1
|
Skała E, Olszewska MA, Tabaka P, Kicel A. Light-Emitting Diodes and Liquid System Affect the Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivative and Flavonoid Production and Shoot Growth of Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin. Molecules 2024; 29:2145. [PMID: 38731636 PMCID: PMC11085107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant in vitro cultures can be an effective tool in obtaining desired specialized metabolites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on phenolic compounds in Rhaponticum carthamoides shoots cultured in vitro. R. carthamoides is an endemic and medicinal plant at risk of extinction due to the massive harvesting of its roots and rhizomes from the natural environment. The shoots were cultured on an agar-solidified and liquid-agitated Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.5 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA). The effect of the medium and different treatments of LED lights (blue (BL), red (RL), white (WL), and a combination of red and blue (R:BL; 7:3)) on R. carthamoides shoot growth and its biosynthetic potential was observed. Medium type and the duration of LED light exposure did not affect the proliferation rate of shoots, but they altered the shoot morphology and specialized metabolite accumulation. The liquid medium and BL light were the most beneficial for the caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) production, shoot growth, and biomass increment. The liquid medium and BL light enhanced the content of the sum of all identified CQAs (6 mg/g DW) about three-fold compared to WL light and control, fluorescent lamps. HPLC-UV analysis confirmed that chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) was the primary compound in shoot extracts regardless of the type of culture and the light conditions (1.19-3.25 mg/g DW), with the highest level under R:BL light. BL and RL lights were equally effective. The abundant component was also 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, accompanied by 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, a tentatively identified dicaffeoylquinic acid derivative, and a tricaffeoylquinic acid derivative 2, the contents of which depended on the LED light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika A. Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.A.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Przemysław Tabaka
- Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Kicel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.A.O.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roosta HR, Bikdeloo M, Ghorbanpour M. The growth, nutrient uptake and fruit quality in four strawberry cultivars under different Spectra of LED supplemental light. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:179. [PMID: 38454341 PMCID: PMC10921718 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to determine the effects of different supplemental light spectra on the growth, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality of four strawberry cultivars. The plants were grown under natural light and treated with blue (460 nm), red (660 nm), and red/blue (3:1) lights. Results showed that the "Parous" and "Camarosa" had higher fresh and dry mass of leaves, roots, and crowns compared to the "Sabrina" and "Albion". The use of artificial LED lights improved the vegetative growth of strawberry plants. All three supplemental light spectra significantly increased the early fruit yield of cultivars except for "Parous". The red/blue supplemental light spectrum also increased the fruit mass and length of the "Albion". Supplemental light increased the total chlorophyll in "Camarosa" and "Albion", as well as the total soluble solids in fruits. The "Albion" had the highest concentration of fruit anthocyanin, while the "Sabrina" had the lowest. The use of supplemental light spectra significantly increased the fruit anthocyanin concentration in all cultivars. Without supplemental light, the "Camarosa" had the lowest concentration of K and Mg, which increased to the highest concentration with the use of supplemental light spectra. All three spectra increased Fe concentration to the highest value in the "Sabrina", while only the red/blue light spectrum was effective on the "Camarosa". In conclusion, the use of supplemental light can increase the yield and fruit quality of strawberries by elevating nutrients, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin concentrations in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Roosta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Bikdeloo
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vajjiravel P, Nagarajan D, Pugazhenthi V, Suresh A, Sivalingam MK, Venkat A, Mahapatra PP, Razi K, Al Murad M, Bae DW, Notaguchi M, Seth CS, Muneer S. Circadian-based approach for improving physiological, phytochemical and chloroplast proteome in Spinacia oleracea under salinity stress and light emitting diodes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108350. [PMID: 38199026 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress is a recognized annihilating abiotic stress that has a significant impact on agricultural and horticulture crop productivity. Plant development faces three distinct dangers as a result of salt stress: oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and ionic toxicity. It has been shown that plants can forecast diurnal patterns using the circadian clock; moreover, they can manage their defensive mechanism for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Circadian rhythmicity in gene expression assembles transcription and translation feedback networks to govern plant shape, physiology, cellular and molecular activities. Both external and internal variables influence the systemic rhythm via input routes. The Malav Jyoti (MJ) and Delhi Green (DG) genotypes of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in the plant growth chamber. The chamber had an optimized temperature of 25 °C and humidity of 65% containing light emitting diode (LED) having Red: Blue: white (one side) and White fluorescent (other side) under salinity stress. The samples were collected on the basis of 4 h intervals of circadian hours (0 h, 4 h, 8 h and 12 h) during Day-10 and Day-20 of salt treatments. Under salt stress, the circadian and light-emitting diode-based strategy had a substantial influence on spinach's anti-oxidative responses, stomatal movement, CO2 assimilation, PS-I and II efficiency, phytochrome pigment efficiency, and photosynthesis. Based on the findings of the free radical scavenging enzyme tests, the photoperiodic hours for the proteome analysis were set to 11 am and 3 pm on Day-20. When compared to white fluorescent, this study found that LED has the capacity to influence the entrainment cues of the circadian clock in the cultivation of salt-sensitive spinach genotypes. According to our findings, changing the cellular scavenging mechanism and chloroplast proteome has increased the survival rate of spinach genotypes under LED when compared to white fluorescent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vajjiravel
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Varsha Pugazhenthi
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Ajay Suresh
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Madhan Kumar Sivalingam
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Ajila Venkat
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Pritam Paramguru Mahapatra
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Kaukab Razi
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Musa Al Murad
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Dong Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Sowbiya Muneer
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kupčinskienė A, Brazaitytė A, Rasiukevičiūtė N, Valiuškaitė A, Morkeliūnė A, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V. Vegetation Indices for Early Grey Mould Detection in Lettuce Grown under Different Lighting Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4042. [PMID: 38068676 PMCID: PMC10871106 DOI: 10.3390/plants12234042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of pathogenic fungi in controlled environment areas can prevent major food production losses. Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is often detected as an infection on lettuce. This paper explores the use of vegetation indices for early detection and monitoring of grey mould on lettuce under different lighting conditions in controlled environment chambers. The aim was focused on the potential of using vegetation indices for the early detection of grey mould and on evaluating their changes during disease development in lettuce grown under different lighting conditions. The experiment took place in controlled environment chambers, where day/night temperatures were 21 ± 2/17 ± 2 °C, a 16 h photoperiod was established, and relative humidity was 70 ± 10% under different lighting conditions: high-pressure sodium (HPS) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Lettuces were inoculated by 7-day-old fungus Botrytis cinerea isolate at the BBCH 21. As a control, non-inoculated lettuces were grown under HPS and LEDs (non-inoculated). Then, the following were evaluated: Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 (ARI2); Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2 (CRI2); Structure Intensive Pigment Index (SIPI); Flavanol Reflectance Index (FRI); Greenness (G); Greenness 2 (G2); Redness (R); Blue (B); Blue Green Index 2 (BGI2); Browning Index 2 (BRI2); Lichtenthaler Index 1 (LIC1); Pigment Specific Simple Ratio (PSSRa and PSSRb); Gitelson and Merzlyak (GM1 and GM2); Zarco Tejada-Miller Index (ZMI); Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); Simple Ratio (SR); Red-Eye Vegetation Stress Index (RVSI); Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI); Photochemical Reflectance Index 515 (PRI515); Water Band Index (WBI); specific disease index for individual study (fD); Healthy Index (HI); Plant Senescence Reflectance (PSRI); Vogelmann Red Edge Index (VREI1); Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RENDVI); and Modified Red Edge Simple Ratio (MRESRI). Our results showed that the PSRI and fD vegetation indices significantly detected grey mould on lettuce grown under both lighting systems (HPS and LEDs) the day after inoculation. The results conclusively affirmed that NDVI, PSRI, HI, fD, WBI, RVSI, PRI, PRI515, CRI2, SIPI, chlorophyll index PSSRb, and coloration index B were identified as the best indicators for Botrytis cinerea infection on green-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Little Gem) at the early stage of inoculated lettuce's antioxidative response against grey mould with a significant increase in chlorophyll indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asta Kupčinskienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Kaunas Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (A.B.); (N.R.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (V.V.-K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gargaro M, Murphy RJ, Harris ZM. Let-Us Investigate; A Meta-Analysis of Influencing Factors on Lettuce Crop Yields within Controlled-Environment Agriculture Systems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2623. [PMID: 37514238 PMCID: PMC10385570 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-related impacts have hampered the productivity of agricultural lands in recent times, affecting food security globally. Novel technology-based agricultural production systems such as controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) are a way to reduce the impact of climatic variation and pests that harm current global crop production and ensure consistent crop development. These systems often use artificial lighting and soilless mediums to produce crops. This meta-analysis has investigated the key influencing factors on crop production within these systems, using previous studies on lettuce (the most cultivated crop in these systems) to understand what affects yield within CEA. This analysis has found that on average, CEA systems yield twice that of field-based agriculture (3.68 kg m-2 vs. 1.88 kg m-2), with the most influencing factors being the variety of cultivars grown, the season, the nutrient delivery method, and the lighting type. The cultivation time for this study was 40 days, with 94% of papers having trial periods of 70 days or less, much lower than field-based agriculture (60-120 days). Vertical farming (stacked vertical CEA cultivation) studies were found to especially drive up yield per area (6.88 kg m-2). The results of this meta-analysis are useful for starting to understand the key influencing factors on CEA growth and highlight the breadth of research ongoing in the CEA industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gargaro
- Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Richard J Murphy
- Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Zoe M Harris
- Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren M, Liu S, Tang C, Mao G, Gai P, Guo X, Zheng H, Tang Q. Photomorphogenesis and Photosynthetic Traits Changes in Rice Seedlings Responding to Red and Blue Light. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11333. [PMID: 37511093 PMCID: PMC10378807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of red and blue lights on the photomorphogenesis and photosynthetic traits of rice seedlings. The rice seedlings were cultured with red light (R), blue light (B), combined red and blue lights (R3B1/R1B1/R1B3), and white light (CK) as the control. The combined application of red and blue lights could promote the growth of rice seedlings to varying degrees; enhance photosynthesis by increasing the seedling leaf area, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence; improve root characteristics by increasing root number, root volume, and root activity; and thus increase the dry matter accumulation of rice seedlings. In addition, the combination of red and blue lights could regulate the expression of genes related to photosynthesis in rice leaves, affect the activity of the Rubisco enzyme, and then affect the photosynthesis of rice seedlings. These results indicate that red and blue lights have direct synergistic effects, which can regulate the growth of rice seedlings and promote the morphogenesis of rice seedlings. The combined application of red and blue lights can be used to supplement the light in rice-factory seedling raising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maofei Ren
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shanzhen Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengzhu Tang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guiling Mao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Panpan Gai
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huabin Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiyuan Tang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shoji S, Saito H, Jitsuyama Y, Tomita K, Haoyang Q, Sakurai Y, Okazaki Y, Aikawa K, Konishi Y, Sasaki K, Fushimi K, Kitagawa Y, Suzuki T, Hasegawa Y. Plant growth acceleration using a transparent Eu 3+-painted UV-to-red conversion film. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17155. [PMID: 36289255 PMCID: PMC9605945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of photosynthesis is a strategy for achieving sustainable plant production. Red light is useful for plant growth because it is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments, which initiate natural photosynthetic processes. Ultraviolet (UV)-to-red wavelength-converting materials are promising candidates for eco-friendly plant cultures that do not require electric power. In this study, transparent films equipped with a UV-to-red wavelength-converting luminophore, the Eu3+ complex, were prepared on commercially available plastic films for plant growth experiments. The present Eu3+-based films absorb UV light and exhibit strong red luminescence under sunlight. Eu3+-painted films provide significant growth acceleration with size increment and biomass production for vegetal crops and trees in a northern region. The plants cultured with Eu3+-painted films had a 1.2-fold height and 1.4-fold total body biomass than those cultures without the Eu3+ luminophores. The present film can promote the plant production in fields of agriculture and forestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Shoji
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Jitsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kotono Tomita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Qiang Haoyang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yukiho Sakurai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yuhei Okazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kota Aikawa
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8626, Japan
| | - Yuki Konishi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8626, Japan
| | - Kensei Sasaki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8626, Japan
| | - Koji Fushimi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phenolic Compounds Content Evaluation of Lettuce Grown under Short-Term Preharvest Daytime or Nighttime Supplemental LEDs. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091123. [PMID: 35567124 PMCID: PMC9105848 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the changes in phenolic compounds content in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Little Gem) depending on the preharvest short-term daytime or nighttime supplemental light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) lighting in a greenhouse during autumn and spring cultivation. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under HPS supplemented with 400 nm, 455 nm, 530 nm, 455 + 530 nm or 660 nm LEDs light for 4 h five days before harvest. Two experiments (EXP) were performed: EXP1—HPS, and LEDs treatment during daytime 6 PM–10 PM, and EXP2—LEDs treatment at nighttime during 10 AM–2 PM. LEDs’ photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 50 and HPS—90 ± 10 µmol m−2 s−1. The most pronounced positive effect on total phenolic compounds revealed supplemental 400 and 455 + 530 nm LEDs lighting, except its application during the daytime at spring cultivation, when all supplemental LEDs light had no impact on phenolics content variation. Supplemental 400 nm LEDs applied in the daytime increased chlorogenic acid during spring and chicoric acid during autumn cultivation. 400 nm LEDs used in nighttime enhanced chlorogenic acid accumulation and rutin during autumn. Chicoric and chlorogenic acid significantly increased under supplemental 455 + 530 nm LEDs applied at daytime in autumn and used at nighttime—in spring. Supplemental LEDs application in the nighttime resulted in higher phenolic compounds content during spring cultivation and the daytime during autumn cultivation.
Collapse
|