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Dehghanian Z, Ahmadabadi M, Asgari Lajayer B, Gougerdchi V, Hamedpour-Darabi M, Bagheri N, Sharma R, Vetukuri RR, Astatkie T, Dell B. Quinoa: A Promising Crop for Resolving the Bottleneck of Cultivation in Soils Affected by Multiple Environmental Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2117. [PMID: 39124236 PMCID: PMC11313704 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained worldwide recognition for its nutritional values, adaptability to diverse environments, and genetic diversity. This review explores the current understanding of quinoa tolerance to environmental stress, focusing on drought, salinity, heat, heavy metals, and UV-B radiation. Although drought and salinity have been extensively studied, other stress factors remain underexplored. The ever-increasing incidence of abiotic stress, exacerbated by unpredictable weather patterns and climate change, underscores the importance of understanding quinoa's responses to these challenges. Global gene banks safeguard quinoa's genetic diversity, supporting breeding efforts to develop stress-tolerant varieties. Recent advances in genomics and molecular tools offer promising opportunities to improve stress tolerance and increase the yield potential of quinoa. Transcriptomic studies have shed light on the responses of quinoa to drought and salinity, yet further studies are needed to elucidate its resilience to other abiotic stresses. Quinoa's ability to thrive on poor soils and limited water resources makes it a sustainable option for land restoration and food security enterprises. In conclusion, quinoa is a versatile and robust crop with the potential to address food security challenges under environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dehghanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 53714-161, Iran; (Z.D.); (M.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Mohammad Ahmadabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 53714-161, Iran; (Z.D.); (M.A.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Vahideh Gougerdchi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Mohsen Hamedpour-Darabi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684471, Iran;
| | - Nazila Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 53714-161, Iran; (Z.D.); (M.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya Suchani, Samba, Jammu 181143, India;
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422 Lomma, Sweden;
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Bernard Dell
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia;
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Vergara-Diaz O, Velasco-Serrano E, Invernón-Garrido A, Katamadze A, Yoldi-Achalandabaso A, Serret MD, Vicente R. Quinoa panicles contribute to carbon assimilation and are more tolerant to salt stress than leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154161. [PMID: 38142485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of inflorescences to seed filling have attracted great attention given the resilience of this photosynthetic organ to stressful conditions. However, studies have been almost exclusively focused to small grain cereals. In this study, we aimed to explore these responses in quinoa, as a climate resilient seed crop of elevated economic and nutritious potential. We compared the physiological and metabolic performance of panicles and leaves of two quinoa cultivars growing under contrasting salinity levels. Plant growth, photosynthetic and transpiratory gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored in inflorescences and leaves throughout the experiment. At flowering stage, young and mature leaves and panicles were sampled for key metabolic markers related to carbon, nitrogen and secondary metabolisms. When subjected to salt stress, panicles showed attenuated declines on photosynthesis, water use, pigments, amino acids, and protein levels as compared to leaves. In fact, the assimilation rates, together with a high hexose content evidenced an active photosynthetic role of the panicle under optimal and salt stress conditions. Moreover, we also found significant genotypic variability for physiological and metabolic traits of panicles and leaves, which emphasizes the study of genotype-dependent stress responses at the whole plant level. We conclude that quinoa panicles are less affected by salt stress than leaves, which encourages further research and exploitation of this organ for crop improvement and stress resilience considering the high natural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Vergara-Diaz
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Elena Velasco-Serrano
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Alicia Invernón-Garrido
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Artūrs Katamadze
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Ander Yoldi-Achalandabaso
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal; FisioClimaCO(2) Group, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Meng D, Yuan MM, Li J. Editorial: Microbe assisted plant resistance to abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1277682. [PMID: 37727856 PMCID: PMC10505755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1277682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Maggie Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Juan Li
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Liu H, Chong P, Liu Z, Bao X, Tan B. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide improves salt stress tolerance of Reaumuria soongorica seedlings by regulating active oxygen metabolism. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15881. [PMID: 37641597 PMCID: PMC10460565 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an endogenous gas signaling molecule, plays an important role in plant growth regulation and resistance to abiotic stress. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of exogenous H2S on the growth and development of Reaumuria soongorica seedlings under salt stress and to determine the optimal concentration for foliar application. To investigate the regulatory effects of exogenous H2S (donor sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 mM on reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant system, and osmoregulation in R. soongorica seedlings under 300 mM NaCl stress. The growth of R. soongorica seedlings was inhibited by salt stress, which resulted in a decrease in the leaf relative water content (LRWC), specific leaf area (SLA), and soluble sugar content in leaves, elevated activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT); and accumulated superoxide anion (O2-), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and soluble protein content in leaves; and increased L-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) activity and endogenous H2S content. This indicated that a high level of ROS was produced in the leaves of R. soongorica seedlings and seriously affected the growth and development of R. soongorica seedlings. The exogenous application of different concentrations of NaHS reduced the content of O 2-, proline and MDA, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmoregulators (soluble sugars and soluble proteins), while the LCD enzyme activity and the content of endogenous H2S were further increased with the continuous application of exogenous H2S. The inhibitory effects of salt stress on the growth rate of plant height and ground diameter, the LRWC, biomass, and SLA were effectively alleviated. A comprehensive analysis showed that the LRWC, POD, and proline could be used as the main indicators to evaluate the alleviating effect of exogenous H2S on R. soongorica seedlings under salt stress. The optimal concentration of exogenous H2S for R. soongorica seedlings under salt stress was 0.025 mM. This study provides an important theoretical foundation for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism of R. soongorica and for cultivating high-quality germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zehua Liu
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Sghaier N, Essemine J, Ayed RB, Gorai M, Ben Marzoug R, Rebai A, Qu M. An Evidence Theory and Fuzzy Logic Combined Approach for the Prediction of Potential ARF-Regulated Genes in Quinoa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 36616201 PMCID: PMC9824623 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa constitutes among the tolerant plants to the challenging and harmful abiotic environmental factors. Quinoa was selected as among the model crops destined for bio-saline agriculture that could contribute to the staple food security for an ever-growing worldwide population under various climate change scenarios. The auxin response factors (ARFs) constitute the main contributors in the plant adaptation to severe environmental conditions. Thus, the determination of the ARF-binding sites represents the major step that could provide promising insights helping in plant breeding programs and improving agronomic traits. Hence, determining the ARF-binding sites is a challenging task, particularly in species with large genome sizes. In this report, we present a data fusion approach based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory and fuzzy set theory to predict the ARF-binding sites. We then performed an "In-silico" identification of the ARF-binding sites in Chenopodium quinoa. The characterization of some known pathways implicated in the auxin signaling in other higher plants confirms our prediction reliability. Furthermore, several pathways with no or little available information about their functions were identified to play important roles in the adaptation of quinoa to environmental conditions. The predictive auxin response genes associated with the detected ARF-binding sites may certainly help to explore the biological roles of some unknown genes newly identified in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Sghaier
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Technology and Intelligent Systems, National Engineering School of Sousse, Sousse 4023, Tunisia
| | - Jemaa Essemine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rayda Ben Ayed
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia (INAT), 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 El Mahrajène, University of Carthage-Tunis, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, B.P. 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Gorai
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology Medenine, University of Gabes, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Ben Marzoug
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Sfax Biotechnology Center, B.P 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Sfax Biotechnology Center, B.P 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Mingnan Qu
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Alharbi K, Osman HS, Rashwan E, Hafez EM, Omara AED. Stimulating the Growth, Anabolism, Antioxidants, and Yield of Rice Plants Grown under Salt Stress by Combined Application of Bacterial Inoculants and Nano-Silicon. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243431. [PMID: 36559542 PMCID: PMC9787420 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growth and development of rice face many issues, including its exposure to high soil salinity. This issue can be alleviated using new approaches to overwhelm the factors that restrict rice productivity. The objective of our investigation was the usage of the rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis and Bacillus coagulans) as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nano-silicon, which could be a positive technology to cope with the problems raised by soil salinity in addition to improvement the morpho-physiological properties, and productivity of two rice varieties (i.e., Giza 177 as salt-sensitive and Giza 179 as salt-tolerant). The findings stated that the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease), root length, leaf area index, photosynthesis pigments, K+ ions, relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (gs) while resulted in the reduction of Na+, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content. All these improvements are due to increased antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), which decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) under soil salinity in rice plants compared to the other treatments. Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake. In conclusion, both PGPRs and nano-Si had stimulating effects that mitigated the salinity-deleterious effects and encouraged plant growth, and, therefore, enhanced the grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany S. Osman
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shubra, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Emadeldeen Rashwan
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Emad M. Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt
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Alharbi K, Hafez E, Omara AED, Awadalla A, Nehela Y. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Silica Nanoparticles Stimulate Sugar Beet Resilience to Irrigation with Saline Water in Salt-Affected Soils. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223117. [PMID: 36432846 PMCID: PMC9694940 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) severely reduce plant growth and sugar beet yield. Seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and/or foliar spraying with silica nanoparticles (Si-NP) is deemed one of the most promising new strategies that have the potential to inhibit abiotic stress. Herein, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plants were treated with two PGPR (Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738 and Bacillus coagulans NCAIM B.01123) and/or Si-NP, during two successive seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 to examine the vital role of PGPR, Si-NP, and their combination in improving growth characteristics, and production in sugar beet plants exposed to two watering treatments (fresh water and saline water) in salt-affected soil. The results revealed that combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) increased ion imbalance (K+/Na+ ratio; from 1.54 ± 0.11 to 1.00 ± 0.15) and declined the relative water content (RWC; from 86.76 ± 4.70 to 74.30 ± 3.20%), relative membrane stability index (RMSI), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content, which negatively affected on the crop productivity. Nevertheless, the application of combined PGPR and Si-NP decreased oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and sodium ions while increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; up to 1.9-folds), catalase (CAT; up to 1.4-folds), and peroxidase (POX; up to 2.5-folds) enzymes, and potassium ions resulting in physiological processes, root yield, and sugar yield compared to non-treated controls under combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation). It is worth mentioning that the singular application of PGPR improved root length, diameter, and yield greater than Si-NP alone and it was comparable to the combined treatment (PGPR+Si-NP). It was concluded that the combined application of PGPR and Si-NP has valuable impacts on the growth and yield of sugar beet growing under combined stressors of high soil salinity and saline water irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Dien Omara
- Agricultural Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza 12112, Egypt
| | - Abdelmoniem Awadalla
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
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Alharbi K, Rashwan E, Hafez E, Omara AED, Mohamed HH, Alshaal T. Potassium Humate and Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes Jointly Mitigate Water Deficit Stress in Soybean Cultivated in Salt-Affected Soil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3016. [PMID: 36432745 PMCID: PMC9698740 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lack of high-quality irrigation water and soil salinity are two main environmental factors that affect plant development. When both stressors are combined, the soil becomes sterile and constrains plant productivity. Consequently, two field trials were designed to assess whether plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs; Bradyrhizobium japonicum (USDA 110) and Trichoderma harzianum) and potassium humate (K-humate) can stimulate soybean growth, productivity, and seed quality under two different watering regimes as follows: (i) well-watered (WW), where plants were irrigated at 12-day intervals (recommended), and (ii) water stress (WS), where plants were irrigated at the 18-day intervals in salt-affected soil during 2020 and 2021 seasons. Results revealed that coupled application of PGPMs and K-humate resulted in a substantial improvement in K+ levels in the leaves compared to Na+ levels, which has a direct positive impact on an enhancement in the antioxidants defense system (CAT, POX, SOD), which caused the decline of the oxidative stress indicators (H2O2, MDA, and EL%) as well as proline content under water stress in salt-affected soil. Hence, a significant increase in root length, nodule weight, soybean relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, soluble protein, seed carbohydrate content as well as the number of pods plant-1 and seed yield was reported. In conclusion, the combined application of PGPMs and K-humate might be recommended to maximize the soybean growth and productivity under harsh growth conditions (e.g., water stress and soil salinity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emadeldeen Rashwan
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Emad Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Agricultural Research Center, Microbiology, Soils, Water Environment Research Institute, Giza 12112, Egypt
| | - Hossam Hussein Mohamed
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 13625, Egypt
| | - Tarek Alshaal
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Applied Plant Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Application of Silica Nanoparticles in Combination with Two Bacterial Strains Improves the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity and Production of Barley Irrigated with Saline Water in Salt-Affected Soil. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152026. [PMID: 35956503 PMCID: PMC9370161 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of low-quality water or irrigation of field crops with saline water in salt-affected soil is a critical worldwide challenge that rigorously influences agricultural productivity and sustainability, especially in arid and semiarid zones with limited freshwater resources. Therefore, we investigated a synergistic amendment strategy for salt-affected soil using a singular and combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR at 950 g ha−1; Azotobacter chroococcum SARS 10 and Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738) and silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) at 500 mg L−1 to mitigate the detrimental impacts of irrigation with saline water on the growth, physiology, and productivity of barley (Hordum vulgare L.), along with soil attributes and nutrient uptake during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. Our field trials showed that the combined application of PGPR and SiNPs significantly improved the soil physicochemical properties, mainly by reducing the soil exchangeable sodium percentage. Additionally, it considerably enhanced the microbiological counts (i.e., bacteria, azotobacter, and bacillus) and soil enzyme activity (i.e., urease and dehydrogenase) in both growing seasons compared with the control. The combined application of PGPR and SiNPs alleviated the detrimental impacts of saline water on barley plants grown in salt-affected soil compared to the single application of PGPR or SiNPs. The marked improvement was due to the combined application of PGPR and SiNPs, which enhanced the physiological properties (e.g., relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, and K/Na ratio), enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX)), and yield and yield-related traits and nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of barley plants. Moreover, the Na+ content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content were reduced upon the application of PGPR + SiNPs. These results could be important information for cultivating barley and other cereal crops in salt-affected soil under irrigation with saline water.
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