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Bai Z, Tang J, Li Y, Li Z, Gu S, Deng L, Zhang Y. Integrated Metabolomics Approach Reveals the Dynamic Variations of Metabolites and Bioactivities in Paeonia ostii 'Feng Dan' Leaves during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1059. [PMID: 38256133 PMCID: PMC10816844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Paeonia ostii 'Feng Dan' is widely cultivated in China for its ornamental, medicinal, and edible properties. The whole plant of tree peony is rich in bioactive substances, while the comprehensive understanding of metabolites in the leaves is limited. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics strategy based on UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS was conducted to analyze the dynamic variations of bioactive metabolites in P. ostii 'Feng Dan' leaves during development. A total of 321 metabolites were rapidly annotated based on the GNPS platform, in-house database, and publications. To accurately quantify the selected metabolites, a targeted method of HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS was used. Albiflorin, paeoniflorin, pentagalloylglucose, luteolin 7-glucoside, and benzoylpaeoniflorin were recognized as the dominant bioactive compounds with significant content variations during leaf development. Metabolite variations during the development of P. ostii 'Feng Dan' leaves are greatly attributed to the variations in antioxidant activities. Among all tested bacteria, the leaf extract exhibited exceptional inhibitory effects against Streptococcus hemolytis-β. This research firstly provides new insights into tree peony leaves during development. The stages of S1-S2 may be the most promising harvesting time for potential use in food or pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhen Bai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Junman Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhuoning Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Siyi Gu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
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Gao S, Liu XY, Ni R, Fu J, Tan H, Cheng AX, Lou HX. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of 4-coumarate: CoA ligases from Marchantia paleacea and their roles in lignin and flavanone biosynthesis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296079. [PMID: 38190396 PMCID: PMC10773943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids play important roles in plant physiology and the enzyme 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL) catalyzes the formation of thioesters. Despite extensive characterization in various plants, the functions of 4CLs in the liverwort Marchantia paleacea remain unknown. Here, four 4CLs from M. paleacea were isolated and functionally analyzed. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli indicated the presence of different enzymatic activities in the four enzymes. Mp4CL1 and Mp4CL2 were able to convert caffeic, p-coumaric, cinnamic, ferulic, dihydro-p-coumaric, and 5-hydroxyferulic acids to their corresponding CoA esters, while Mp4CL3 and Mp4CL4 catalyzed none. Mp4CL1 transcription was induced when M. paleacea thalli were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The overexpression of Mp4CL1 increased the levels of lignin in transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, we reconstructed the flavanone biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. The pathway comprised Mp4CL1, co-expressed with chalcone synthase (CHS) from different plant species, and the efficiency of biosynthesis was optimal when both the 4CL and CHS were obtained from the same species M. paleacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinan, Shan-dong, China
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Muthusamy M, Lee SI. Abiotic stress-induced secondary metabolite production in Brassica: opportunities and challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1323085. [PMID: 38239210 PMCID: PMC10794482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1323085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Over the decades, extensive research efforts have been undertaken to understand how secondary plant metabolites are affected by genetic, environmental, and agronomic factors. Understanding the genetic basis of stress-response metabolite biosynthesis is crucial for sustainable agriculture production amidst frequent occurrence of climatic anomalies. Although it is known that environmental factors influence phytochemical profiles and their content, studies of plant compounds in relation to stress mitigation are only emerging and largely hindered by phytochemical diversities and technical shortcomings in measurement techniques. Despite these challenges, considerable success has been achieved in profiling of secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates, flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids. In this study, we aimed to understand the roles of glucosinolates, flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids in relation to their abiotic stress response, with a focus on the developing of stress-resilient crops. The focal genus is the Brassica since it (i) possesses variety of specialized phytochemicals that are important for its plant defense against major abiotic stresses, and (ii) hosts many economically important crops that are sensitive to adverse growth conditions. We summarize that augmented levels of specialized metabolites in Brassica primarily function as stress mitigators against oxidative stress, which is a secondary stressor in many abiotic stresses. Furthermore, it is clear that functional characterization of stress-response metabolites or their genetic pathways describing biosynthesis is essential for developing stress-resilient Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Sáenz-de la O D, Morales LO, Strid Å, Feregrino-Perez AA, Torres-Pacheco I, Guevara-González RG. Antioxidant and drought-acclimation responses in UV-B-exposed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum displaying constitutive overproduction of H 2O 2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2373-2387. [PMID: 37486529 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule that regulates antioxidant responses that are crucial for plant stress resistance. Exposure to low levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) can also activate antioxidant defenses and acclimation responses. However, how H2O2 and UV-B interact to promote stress acclimation remains poorly understood. In this work, a transgenic model of Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi nc, with elevated Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity, was used to study the interaction between the constitutive overproduction of H2O2 and a 14-day UV-B treatment (1.75 kJ m-2 d-1 biologically effective UV-B). Subsequently, these plants were subjected to a 7-day moderate drought treatment to evaluate the impact on drought resistance of H2O2- and UV-dependent stimulation of the plants' antioxidant system. The UV-B treatment enhanced H2O2 levels and altered the antioxidant status by increasing the epidermal flavonol index, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, and catalase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities in the leaves. UV-B also retarded growth and suppressed acclimation responses in highly H2O2-overproducing transgenic plants. Plants not exposed to UV-B had a higher drought resistance in the form of higher relative water content of leaves. Our data associate the interaction between Mn-SOD transgene overexpression and the UV-B treatment with a stress response. Finally, we propose a hormetic biphasic drought resistance response curve as a function of leaf H2O2 content in N. tabacum cv Xanthi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sáenz-de la O
- School of Engineering, National Technological Institute of Mexico-Campus Roque, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis O Morales
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åke Strid
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - A Angélica Feregrino-Perez
- Basic and Applied Bioengineering Group, School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, México
| | - Irineo Torres-Pacheco
- Center for Applied Research in Biosystems (CARB-CIAB), School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramón G Guevara-González
- Center for Applied Research in Biosystems (CARB-CIAB), School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Wu J, Lv S, Zhao L, Gao T, Yu C, Hu J, Ma F. Advances in the study of the function and mechanism of the action of flavonoids in plants under environmental stresses. PLANTA 2023; 257:108. [PMID: 37133783 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review summarizes the anti-stress effects of flavonoids in plants and highlights its role in the regulation of polar auxin transport and free radical scavenging mechanism. As secondary metabolites widely present in plants, flavonoids play a vital function in plant growth, but also in resistance to stresses. This review introduces the classification, structure and synthetic pathways of flavonoids. The effects of flavonoids in plant stress resistance were enumerated, and the mechanism of flavonoids in plant stress resistance was discussed in detail. It is clarified that plants under stress accumulate flavonoids by regulating the expression of flavonoid synthase genes. It was also determined that the synthesized flavonoids are transported in plants through three pathways: membrane transport proteins, vesicles, and bound to glutathione S-transferase (GST). At the same time, the paper explores that flavonoids regulate polar auxin transport (PAT) by acting on the auxin export carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) in the form of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B/P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP) transporter, which can help plants to respond in a more dominant form to stress. We have demonstrated that the number and location of hydroxyl groups in the structure of flavonoids can determine their free radical scavenging ability and also elucidated the mechanism by which flavonoids exert free radical removal in cells. We also identified flavonoids as signaling molecules to promote rhizobial nodulation and colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to enhance plant-microbial symbiosis in defense to stresses. Given all this knowledge, we can foresee that the in-depth study of flavonoids will be an essential way to reveal plant tolerance and enhance plant stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
| | - Sidi Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Kerchin District Branch Office, Tongliao City Ecological Environment Bureau, Tongliao, 028006, China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian, 116032, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Hao J, Zheng L, Han Y, Zhang H, Hou K, Liang X, Chen C, Wang Z, Qian J, Lin Z, Wang Z, Zeng H, Shen C. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of TCP family genes in Catharanthus roseus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1161534. [PMID: 37123846 PMCID: PMC10130365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1161534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The anti-tumor vindoline and catharanthine alkaloids are naturally existed in Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), an ornamental plant in many tropical countries. Plant-specific TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors play important roles in various plant developmental processes. However, the roles of C. roseus TCPs (CrTCPs) in terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis are largely unknown. Methods Here, a total of 15 CrTCP genes were identified in the newly updated C. roseus genome and were grouped into three major classes (P-type, C-type and CYC/TB1). Results Gene structure and protein motif analyses showed that CrTCPs have diverse intron-exon patterns and protein motif distributions. A number of stress responsive cis-elements were identified in promoter regions of CrTCPs. Expression analysis showed that three CrTCP genes (CrTCP2, CrTCP4, and CrTCP7) were expressed specifically in leaves and four CrTCP genes (CrTCP13, CrTCP8, CrTCP6, and CrTCP10) were expressed specifically in flowers. HPLC analysis showed that the contents of three classic TIAs, vindoline, catharanthine and ajmalicine, were significantly increased by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in leaves. By analyzing the expression patterns under UV-B radiation and MeJA application with qRT-PCR, a number of CrTCP and TIA biosynthesis-related genes were identified to be responsive to UV-B and MeJA treatments. Interestingly, two TCP binding elements (GGNCCCAC and GTGGNCCC) were identified in several TIA biosynthesis-related genes, suggesting that they were potential target genes of CrTCPs. Discussion These results suggest that CrTCPs are involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of TIAs, and provide a basis for further functional identification of CrTCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yidie Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongshan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Kharkiv Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kailin Hou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueshuang Liang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Qian
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Kharkiv Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chenjia Shen, ; Houqing Zeng,
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Kharkiv Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chenjia Shen, ; Houqing Zeng,
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Romano R, Pizzolongo F, De Luca L, Cozzolino E, Rippa M, Ottaiano L, Mormile P, Mori M, Di Mola I. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Wild Rocket ( Diplotaxis Tenuifolia L.) Grown under Different Plastic Films and with Different UV-B Radiation Postharvest Treatments. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244093. [PMID: 36553834 PMCID: PMC9778044 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocket species are rich in nutrients with well-known bioactive activity, but their content depends on several factors, such as plant-UV radiation interaction. In this work, we measured the production of nutritional elements in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) leaves as a function of exposure to UV-B radiation by adopting a combined approach. The wild rocket plants were grown under three greenhouse cover films (A, B, and C) having different transmittivity to UV-B and the fresh-cut leaves were exposed to UV-B in postharvest for 45, 150, 330, and 660 s. The content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant activity were determined. Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenolic content were significantly increased by the combination of Film C and treatment with UV-B for 45 s. The predominant phenolic compounds were kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and quercetin. Film C also elicited an increase in ascorbic acid (the most abundant antioxidant compound in the range 374-1199 per 100 g of dry matter) and antioxidant activity. These findings highlighted an increase in bioactive compound content in the wild rocket when it was cultivated under Film C (diffused light film with a tailored UV-B transmission dose) and treated with UV-B radiation for 45 s postharvest, corresponding to an energy dose of 0.2 KJ m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Fabiana Pizzolongo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia De Luca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cozzolino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA)—Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Massimo Rippa
- National Research Council (CNR)—Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “Eduardo Caianiello”, 80128 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Ottaiano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale Mormile
- National Research Council (CNR)—Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “Eduardo Caianiello”, 80128 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mauro Mori
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Ida Di Mola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Tungmunnithum D, Garros L, Drouet S, Cruz-Martins N, Hano C. Extraction Kinetics and Reaction Rates of Sacred Lotus Stamen Tea Infusion-Derived Flavonoids in Relation with Its Antioxidant Capacity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172234. [PMID: 36079616 PMCID: PMC9459831 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stamen tea from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (or the so-called sacred lotus) is widely consumed, and its flavonoids provide various human health benefits. The method used for tea preparation for consumption, namely the infusion time, may affect the levels of extractable flavonoids, ultimately affecting their biological effects. To date, there is no report on this critical information. Thus, this study aims to determine the kinetics of solid liquid extraction of flavonoid from sacred lotus stamen using the traditional method of preparing sacred lotus stamen tea. Phytochemical composition was also analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant potential of stamen tea was also determined. The results indicated that the infusion time critically affects the concentrations of flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of sacred lotus stamen tea, with a minimum infusion time of 5–12 min being required to release the different flavonoids from the tea. The extraction was modeled using second order kinetics. The rate of release was investigated by the glycosylation pattern, with flavonoid diglycosides, e.g., rutin and Kae-3-Rob, being released faster than flavonoid monoglycosides. The antioxidant activity was also highly correlated with flavonoid levels during infusion. Taken together, data obtained here underline that, among others, the infusion time should be considered for the experimental design of future epidemiological studies and/or clinical trials to reach the highest health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Biology, Eure et Loir Campus, University of Orleans, 28000 Chartres, France
- Le Studium Institue for Advanced Studies, 1 Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Laurine Garros
- Department of Chemical Biology, Eure et Loir Campus, University of Orleans, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Department of Chemical Biology, Eure et Loir Campus, University of Orleans, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Christophe Hano
- Department of Chemical Biology, Eure et Loir Campus, University of Orleans, 28000 Chartres, France
- Le Studium Institue for Advanced Studies, 1 Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (C.H.)
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