ensure yield and sustainable production of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Aohui Han
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Feixiang Ma
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection and School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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