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Rajesh R U, Sangeetha D. Therapeutic potentials and targeting strategies of quercetin on cancer cells: Challenges and future prospects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 133:155902. [PMID: 39059266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every cell in the human body is vital because it maintains equilibrium and carries out a variety of tasks, including growth and development. These activities are carried out by a set of instructions carried by many different genes and organized into DNA. It is well recognized that some lifestyle decisions, like using tobacco, alcohol, UV, or multiple sexual partners, might increase one's risk of developing cancer. The advantages of natural products for any health issue are well known, and researchers are making attempts to separate flavonoid-containing substances from plants. Various parts of plants contain a phenolic compound called flavonoid. Quercetin, which belongs to the class of compounds known as flavones with chromone skeletal structure, has anti-cancer activity. PURPOSE The study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic action of the flavonoid quercetin on various cancer cells. METHODS The phrases quercetin, anti-cancer, nanoparticles, and cell line were used to search the data using online resources such as PubMed, and Google Scholar. Several critical previous studies have been included. RESULTS Quercetin inhibits various dysregulated signaling pathways that cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis to exercise its anticancer effects. Numerous signaling pathways are impacted by quercetin, such as the Hedgehog system, Akt, NF-κB pathway, downregulated mutant p53, JAK/STAT, G1 phase arrest, Wnt/β-Catenin, and MAPK. There are downsides to quercetin, like hydrophobicity, first-pass effect, instability in the gastrointestinal tract, etc., because of which it is not well-established in the pharmaceutical industry. The solution to these drawbacks in the future is using bio-nanomaterials like chitosan, PLGA, liposomes, and silk fibroin as carriers, which can enhance the target specificity of quercetin. The first section of this review covers the specifics of flavonoids and quercetin; the second section covers the anti-cancer activity of quercetin; and the third section explains the drawbacks and conjugation of quercetin with nanoparticles for drug delivery by overcoming quercetin's drawback. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review presented details about quercetin, which is a plant derivative with a promising molecular mechanism of action. They inhibit cancer by various mechanisms with little or no side effects. It is anticipated that plant-based materials will become increasingly relevant in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Rajesh R
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanaraj Sangeetha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Mallur DJ, Lavanya B, Temkar SS, Arun V, Paul BC. Exploring okra-derived compounds as prospective aromatase inhibitors: a computational study for enhanced breast cancer therapy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38887049 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2335301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer represents itself as the most prevalent malignancy among postmenopausal women. One of the promising therapeutic approaches involves the use of Aromatase inhibitors, which competitively bind to Aromatase, reducing estrone and estradiol levels. While current drugs have improved survival rates, they are not without adverse effects. Consequently, this study explores the computational screening of medicinally relevant compounds derived from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) for potential Aromatase inhibition. Molecular docking employing AMDock v1.5.2 was utilized to assess binding affinities with Aromatase (PDB:3EQM). Subsequently, in-depth molecular interactions were examined using Discovery Studio Visualizer v4.5, and the stability of docked complexes was evaluated via molecular dynamics with the GROMACS package, focusing on RMSD, RMSF, H-bond count, SASA, Free energy landscape, Principal Component Analysis and binding affinity assessment. The pharmacokinetic properties of the okra compounds were predicted using admetSAR v2.0. Our findings highlight Quercetin 3-gentiobioside as a standout candidate, demonstrating superior binding affinity (-10 kcal/mol) and an estimated Ki of 46.77 nM compared to letrozole and other okra compounds. Molecular dynamic analysis confirms the stability of Quercetin 3-gentiobioside binding in terms of H-bonds and conformational integrity. In conclusion, our computational investigation identifies Quercetin 3-gentiobioside, along with Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside and Hyperin, as promising candidates for preclinical studies in the pursuit of potential Aromatase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrithi Jayasimha Mallur
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - B Lavanya
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Sheshadri S Temkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - V Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Benedict C Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
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Baptista RM, Rodrigues MA, Roselet F, Costa CSB, da Silva PEA, Ramos DF. Coastal natural products: a review applied to antimycobacterial activity. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38832530 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2361333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the many advances in drug research, natural products are still being explored as a promising source for discovering new bioactive compounds to treat global diseases such as tuberculosis. However, there is a lack of studies and information about coastal natural products, which thrive in the transitional environment between two different ecosystems and produce unique secondary metabolites. Mangroves, estuaries, and mudflats make up areas for coastal species and have shown promising results in antituberculosis research, some of them are present in hotspot areas. This review focuses on research conducted in coastal environments and explores the reasons why these natural products tend to outperform non-coastal ones against the causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Moreira Baptista
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Produtos Naturais Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Marcos Alaniz Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Produtos Naturais Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Fabio Roselet
- Instituto de Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | | | | | - Daniela Fernandes Ramos
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Produtos Naturais Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil
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4
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Lewis JA, Jacobo EP, Palmer N, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Brozik JA, Sarath G, Kang C. Structural and Interactional Analysis of the Flavonoid Pathway Proteins: Chalcone Synthase, Chalcone Isomerase and Chalcone Isomerase-like Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5651. [PMID: 38891840 PMCID: PMC11172311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyze the first two committed steps of the flavonoid pathway that plays a pivotal role in the growth and reproduction of land plants, including UV protection, pigmentation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and pathogen resistance. Based on the obtained X-ray crystal structures of CHS, CHI, and chalcone isomerase-like protein (CHIL) from the same monocotyledon, Panicum virgatum, along with the results of the steady-state kinetics, spectroscopic/thermodynamic analyses, intermolecular interactions, and their effect on each catalytic step are proposed. In addition, PvCHI's unique activity for both naringenin chalcone and isoliquiritigenin was analyzed, and the observed hierarchical activity for those type-I and -II substrates was explained with the intrinsic characteristics of the enzyme and two substrates. The structure of PvCHS complexed with naringenin supports uncompetitive inhibition. PvCHS displays intrinsic catalytic promiscuity, evident from the formation of p-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL) in addition to naringenin chalcone. In the presence of PvCHIL, conversion of p-coumaroyl-CoA to naringenin through PvCHS and PvCHI displayed ~400-fold increased Vmax with reduced formation of CTAL by 70%. Supporting this model, molecular docking, ITC (Isothermal Titration Calorimetry), and FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) indicated that both PvCHI and PvCHIL interact with PvCHS in a non-competitive manner, indicating the plausible allosteric effect of naringenin on CHS. Significantly, the presence of naringenin increased the affinity between PvCHS and PvCHIL, whereas naringenin chalcone decreased the affinity, indicating a plausible feedback mechanism to minimize spontaneous incorrect stereoisomers. These are the first findings from a three-body system from the same species, indicating the importance of the macromolecular assembly of CHS-CHI-CHIL in determining the amount and type of flavonoids produced in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Eric P. Jacobo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (S.E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Scott E. Sattler
- Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (S.E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - James A Brozik
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (S.E.S.); (G.S.)
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (E.P.J.); (J.A.B.)
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5
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Kim G, Cho H, Kim S. Identification of a candidate gene for the I locus determining the dominant white bulb color in onion (Allium cepa L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:118. [PMID: 38709404 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Through a map-based cloning approach, a gene coding for an R2R3-MYB transcription factor was identified as a causal gene for the I locus controlling the dominant white bulb color in onion. White bulb colors in onion (Allium cepa L.) are determined by either the C or I loci. The causal gene for the C locus was previously isolated, but the gene responsible for the I locus has not been identified yet. To identify candidate genes for the I locus, an approximately 7-Mb genomic DNA region harboring the I locus was obtained from onion and bunching onion (A. fistulosum) whole genome sequences using two tightly linked molecular markers. Within this interval, the AcMYB1 gene, known as a positive regulator of anthocyanin production, was identified. No polymorphic sequences were found between white and red AcMYB1 alleles in the 4,860-bp full-length genomic DNA sequences. However, a 4,838-bp LTR-retrotransposon was identified in the white allele, in the 79-bp upstream coding region from the stop codon. The insertion of this LTR-retrotransposon created a premature stop codon, resulting in the replacement of 26 amino acids with seven different residues. A molecular marker was developed based on the insertion of this LTR-retrotransposon to genotype the I locus. A perfect linkage between bulb color phenotypes and marker genotypes was observed among 5,303 individuals of segregating populations. The transcription of AcMYB1 appeared to be normal in both red and white onions, but the transcription of CHS-A, which encodes chalcone synthase and is involved in the first step of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, was inactivated in the white onions. Taken together, an aberrant AcMYB1 protein produced from the mutant allele might be responsible for the dominant white bulb color in onions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonjoong Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Cho
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Marsan CB, Lee SG, Nguyen A, Gordillo Sierra AR, Coleman SM, Brooks SM, Alper HS. Leveraging a Y. lipolytica naringenin chassis for biosynthesis of apigenin and associated glucoside. Metab Eng 2024; 83:1-11. [PMID: 38447910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a diverse set of natural products with promising bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties. Previously, the oleaginous host Yarrowia lipolytica has been engineered to produce high titers of the base flavonoid naringenin. Here, we leverage this host along with a set of E. coli bioconversion strains to produce the flavone apigenin and its glycosylated derivative isovitexin, two potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical candidates. Through downstream strain selection, co-culture optimization, media composition, and mutant isolation, we were able to produce168 mg/L of apigenin, representing a 46% conversion rate of 2-(R/S)-naringenin to apigenin. This apigenin platform was modularly extended to produce isovitexin by addition of a second bioconversion strain. Together, these results demonstrate the promise of microbial production and modular bioconversion to access diversified flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste B Marsan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sung Gyung Lee
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ankim Nguyen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Angela R Gordillo Sierra
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sarah M Coleman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sierra M Brooks
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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7
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Sheibani S, Jafarzadeh S, Qazanfarzadeh Z, Osadee Wijekoon MMJ, Mohd Rozalli NH, Mohammadi Nafchi A. Sustainable strategies for using natural extracts in smart food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131537. [PMID: 38608975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly food packaging has prompted research on innovative solutions to environmental and consumer health issues. To enhance the properties of smart packaging, the incorporation of bioactive compounds derived from various natural sources has attracted considerable interest because of their functional properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. However, extracting these compounds from natural sources poses challenges because of their complex chemical structures and low concentrations. Traditional extraction methods are often environmentally harmful, expensive and time-consuming. Thus, green extraction techniques have emerged as promising alternatives, offering sustainable and eco-friendly approaches that minimise the use of hazardous solvents and reduce environmental impact. This review explores cutting-edge research on the green extraction of bioactive compounds and their incorporation into smart packaging systems in the last 10 years. Then, an overview of bioactive compounds, green extraction techniques, integrated techniques, green extraction solvents and their application in smart packaging was provided, and the impact of bioactive compounds incorporated in smart packaging on the shelf lives of food products was explored. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges and opportunities within this field and presents recommendations for future research, aiming to contribute to the advancement of sustainable and efficient smart packaging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Sheibani
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shima Jafarzadeh
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Zeinab Qazanfarzadeh
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - M M Jeevani Osadee Wijekoon
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Balykina A, Naida L, Kirkgöz K, Nikolaev VO, Fock E, Belyakov M, Whaley A, Whaley A, Shpakova V, Rukoyatkina N, Gambaryan S. Antiplatelet Effects of Flavonoid Aglycones Are Mediated by Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4864. [PMID: 38732081 PMCID: PMC11084604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid aglycones are secondary plant metabolites that exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiplatelet effects. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their inhibitory effect on platelet activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we applied flow cytometry to analyze the effects of six flavonoid aglycones (luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, eriodictyol, kaempferol, and apigenin) on platelet activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, formation of reactive oxygen species, and intracellular esterase activity. We found that these compounds significantly inhibit thrombin-induced platelet activation and decrease formation of reactive oxygen species in activated platelets. The tested aglycones did not affect platelet viability, apoptosis induction, or procoagulant platelet formation. Notably, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, and apigenin increased thrombin-induced thromboxane synthase activity, which was analyzed by a spectrofluorimetric method. Our results obtained from Western blot analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the antiplatelet properties of the studied phytochemicals are mediated by activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, we established by using Förster resonance energy transfer that the molecular mechanisms are, at least partly, associated with the inhibition of phosphodiesterases 2 and/or 5. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of flavonoid aglycones for clinical application as antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balykina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of General Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Lidia Naida
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia;
| | - Kürsat Kirkgöz
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (V.O.N.)
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (V.O.N.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Fock
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Michael Belyakov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg 188663, Russia;
| | - Anastasiia Whaley
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Andrei Whaley
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Valentina Shpakova
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK;
| | - Natalia Rukoyatkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
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Zhang L, Zhang F, He X, Dong Y, Sun K, Liu S, Wang X, Yang H, Zhang W, Lakshmanan P, Chen X, Deng Y. Comparative metabolomics reveals complex metabolic shifts associated with nitrogen-induced color development in mature pepper fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1319680. [PMID: 38444531 PMCID: PMC10912300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1319680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pigments derived from red pepper fruits are widely used in food and cosmetics as natural colorants. Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient affecting plant growth and metabolism; however, its regulation of color-related metabolites in pepper fruit has not been fully elucidated. This study analyzed the effects of N supply (0, 250, and 400 kg N ha-1) on the growth, fruit skin color, and targeted and non-target secondary metabolites of field-grown pepper fruits at the mature red stage. Overall, 16 carotenoids were detected, of which capsanthin, zeaxanthin, and capsorubin were the dominant ones. N application at 250 kg ha-1 dramatically increased contents of red pigment capsanthin, yellow-orange zeaxanthin and β-carotene, with optimum fruit yield. A total of 290 secondary metabolites were detected and identified. The relative content of most flavonoids and phenolic acids was decreased with increasing N supply. Correlation analysis showed that color parameters were highly correlated with N application rates, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and coumarins. Collectively, N promoted carotenoid biosynthesis but downregulated phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, which together determined the spectrum of red color expression in pepper fruit. Our results provide a better understanding of the impact of N nutrition on pepper fruit color formation and related physiology, and identification of target metabolites for enhancement of nutritional quality and consumer appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuanyi He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuehua Dong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunli Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xinping Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Kong X, Chen Z, Zhong S, Li X, Shan R, You X, Wei K, Chen C. Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Revealed Different Regulatory Networks of Metabolic Flux in Tea Plants [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] with Varied Leaf Colors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:242. [PMID: 38203412 PMCID: PMC10779186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf color variations in tea plants were widely considered due to their attractive phenotypes and characteristic flavors. The molecular mechanism of color formation was extensively investigated. But few studies focused on the transformation process of leaf color change. In this study, four strains of 'Baijiguan' F1 half-sib generation with similar genetic backgrounds but different colors were used as materials, including Green (G), Yellow-Green (Y-G), Yellow (Y), and Yellow-Red (Y-R). The results of broadly targeted metabolomics showed that 47 metabolites were differentially accumulated in etiolated leaves (Y-G, Y, and Y-R) as compared with G. Among them, lipids were the main downregulated primary metabolites in etiolated leaves, which were closely linked with the thylakoid membrane and chloroplast structure. Flavones and flavonols were the dominant upregulated secondary metabolites in etiolated leaves, which might be a repair strategy for reducing the negative effects of dysfunctional chloroplasts. Further integrated analysis with the transcriptome indicated different variation mechanisms of leaf phenotype in Y-G, Y, and Y-R. The leaf color formation of Y-G and Y was largely determined by the increased content of eriodictyol-7-O-neohesperidoside and the enhanced activities of its modification process, while the color formation of Y-R depended on the increased contents of apigenin derivates and the vigorous processes of their transportation and transcription factor regulation. The key candidate genes, including UDPG, HCT, CsGSTF1, AN1/CsMYB75, and bHLH62, might play important roles in the flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China;
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Sitong Zhong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinlei Li
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ruiyang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaomei You
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China;
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China; (Y.Z.); (X.K.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (X.L.); (R.S.); (X.Y.)
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11
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Lewis JA, Zhang B, Harza R, Palmer N, Sarath G, Sattler SE, Twigg P, Vermerris W, Kang C. Structural Similarities and Overlapping Activities among Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase, Flavanone 4-Reductase, and Anthocyanidin Reductase Offer Metabolic Flexibility in the Flavonoid Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13901. [PMID: 37762209 PMCID: PMC10531346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are potent antioxidants that play a role in defense against pathogens, UV-radiation, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavanone 4-reductase (FNR) reduce dihydroflavonols and flavanones, respectively, using NAD(P)H to produce flavan-(3)-4-(di)ols in flavonoid biosynthesis. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) reduces anthocyanidins to flavan-3-ols. In addition to their sequences, the 3D structures of recombinant DFR, FNR and ANR from sorghum and switchgrass showed a high level of similarity. The catalytic mechanism, substrate-specificity and key residues of three reductases were deduced from crystal structures, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular docking, kinetics, and thermodynamic ana-lyses. Although DFR displayed its highest activity against dihydroflavonols, it also showed activity against flavanones and anthocyanidins. It was inhibited by the flavonol quercetin and high concentrations of dihydroflavonols/flavonones. SbFNR1 and SbFNR2 did not show any activity against dihydroflavonols. However, SbFNR1 displayed activity against flavanones and ANR activity against two anthocyanidins, cyanidin and pelargonidin. Therefore, SbFNR1 and SbFNR2 could be specific ANR isozymes without delphinidin activity. Sorghum has high concentrations of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in vivo, supporting the observed high activity of SbDFR against flavonols. Mining of expression data indicated substantial induction of these three reductase genes in both switchgrass and sorghum in response to biotic stress. Key signature sequences for proper DFR/ANR classification are proposed and could form the basis for future metabolic engineering of flavonoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bixia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rishi Harza
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (G.S.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (G.S.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Scott E. Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (N.P.); (G.S.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA;
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (J.A.L.); (B.Z.)
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12
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Xie Z, Luo Y, Zhang C, An W, Zhou J, Jin C, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome during Fruit Development Reveal Metabolic Differences and Molecular Basis between Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum. Metabolites 2023; 13:680. [PMID: 37367839 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) is a traditional cash crop in China and is well-known worldwide for its outstanding nutritional and medicinal value. Lycium ruthenicum is a close relative of Lycium barbarum but differs significantly in size, color, flavor and nutritional composition. To date, the metabolic differences between the fruits of the two wolfberry varieties and the genetic basis behind them are unclear. Here, we compared metabolome and transcriptome data of two kinds of wolfberry fruits at five stages of development. Metabolome results show that amino acids, vitamins and flavonoids had the same accumulation pattern in various developmental stages of fruit but that Lycium ruthenicum accumulated more metabolites than Lycium barbarum during the same developmental stage, including L-glutamate, L-proline, L-serine, abscisic acid (ABA), sucrose, thiamine, naringenin and quercetin. Based on the metabolite and gene networks, many key genes that may be involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway in wolfberry were identified, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H and FLS. The expression of these genes was significantly higher in Lycium ruthenicum than in Lycium barbarum, indicating that the difference in the expression of these genes was the main reason for the variation in flavonoid accumulation between Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum. Taken together, our results reveal the genetic basis of the difference in metabolomics between Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum and provide new insights into the flavonoid synthesis of wolfberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xie
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Changjian Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
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13
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Scarano A, Laddomada B, Blando F, De Santis S, Verna G, Chieppa M, Santino A. The Chelating Ability of Plant Polyphenols Can Affect Iron Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030630. [PMID: 36978878 PMCID: PMC10045931 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have widely examined the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant properties and for their chelating abilities, by which they can be potentially employed in cases of pathological conditions, such as iron overload. In this review, we have highlighted the chelating abilities of polyphenols, which are due to their structural specific sites, and the differences for each class of polyphenols. We have also explored how the dietary polyphenols and their iron-binding abilities can be important in inflammatory/immunomodulatory responses, with a special focus on the involvement of macrophages and dendritic cells, and how they might contribute to reshape the gut microbiota into a healthy profile. This review also provides evidence that the axes “polyphenol–iron metabolism–inflammatory responses” and “polyphenol–iron availability–gut microbiota” have not been very well explored so far, and the need for further investigation to exploit such a potential to prevent or counteract pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Scarano
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara Laddomada
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Federica Blando
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania De Santis
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Verna
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Science of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.)
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14
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Wang T, Wang J, Zhang D, Chen L, Liu M, Zhang X, Schmidt W, Zhang WH. Protein kinase MtCIPK12 modulates iron reduction in Medicago truncatula by regulating riboflavin biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:991-1003. [PMID: 36578264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient, and deficiency in available Fe is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth. In some species including Medicago truncatula, Fe deficiency results in accumulation of riboflavin, a response associated with Fe acquisition. However, how the plant's Fe status is integrated to tune riboflavin biosynthesis and how riboflavin levels affect Fe acquisition and utilization remains largely unexplored. We report that protein kinase CIPK12 regulates ferric reduction by accumulation of riboflavin and its derivatives in roots of M. truncatula via physiological and molecular characterization of its mutants and over-expressing materials. Mutations in CIPK12 enhance Fe accumulation and improve photosynthetic efficiency, whereas overexpression of CIPK12 shows the opposite phenotypes. The Calcineurin B-like proteins CBL3 and CBL8 interact with CIPK12, which negatively regulates the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. CIPK12 negatively regulates Fe acquisition by suppressing accumulation of riboflavin and its derivatives in roots, which in turn influences ferric reduction activity by riboflavin-dependent electron transport under Fe deficiency. Our findings uncover a new regulatory mechanism by which CIPK12 regulates riboflavin biosynthesis and Fe-deficiency responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Kurepa J, Shull TE, Smalle JA. Friends in Arms: Flavonoids and the Auxin/Cytokinin Balance in Terrestrialization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:517. [PMID: 36771601 PMCID: PMC9921348 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants survive the challenges of new environments by evolving mechanisms that protect them from excess irradiation, nutrient deficiency, and temperature and water availability fluctuations. One such evolved mechanism is the regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in response to water and nutrient availability by balancing the actions of the hormones auxin and cytokinin. Plant terrestrialization co-occurred with a dramatic expansion in secondary metabolism, particularly with the evolution and establishment of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Flavonoid biosynthesis is responsive to a wide range of stresses, and the numerous synthesized flavonoid species offer two main evolutionary advantages to land plants. First, flavonoids are antioxidants and thus defend plants against those adverse conditions that lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Second, flavonoids aid in protecting plants against water and nutrient deficiency by modulating root development and establishing symbiotic relations with beneficial soil fungi and bacteria. Here, we review different aspects of the relationships between the auxin/cytokinin module and flavonoids. The current body of knowledge suggests that whereas both auxin and cytokinin regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoids act to fine-tune only auxin, which in turn regulates cytokinin action. This conclusion agrees with the established master regulatory function of auxin in controlling the shoot/root growth ratio.
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16
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Sharma D, Shree B, Kumar S, Kumar V, Sharma S, Sharma S. Stress induced production of plant secondary metabolites in vegetables: Functional approach for designing next generation super foods. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:252-272. [PMID: 36279745 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites are vital for human health leading to the gain the access to natural products. The quality of crops is the result of the interaction of different biotic and abiotic factors. Abiotic stresses during plant growth may reduce the crop performance and quality of the produce. However, abiotic stresses can result in numerous physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in plants, aiming to deal with these conditions. Abiotic stresses are also elicitors of the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites in plants which possess plant defense mechanisms as well as human health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative properties etc. Plants either synthesize new compounds or alter the concentration of bioactive compounds. Due to increasing attention towards the production of bioactive compounds, the understanding of crop responses to abiotic stresses in relation to the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds is critical. Plants alter their metabolism at the genetic level in response to different abiotic stresses resulting the changes in secondary metabolite production. Transcriptional factors regulate genes responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in several plants under stress conditions. Understanding the signaling pathways involved in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis has become easy with the use of molecular biology. Therefore, aim of writing the review is to focus on secondary metabolite production in vegetable crops, their health benefits and transcription regulation under various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, HP, India
| | - Bharti Shree
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK HPKV, Palampur, 176062, HP, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, HP, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141027, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, HP, India.
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Department of Vegetable Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur, 176062, HP, India
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17
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Utilizing Nutritional and Polyphenolic Compounds in Underutilized Plant Seeds for Health Application. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206813. [PMID: 36296406 PMCID: PMC9612334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants represent a significant part of the human diet. Humans have utilized every part of plants for survival, and seeds are no exception. Seeds offer high protein, unsaturated fats, fibre, essential vitamins, and minerals for various food applications. They are also a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds, where various phytochemicals, such as polyphenolic compounds, capable of maintaining and improving well-being, are present in abundant quantities. Plants from Malvaceae and Cannabaceae families are known for their fibre-rich stems that benefit humankind by serving numerous purposes. For many centuries they have been exploited extensively for various commercial and industrial uses. Their seeds, which are often regarded as a by-product of fibre processing, have been scientifically discovered to have an essential role in combating hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cancer, and oxidative stress. Maximizing the use of these agricultural wastes can be a promising approach to creating a more sustainable world, in accordance with the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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18
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He M, Kong X, Jiang Y, Qu H, Zhu H. MicroRNAs: emerging regulators in horticultural crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:936-951. [PMID: 35466027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Horticulture is one of the oldest agricultural practices with great popularity throughout the world. Horticultural crops include fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, as well as medicinal and beverage plants. They are cultivated for food, specific nutrition, and medical use, or for aesthetic pleasure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which constitute a major class of endogenous small RNAs in plants, affect a multitude of developmental and physiological processes by imparting sequence specificity to gene regulation. Over the past decade, tens of thousands of miRNAs have been identified in more than 100 horticultural crops and their critical roles in regulating quality development of diverse horticultural crops have been demonstrated. Here, we review how miRNAs have emerged as important regulators and promising tools for horticultural crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangjin Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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19
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Yang C, Wang T, Zhao Y, Meng X, Ding W, Wang Q, Liu C, Deng H. Flavonoid 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone induced ferroptosis in cancer cells by synergistically activating Keap1/Nrf2/HMOX1 pathway and inhibiting FECH. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:14-23. [PMID: 35697292 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants as secondary metabolites and have various biological benefits such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging. We previously reported that 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone (DMC) suppressed cancer cell proliferation by aggravating oxidative stress and inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest. In the present study, we explored the underlying mechanisms by which DMC inhibited cancer cell growth. Given that ferrochelatase (FECH) is a potential target of DMC identified by thermal proteome profiling (TPP) method, herein, we confirmed that DMC inhibited the enzymatic activity of FECH. Furthermore, we proved that DMC induced Keap1 degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome system, which led to the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulated Nrf2 targeted gene HMOX1. FECH inhibition and HMOX1 upregulation resulted in iron overload and triggered ferroptosis in cancer cells. Collectively, we revealed that DMC induced ferroptosis by synergistically activating Keap1/Nrf2/HMOX1 pathway and inhibiting FECH. Our findings indicate that FECH contributes to the non-canonical ferroptosis induction, shed light on the mechanisms of DMC inhibiting cancer cell growth, and set an example for studying biological functions of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Tianxiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xianbin Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wenxi Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Chao Yang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, PR China
| | - Chongdong Liu
- Chao Yang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, PR China.
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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20
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Metabolic profiling and transcriptomic data providing critical flavonoid biosynthesis mechanisms disclose color differences of purple heading Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa L.). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Guo H, Lai J, Li C, Zhou H, Wang C, Ye W, Zhong Y, Zhao X, Zhang F, Yang J, Wang S. Comparative Metabolomics Reveals Key Determinants in the Flavor and Nutritional Value of Coconut by HS-SPME/GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080691. [PMID: 35893258 PMCID: PMC9394352 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coconut is a tropical fruit whose flesh has high flavor quality and nutritional value; however, the differences between coconut varieties are still unclear. Here, volatiles and non-volatiles were profiled at three ripening stages by HS-SPME/GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS in two coconut varieties (Hainan Tall, HT and Green Dwarf, GD). Four metabolite classes of volatiles were associated with good aroma including hydrocarbons, benzenoids, alcohols and esters, and these volatiles were generally higher in GD, especially at 7 and 9 months of coconut growth. Pathway-based metabolomics revealed that flavonols and their derivatives were significantly enriched in HT, and some of these metabolites were key determinants of HT flesh bitterness, including kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, a known bitter metabolite. Despite the overall accumulation of amino acids, including L-alanine, L-serine and L-methionine in GD, comparative metabolomics revealed that HT flesh provides a higher content of vitamins than GD. This study sheds light on the metabolic pathways and key metabolites differentiating the flesh flavor quality and nutritional value among coconut varieties, and reveals the possible mechanisms of flavor formation and regulation in coconut fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jun Lai
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chun Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Haihong Zhou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Weizhen Ye
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhong
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuecheng Zhao
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China;
| | - Feng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.G.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (H.Z.); (C.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.W.)
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22
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Differential Flavonoids and Carotenoids Profiles in Grains of Six Poaceae Crops. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142068. [PMID: 35885312 PMCID: PMC9325323 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poaceae practically dominate staple crops for humans. In addition to the issue of sustenance, there is a growing interest in the secondary metabolites of these staple crops and their functions on health. In this study, metabolomic variations were investigated among six important species of Poaceae with a total of 17 cultivars, including wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, foxtail millet, and broomcorn millet. A total of 201 flavonoid metabolites and 29 carotenoid metabolites were identified based on the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. Among them, 114, 128, 101, 179, 113, and 92 flavonoids and 12, 22, 17, 15, 21, and 18 carotenoids were found in wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, foxtail millet, and broomcorn millet, respectively. Only 46 flavonoids and 8 carotenoids were shared by the six crops. Crop-specific flavonoids and carotenoids were identified. Flavone, anthocyanins, flavanone and polyphenol were the major metabolite differences, which showed species specificity. The flavonoid content of the grains from 17J1344 (sorghum), QZH and NMB (foxtail millet) and carotenoids from Mo17 (maize) were higher than the other samples. This study provides a better knowledge of the differences in flavonoid and carotenoid metabolites among Poaceae crops, as well as provides a theoretical basis for the identification of functional metabolites in these grains.
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23
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Hernández-Pacheco CE, Almaraz-Abarca N, Rojas-López M, Torres-Ricario R, Ávila-Reyes JA, González-Valdez LS, Delgado-Alvarado EA, Moreno-Anguiano O, Uribe-Soto JN. Salinity generates variable chemical and biochemical responses in Physalis ixocarpa (Solanaceae) during different times of exposure. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Jeon S, Han J, Kim CW, Kim JG, Moon JH, Kim S. Identification of a candidate gene responsible for the G locus determining chartreuse bulb color in onion (Allium cepa L.) using bulked segregant RNA-Seq. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1025-1036. [PMID: 35034161 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a laccase responsible for chartreuse onion bulb color was identified. Markers tagging this gene showed perfect linkage with bulb colors among diverse germplasm. To identify a casual gene for the G locus determining chartreuse bulb color in onion (Allium cepa L.), bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) was performed using yellow and chartreuse individuals of a segregating population. Through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and differentially expressed gene (DEG) screening processes, 163 and 143 transcripts were selected, respectively. One transcript encoding a laccase-like protein was commonly identified from SNP and DEG screening. This transcript contained four highly conserved copper-binding domains known to be signature sequences of laccases. This gene was designated AcLAC12 since it showed high homology with Arabidopsis AtLAC12. A 4-bp deletion creating a premature stop codon was identified in exon 5 of the chartreuse allele. Another mutant allele in which an intact LTR-retrotransposon was transposed in exon 5 was identified from other chartreuse breeding lines. Genotypes of molecular markers tagging AcLAC12 were perfectly matched with bulb color phenotypes in segregating populations and diverse breeding lines. All chartreuse breeding lines contained inactive alleles of DFR-A gene determining red bulb color, indicating that chartreuse color appeared when both DFR-A and AcLAC12 genes were inactivated. Linkage maps showed that AcLAC12 was positioned at the end of chromosome 7. Transcription levels of structural genes encoding enzymes in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were generally reduced in chartreuse bulk compared with yellow bulk. Concentrations of total quercetins were also reduced in chartreuse onion. However, significant amounts of quercetins were detected in chartreuse onion, implying that AcLAC12 might be involved in modification of quercetin derivatives in onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeongChan Jeon
- Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - JiWon Han
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Muan, 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Woo Kim
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Muan, 58545, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Gyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Quercetin Impact in Pancreatic Cancer: An Overview on Its Therapeutic Effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4393266. [PMID: 34777687 PMCID: PMC8580629 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4393266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal malignancy cancer, and its mortality rates have been increasing worldwide. Diagnosis of this cancer is complicated, as it does not often present symptoms, and most patients present an irremediable tumor having a 5-year survival rate after diagnosis. Regarding treatment, many concerns have also been raised, as most tumors are found at advanced stages. At present, anticancer compounds-rich foods have been utilized to control PC. Among such bioactive molecules, flavonoid compounds have shown excellent anticancer abilities, such as quercetin, which has been used as an adjunctive or alternative drug to PC treatment by inhibitory or stimulatory biological mechanisms including autophagy, apoptosis, cell growth reduction or inhibition, EMT, oxidative stress, and enhancing sensitivity to chemotherapy agents. The recognition that this natural product has beneficial effects on cancer treatment has boosted the researchers' interest towards more extensive studies to use herbal medicine for anticancer purposes. In addition, due to the expensive cost and high rate of side effects of anticancer drugs, attempts have been made to use quercetin but also other flavonoids for preventing and treating PC. Based on related studies, it has been found that the quercetin compound has significant effect on cancerous cell lines as well as animal models. Therefore, it can be used as a supplementary drug to treat a variety of cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer. This review is aimed at discussing the therapeutic effects of quercetin by targeting the molecular signaling pathway and identifying antigrowth, cell proliferation, antioxidative stress, EMT, induction of apoptotic, and autophagic features.
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26
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Yang C, Zhu S, Chen Y, Liu Z, Zhang W, Zhao C, Luo C, Deng H. Flavonoid 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone suppresses cell proliferation via dehydrogenase inhibition and oxidative stress aggravation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:206-215. [PMID: 34506903 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds with a diverse array of biological activities and health-promoting effects. Recent studies have found that 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone (DMC) promoted longevity via autophagy; however, its targets are currently unknown. Herein, we employed an unbiased thermal proteome profiling (TPP) method and identified multiple targets of DMC, including ALDH1A3, ALDH2, and PTGES2. We further determined the dissociation constant (Kd) of DMC and ALDH1A3 to be 2.8 μM using microscale thermophoresis (MST) analysis, which indicated that DMC inhibited ALDH1A3 activity and aggravated cellular oxidative stress. DMC treatment significantly increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibited cancer cell growth. Quantitative proteomic analysis showed that DMC upregulated proteins associated with stress-responses and downregulated proteins associated with cell cycle progression, and this was confirmed using cell cycle analysis. Taken together, we showed that TPP is an effective tool with which to identify flavonoid targets and set a precedent for deciphering flavonoid function in the future. We have demonstrated that DMC inhibited cell proliferation via ROS-induced cell cycle arrest and is an anti-proliferative agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zongyuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Facility, Tsinghua University Technology Center for Protein Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Chengting Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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27
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Kalogiouri NP, Samanidou VF. A Validated Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Coupled with SPE-HPLC-DAD for the Determination of Flavonoids in By-Products of Plant Origin: An Application Study for the Valorization of the Walnut Septum Membrane. Molecules 2021; 26:6418. [PMID: 34770827 PMCID: PMC8588283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut byproducts have been shown to exert functional properties, but the literature on their bioactive content is still scarce. Among walnut byproducts, walnut septum is a dry ligneous diaphragm tissue that divides the two halves of the kernel, exhibiting nutritional and medicinal properties. These functional properties are owing to its flavonoid content, and in order to explore the flavonoid fraction, an ultrasound-assisted (UAE) protocol was combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) and coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the determination of flavonoids in Greek walnut septa membranes belonging to Chandler, Vina, and Franquette varieties. The proposed UAE-SPE-HPLC-DAD method was validated and the relative standard deviations (RSD%) of the within-day and between-day assays were lower than 6.2 and 8.5, respectively, showing good precision, and high accuracy ranging from 90.8 (apigenin) to 97.5% (catechin) for within-day assay, and from 88.5 (myricetin) to 96.2% (catechin) for between-day assay. Overall, seven flavonoids were determined (catechin, rutin, myricetin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol) suggesting that the walnut septum is a rich source of bioactive constituents. The quantification results were further processed using ANOVA analysis to examine if there are statistically significant differences between the concentration of each flavonoid and the variety of the walnut septum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria F. Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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28
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Scharff LB, Saltenis VLR, Jensen PE, Baekelandt A, Burgess AJ, Burow M, Ceriotti A, Cohan J, Geu‐Flores F, Halkier BA, Haslam RP, Inzé D, Klein Lankhorst R, Murchie EH, Napier JA, Nacry P, Parry MAJ, Santino A, Scarano A, Sparvoli F, Wilhelm R, Pribil M. Prospects to improve the nutritional quality of crops. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Scharff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Vandasue L. R. Saltenis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center Copenhagen Plant Science Centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology National Research Council (CNR) Milan Italy
| | | | - Fernando Geu‐Flores
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center Copenhagen Plant Science Centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Wageningen Plant Research Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Loughborough UK
| | | | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMPUniv MontpellierINRAECNRSMontpellier SupAgro Montpellier France
| | | | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR) Lecce Italy
| | - Aurelia Scarano
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR) Lecce Italy
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- DynaMo Center Copenhagen Plant Science Centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Ralf Wilhelm
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology Julius Kühn‐Institut – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Quedlinburg Germany
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Copenhagen Plant Science Centre University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
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29
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Constantinescu T, Lungu CN. Anticancer Activity of Natural and Synthetic Chalcones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11306. [PMID: 34768736 PMCID: PMC8582663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a condition caused by many mechanisms (genetic, immune, oxidation, and inflammatory). Anticancer therapy aims to destroy or stop the growth of cancer cells. Resistance to treatment is theleading cause of the inefficiency of current standard therapies. Targeted therapies are the most effective due to the low number of side effects and low resistance. Among the small molecule natural compounds, flavonoids are of particular interest for theidentification of new anticancer agents. Chalcones are precursors to all flavonoids and have many biological activities. The anticancer activity of chalcones is due to the ability of these compounds to act on many targets. Natural chalcones, such as licochalcones, xanthohumol (XN), panduretin (PA), and loncocarpine, have been extensively studied and modulated. Modification of the basic structure of chalcones in order to obtain compounds with superior cytotoxic properties has been performed by modulating the aromatic residues, replacing aromatic residues with heterocycles, and obtaining hybrid molecules. A huge number of chalcone derivatives with residues such as diaryl ether, sulfonamide, and amine have been obtained, their presence being favorable for anticancer activity. Modification of the amino group in the structure of aminochalconesis always favorable for antitumor activity. This is why hybrid molecules of chalcones with different nitrogen hetercycles in the molecule have been obtained. From these, azoles (imidazole, oxazoles, tetrazoles, thiazoles, 1,2,3-triazoles, and 1,2,4-triazoles) are of particular importance for the identification of new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Constantinescu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudiu N. Lungu
- Department of Surgery, Country Emergency Hospital Braila, 810249 Braila, Romania
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30
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Vilkickyte G, Raudone L. Phenological and Geographical Effects on Phenolic and Triterpenoid Content in Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Leaves. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101986. [PMID: 34685794 PMCID: PMC8539284 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lingonberry leaves have been proposed as a potential raw material for nutraceutical products and functional food due to the richness of phenolic and triterpenic compounds. However, contents of these bioactive compounds tend to vary greatly with physiological, climatic, and edaphic conditions, resulting in lingonberry leaves’ nutritional-pharmaceutical quality changes. In this context, we examined the effects of seasonal and geographical factors on phenolic and triterpenoid contents in lingonberry leaves. Quantitative and qualitative differences between samples were determined using validated HPLC-PDA methods. A total of 43 bioactive compounds were found at a detectable level throughout the year in young and old lingonberry leaves, with the highest contents of most compounds observed in samples collected in autumn–first half of spring. This suggests the potential to exploit the continuous biosynthesis for a longer harvesting season. Considerable variations in phytochemical profiles of lingonberry leaves, obtained from 28 locations in Lithuania, were found. Correlation analyses revealed significant negative correlations between contents of particular constituents and sunshine duration, temperature, and precipitation, and positive correlation with air humidity, longitudes, and altitudes of collecting locations and macronutrients in soil. These results suggest that harsh weather is favorable for most identified compounds and it may be possible to achieve appropriate accumulation of secondary metabolites by adjusting edaphic conditions. Taken together, the accumulation of phenolics and triterpenoids in lingonberry leaves highly depends on phenological and geographical factors and the influence of both variables differ for the particular compounds due to different metabolic processes in response to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vilkickyte
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-622-34977
| | - Lina Raudone
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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31
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Rao MJ, Wang L. CRISPR/Cas9 technology for improving agronomic traits and future prospective in agriculture. PLANTA 2021; 254:68. [PMID: 34498163 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have focused on the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for improving the agronomic traits in plants through point mutations, knockout, and single base editing, and we highlighted the recent progress in plant metabolic engineering. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has immense power to reproduce plants with desired characters and revolutionizing the field of genome engineering by erasing the barriers in targeted genome editing. Agriculture fields are using this advance genome editing tool to get the desired traits in the crops plants such as increase yield, improve product quality attributes, and enhance resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses by identifying and editing genes of interest. This review focuses on CRISPR/Cas-based gene knockout for trait improvement and single base editing to boost yield, quality, stress tolerance, and disease resistance traits in crops. Use of CRISPR/Cas9 system to facilitate crop domestication and hybrid breeding are also touched. We summarize recent developments and up-gradation of delivery mechanism (nanotechnology and virus particle-based delivery system) and progress in multiplex gene editing. We also shed lights in advances and challenges of engineering the important metabolic pathways that contain a variety of dietary metabolites and phytochemicals. In addition, we endorsed substantial technical hurdles and possible ways to overcome the unpredictability of CRISPR/Cas technology for broader application across various crop species. We speculated that by making a strong interconnection among all genomic fields will give a gigantic bunt of knowledge to develop crop expressing desired traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., 8, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Rd., 8, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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32
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The Bioaccessibility of Phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids, and Capsaicinoid Compounds: A Comparative Study of Cooked Potato Cultivars Mixed with Roasted Pepper Varieties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081849. [PMID: 34441626 PMCID: PMC8391173 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro method was used to assess the bioaccessibility of phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and capsaicinoid compounds in different cooked potatoes mixed with roasted peppers (Capsicum annuum), Joe Parker (JP, hot), and Sweet Delilah (SD, sweet). The present study identified differences in the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds among the potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum) Purple Majesty (PM; purple flesh), Yukon Gold (YG; yellow flesh), Rio Grande Russet (RG; white flesh) and a numbered selection (CO 97226-2R/R (R/R; red flesh)). The bioactive compounds and capsaicinoid compounds in potatoes and peppers were estimated before and after in vitro digestion. Before digestion, the total phenolic content of potato cultivars mixed with JP was in the following order: R/R > PM > YG > RG. The highest levels of carotenoids were 194.34 µg/g in YG and 42.92 µg/g in the RG cultivar when mixed with roasted JP. The results indicate that the amount of bioaccessible phenolics ranged from 485 to 252 µg/g in potato cultivars mixed with roasted JP. The bioaccessibility of flavonoids ranged from 185.1 to 59.25 µg/g. The results indicate that the YG cultivar mixed with JP and SD showed the highest phenolic and carotenoid bioaccessibility. In contrast, the PM mixed with JP and SD contained the lowest phenolic and carotenoid bioaccessibility. Our results indicate that the highest flavonoid bioaccessibility occurred in R/R mixed with roasted JP and SD. The lowest flavonoids bioaccessibility occurred in PM and the RG. The maximum bioaccessible amount of capsaicin was observed in YG mixed with JP, while the minimum bioaccessibility was observed with PM.
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A comprehensive review on chemotherapeutic potential of galangin. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111808. [PMID: 34175820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galangin, a non-toxic phytochemical is known to possess several therapeutic applications. Mounting evidences have demonstrated that galangin a naturally available flavonoid exerts anticancer effects via several mechanisms. The phytocompound induces apoptosis and renders antiangiogenic property. Additionally, galangin has demonstrated significate results in combating various cancer types when administered in combination with other phytocompounds or with gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The present article is a critical review of galangin for its treatment on different types of cancer and its usability as an alternative cancer therapeutics.
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Quercetin and Rutin as Modifiers of Aphid Probing Behavior. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123622. [PMID: 34199264 PMCID: PMC8231793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin and its aglycone quercetin occur in the fruits, leaves, seeds, and grains of many plant species and are involved in plant herbivore interactions. We studied the effect of the exogenous application of rutin and quercetin on the probing behavior (= stylet penetration activities in plant tissues) of Acyrthosiphon pisum on Pisum sativum, Myzus persicae on Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, and Rhopalosiphum padi on Avena sativa using the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG = electropenetrography). The reaction of aphids to quercetin and rutin and the potency of the effect depended on aphid species, the flavonol, and flavonol concentration. Quercetin promoted probing activities of A. pisum within non-phloem and phloem tissues, which was demonstrated in the longer duration of probes and a trend toward longer duration of sap ingestion, respectively. M. persicae reached phloem in a shorter time on quercetin-treated B. rapa than on the control. Rutin caused a delay in reaching sieve elements by A. pisum and deterred probing activities of M. persicae within non-phloem tissues. Probing of R. padi was not affected by quercetin or rutin. The potency of behavioral effects increased as the applied concentrations of flavonols increased. The prospects of using quercetin and rutin in plant protection are discussed.
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Grijalva-Guiza RE, Jiménez-Garduño AM, Hernández LR. Potential Benefits of Flavonoids on the Progression of Atherosclerosis by Their Effect on Vascular Smooth Muscle Excitability. Molecules 2021; 26:3557. [PMID: 34200914 PMCID: PMC8230563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites derived from plant-based foods, and they offer many health benefits in different stages of several diseases. This review will focus on their effects on ion channels expressed in vascular smooth muscle during atherosclerosis. Since ion channels can be regulated by redox potential, it is expected that during the onset of oxidative stress-related diseases, ion channels present changes in their conductive activity, impacting the progression of the disease. A typical oxidative stress-related condition is atherosclerosis, which involves the dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle. We aim to present the state of the art on how redox potential affects vascular smooth muscle ion channel function and summarize if the benefits observed in this disease by using flavonoids involve restoring the ion channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Edith Grijalva-Guiza
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | | | - Luis Ricardo Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
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Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Scorzonera Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105128. [PMID: 34066212 PMCID: PMC8151016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Scorzonera comprises nearly 200 species, naturally occurring in Europe, Asia, and northern parts of Africa. Plants belonging to the Scorzonera genus have been a significant part of folk medicine in Asia, especially China, Mongolia, and Turkey for centuries. Therefore, they have become the subject of research regarding their phytochemical composition and biological activity. The aim of this review is to present and assess the phytochemical composition, and bioactive potential of species within the genus Scorzonera. Studies have shown the presence of many bioactive compounds like triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, or caffeic acid and quinic acid derivatives in extracts obtained from aerial and subaerial parts of the plants. The antioxidant and cytotoxic properties have been evaluated, together with the mechanism of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective activity. Scorzonera species have also been investigated for their activity against several bacteria and fungi strains. Despite mild cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines in vitro, the bioactive properties in wound healing therapy and the treatment of microbial infections might, in perspective, be the starting point for the research on Scorzonera species as active agents in medical products designed for miscellaneous skin conditions.
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Magozwi DK, Dinala M, Mokwana N, Siwe-Noundou X, Krause RWM, Sonopo M, McGaw LJ, Augustyn WA, Tembu VJ. Flavonoids from the Genus Euphorbia: Isolation, Structure, Pharmacological Activities and Structure-Activity Relationships. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:428. [PMID: 34063311 PMCID: PMC8147481 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Euphorbia are widely distributed across temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Asia and Africa with established Ayurvedic, Chinese and Malay ethnomedical records. The present review reports the isolation, occurrence, phytochemistry, biological properties, therapeutic potential and structure-activity relationship of Euphorbia flavonoids for the period covering 2000-2020, while identifying potential areas for future studies aimed at development of new therapeutic agents from these plants. The findings suggest that the extracts and isolated flavonoids possess anticancer, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis and antioxidant properties and have different mechanisms of action against cancer cells. Of the investigated species, over 80 different types of flavonoids have been isolated to date. Most of the isolated flavonoids were flavonols and comprised simple O-substitution patterns, C-methylation and prenylation. Others had a glycoside, glycosidic linkages and a carbohydrate attached at either C-3 or C-7, and were designated as d-glucose, l-rhamnose or glucorhamnose. The structure-activity relationship studies showed that methylation of the hydroxyl groups on C-3 or C-7 reduces the activities while glycosylation loses the activity and that the parent skeletal structure is essential in retaining the activity. These constituents can therefore offer potential alternative scaffolds towards development of new Euphorbia-based therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kemboi Magozwi
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Mmabatho Dinala
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Nthabiseng Mokwana
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | | | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Molahlehi Sonopo
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Brits R104, South Africa;
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Wilma A. Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Vuyelwa Jacqueline Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
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Plant Occurring Flavonoids as Modulators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082315. [PMID: 33923487 PMCID: PMC8073824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor deeply implicated in health and diseases. Historically identified as a sensor of xenobiotics and mainly toxic substances, AhR has recently become an emerging pharmacological target in cancer, immunology, inflammatory conditions, and aging. Multiple AhR ligands are recognized, with plant occurring flavonoids being the largest group of natural ligands of AhR in the human diet. The biological implications of the modulatory effects of flavonoids on AhR could be highlighted from a toxicological and environmental concern and for the possible pharmacological applicability. Overall, the possible AhR-mediated harmful and/or beneficial effects of flavonoids need to be further investigated, since in many cases they are contradictory. Similar to other AhR modulators, flavonoids commonly exhibit tissue, organ, and species-specific activities on AhR. Such cellular-context dependency could be probably beneficial in their pharmacotherapeutic use. Flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavones are the main subclasses of flavonoids reported as AhR modulators. Some of the structural features of these groups of flavonoids that could be influencing their AhR effects are herein summarized. However, limited generalizations, as well as few outright structure-activity relationships can be suggested on the AhR agonism and/or antagonism caused by flavonoids.
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Abstract
In the context of urban land-use growth and the consequent impacts on the environment, green spaces provide ecosystem services for human health. The ecosystem services concept synthesises human–environmental interactions through a series of combined components of biodiversity and abiotic elements, linking ecological processes and functions. The concept of green infrastructure (GI) in the urban context emphasises the quality and quantity of urban and peri-urban green spaces and natural areas. In dense urban contexts, the applications of GI are limited and not applied to the potential urban spaces such as roofs and gardens. Often, roofs are characterised by impermeable paved surfaces with negative effects on human well-being, whereas garden designs do not consider social needs and environmental interactions. The role of urban stressors or the urban context as a driving force or pressure of urban green space is not always well understood and employed in the planning of green spaces. This is partly due to a knowledge gap between different science disciplines that operate on different scales, from single processes of the plants (which focus on plant responses to environmental stresses affecting human well-being) to urban ecosystems (which focus on the biodiversity and urban space planning–human well-being relationship). This can create a paradox, as green spaces that are not adequately designed might not produce the expected effects. In this paper, an overview of benefits and limitations of applying the ecosystem services approach when designing green spaces is presented. The focus is on the main urban ecosystem services provided by green roofs and community gardens such as GI that can represent strategies to provide ecological and social multifunctionality to waterproofed surfaces connected to the buildings and low-exploited gardens being the main areas that affect dense urban settlements, and thus, increasing the ecosystem services in the urban environment, such as reducing the Urban Heat Island, as well as flooding events. Specifically, the paper highlights (i) feedback between ecological processes and functions that support ecosystem services, (ii) urban environmental stresses in relation to disservices that these can create for human well-being and (iii) key issues that should be considered in the planning and design of urban ecosystem services. Such a new vision of urban ecosystem services highlights the need to look at GI as an active part of the urban space design in the built environment.
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Buturi CV, Mauro RP, Fogliano V, Leonardi C, Giuffrida F. Mineral Biofortification of Vegetables as a Tool to Improve Human Diet. Foods 2021; 10:223. [PMID: 33494459 PMCID: PMC7911230 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables represent pillars of good nutrition since they provide important phytochemicals such as fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, as well as minerals. Biofortification proposes a promising strategy to increase the content of specific compounds. As minerals have important functionalities in the human metabolism, the possibility of enriching fresh consumed products, such as many vegetables, adopting specific agronomic approaches, has been considered. This review discusses the most recent findings on agronomic biofortification of vegetables, aimed at increasing in the edible portions the content of important minerals, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and silicon (Si). The focus was on selenium and iodine biofortification thus far, while for the other mineral elements, aspects related to vegetable typology, genotypes, chemical form, and application protocols are far from being well defined. Even if agronomic fortification is considered an easy to apply technique, the approach is complex considering several interactions occurring at crop level, as well as the bioavailability of different minerals for the consumer. Considering the latter, only few studies examined in a broad approach both the definition of biofortification protocols and the quantification of bioavailable fraction of the element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vanessa Buturi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5-95123 Catania, Italy; (C.V.B.); (C.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Rosario Paolo Mauro
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5-95123 Catania, Italy; (C.V.B.); (C.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Cherubino Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5-95123 Catania, Italy; (C.V.B.); (C.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Giuffrida
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5-95123 Catania, Italy; (C.V.B.); (C.L.); (F.G.)
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Zhang J, Qiu X, Tan Q, Xiao Q, Mei S. A Comparative Metabolomics Study of Flavonoids in Radish with Different Skin and Flesh Colors ( Raphanus sativus L .). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14463-14470. [PMID: 33216541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) is an important worldwide vegetable with a wide variety of colors that affect its appearance and nutritional quality. However, the large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of flavonoids in multicolor radish have rarely been studied. To uncover the diversity and accession-specific flavonoids in radish, liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolic profiles in the skin and flesh of six colored radish accessions: light-red Manshenhong, dark-red Touxinhong (TXH), purple Zijinling (ZJL), Xinlimei with red flesh (XLMF) and green skin, white Shizhuangbai (SZB), and black radish. In total, 133 flavonoids, including 16 dihydroflavones, 44 flavones, 14 flavonoids, 9 anthocyanins, and 28 flavonols, were characterized. The flavonoid metabolic profiles differed among the different colored radishes. Red and purple radishes contained similar anthocyanin compounds responsible for color pigmentation, including red cyanidin, callistephin, and pelargonin. Purple ZJL was most enriched with cyanidin o-syringic acid and cyanin, whereas callistephin and pelargonin were more abundant in dark-red TXH. Additionally, the black and white radishes shared similar anthocyanin and flavonoid profiles, suggesting that the color of black radishes was not caused by anthocyanin but by other metabolites. The metabolites in colored radishes that differed from SZB were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, isoflavonoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the differences in metabolite profiles among radishes with different skin and flesh colors. The results will be useful for aiding the cultivation of valuable new radish varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifang Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojun Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Qunyun Tan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Qingming Xiao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyong Mei
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
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Plant Polyphenols-Biofortified Foods as a Novel Tool for the Prevention of Human Gut Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121225. [PMID: 33287404 PMCID: PMC7761854 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant food biofortification is recently receiving remarkable attention, as it aims to increase the intake of minerals, vitamins, or antioxidants, crucial for their contribution to the general human health status and disease prevention. In this context, the study of the plant’s secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, plays a pivotal role for the development of a new generation of plant crops, compensating, at least in part, the low nutritional quality of Western diets with a higher quality of dietary sources. Due to the prevalent immunomodulatory activity at the intestinal level, polyphenols represent a nutritionally relevant class of plant secondary metabolites. In this review, we focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of different classes of polyphenols with a specific attention to their potential in the prevention of intestinal pathological processes. We also discuss the latest biotechnology strategies and new advances of genomic techniques as a helpful tool for polyphenols biofortification and the development of novel, healthy dietary alternatives that can contribute to the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Llauradó Maury G, Méndez Rodríguez D, Hendrix S, Escalona Arranz JC, Fung Boix Y, Pacheco AO, García Díaz J, Morris-Quevedo HJ, Ferrer Dubois A, Aleman EI, Beenaerts N, Méndez-Santos IE, Orberá Ratón T, Cos P, Cuypers A. Antioxidants in Plants: A Valorization Potential Emphasizing the Need for the Conservation of Plant Biodiversity in Cuba. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1048. [PMID: 33121046 PMCID: PMC7693031 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are phytochemical hubs containing antioxidants, essential for normal plant functioning and adaptation to environmental cues and delivering beneficial properties for human health. Therefore, knowledge on the antioxidant potential of different plant species and their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties is of utmost importance. Exploring this scientific research field provides fundamental clues on (1) plant stress responses and their adaptive evolution to harsh environmental conditions and (2) (new) natural antioxidants with a functional versatility to prevent and treat human pathologies. These natural antioxidants can be valorized via plant-derived foods and products. Cuba contains an enormously rich plant biodiversity harboring a great antioxidant potential. Besides opening new avenues for the implementation of sustainable agroecological practices in crop production, it will also contribute to new strategies to preserve plant biodiversity and simultaneously improve nature management policies in Cuba. This review provides an overview on the beneficial properties of antioxidants for plant protection and human health and is directed to the valorization of these plant antioxidants, emphasizing the need for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Llauradó Maury
- Centre of Studies for Industrial Biotechnology (CEBI), University of Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Reparto Jiménez, Santiago de Cuba CP 90500, Cuba; (G.L.M.); (H.J.M.-Q.); (T.O.R.)
| | - Daniel Méndez Rodríguez
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Camagüey, Carretera Circunvalación Norte, km 5 ½, Camagüey CP 70100, Cuba; (D.M.R.); (I.E.M.-S.)
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (S.H.); (N.B.)
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (S.H.); (N.B.)
| | - Julio César Escalona Arranz
- Pharmacy Department, University of Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Reparto Jiménez, Santiago de Cuba CP 90500, Cuba; (J.C.E.A.); (A.O.P.); (J.G.D.)
| | - Yilan Fung Boix
- National Center of Applied Electromagnetism, University of Oriente, Avenida Las Américas s/n, P.O. Box 4078, Santiago de Cuba CP 90400, Cuba; (Y.F.B.); (A.F.D.); (E.I.A.)
| | - Ania Ochoa Pacheco
- Pharmacy Department, University of Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Reparto Jiménez, Santiago de Cuba CP 90500, Cuba; (J.C.E.A.); (A.O.P.); (J.G.D.)
| | - Jesús García Díaz
- Pharmacy Department, University of Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Reparto Jiménez, Santiago de Cuba CP 90500, Cuba; (J.C.E.A.); (A.O.P.); (J.G.D.)
| | - Humberto J. Morris-Quevedo
- Centre of Studies for Industrial Biotechnology (CEBI), University of Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Reparto Jiménez, Santiago de Cuba CP 90500, Cuba; (G.L.M.); (H.J.M.-Q.); (T.O.R.)
| | - Albys Ferrer Dubois
- National Center of Applied Electromagnetism, University of Oriente, Avenida Las Américas s/n, P.O. Box 4078, Santiago de Cuba CP 90400, Cuba; (Y.F.B.); (A.F.D.); (E.I.A.)
| | - Elizabeth Isaac Aleman
- National Center of Applied Electromagnetism, University of Oriente, Avenida Las Américas s/n, P.O. Box 4078, Santiago de Cuba CP 90400, Cuba; (Y.F.B.); (A.F.D.); (E.I.A.)
| | - Natalie Beenaerts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (S.H.); (N.B.)
| | - Isidro E. Méndez-Santos
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Camagüey, Carretera Circunvalación Norte, km 5 ½, Camagüey CP 70100, Cuba; (D.M.R.); (I.E.M.-S.)
| | - Teresa Orberá Ratón
- Centre of Studies for Industrial Biotechnology (CEBI), University of Oriente, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Reparto Jiménez, Santiago de Cuba CP 90500, Cuba; (G.L.M.); (H.J.M.-Q.); (T.O.R.)
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (S.H.); (N.B.)
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Chaves JO, de Souza MC, da Silva LC, Lachos-Perez D, Torres-Mayanga PC, Machado APDF, Forster-Carneiro T, Vázquez-Espinosa M, González-de-Peredo AV, Barbero GF, Rostagno MA. Extraction of Flavonoids From Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques. Front Chem 2020; 8:507887. [PMID: 33102442 PMCID: PMC7546908 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.507887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the main groups of polyphenols found in natural products. Traditional flavonoid extraction techniques are being replaced by advanced techniques to reduce energy and solvent consumption, increase efficiency and selectivity, to meet increased market demand and environmental regulations. Advanced technologies, such as microwaves, ultrasound, pressurized liquids, supercritical fluids, and electric fields, are alternatives currently being used. These modern techniques are generally faster, more environmentally friendly, and with higher automation levels compared to conventional extraction techniques. This review will discuss the different methods available for flavonoid extraction from natural sources and the main parameters involved (temperature, solvent, sample quantity, extraction time, among others). Recent trends and their industrial importance are also discussed in detail, providing insight into their potential. Thus, this paper seeks to review the innovations of compound extraction techniques, presenting in each of them their advantages and disadvantages, trying to offer a broader scope in the understanding of flavonoid extraction from different plant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaísa Oliveira Chaves
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory in Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Mariana Corrêa de Souza
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory in Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Laise Capelasso da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory in Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Daniel Lachos-Perez
- Laboratory of Optimization, Design and Advanced Control - Bioenergy Research Program, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Torres-Mayanga
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurímac, Abancay, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio Ariel Rostagno
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory in Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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Wei Z, Arazi T, Hod N, Zohar M, Isaacson T, Doron-Faigenboim A, Reznik N, Yedidia I. Transcriptome Profiling of Ornithogalum dubium Leaves and Flowers to Identify Key Carotenoid Genes for CRISPR Gene Editing. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040540. [PMID: 32326260 PMCID: PMC7238968 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ornithogalum dubium is a popular ornamental monocot native to South Africa with flower colors ranging from pure white to deep orange. Gene editing based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been shown to hold potential for color improvement in ornamental flower crops. To apply this approach to Ornithogalum color manipulation, genomic or transcriptomic data must first be collected. Here, cDNA libraries of O. dubium leaves and flowers were constructed and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Over 155 million 100-bp paired-end reads were assembled into a transcriptome database of 360,689 contigs, of which 18,660 contigs were differentially expressed between leaves and flowers. Carotenoids are the main pigment imparting spectrum of orange hues to O. dubium flowers. By querying our database, we identified a total of 16 unique transcripts (unigenes) predicted to be involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway of Ornithogalum. Combining carotenoid profiles, we further inferred several key unigenes responsible for floral coloration and accumulation in O. dubium, of which the gene LCYB/comp146645_c0 was found as a suitable target to generate potentially red flower varieties of O. dubium. Our research thus provides a framework for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to improve this ornamental crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunzheng Wei
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (Z.W.); (T.A.); (N.H.); (A.D.-F.); (N.R.)
| | - Tzahi Arazi
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (Z.W.); (T.A.); (N.H.); (A.D.-F.); (N.R.)
| | - Nofar Hod
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (Z.W.); (T.A.); (N.H.); (A.D.-F.); (N.R.)
| | - Matat Zohar
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (M.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Tal Isaacson
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; (M.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (Z.W.); (T.A.); (N.H.); (A.D.-F.); (N.R.)
| | - Noam Reznik
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (Z.W.); (T.A.); (N.H.); (A.D.-F.); (N.R.)
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (Z.W.); (T.A.); (N.H.); (A.D.-F.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Aguiar J, Gonçalves JL, Alves VL, Câmara JS. Chemical Fingerprint of Free Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity in Dietary Fruits and Vegetables Using a Non-Targeted Approach Based on QuEChERS Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Combined with UHPLC-PDA. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040305. [PMID: 32283793 PMCID: PMC7222190 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are considered a good source of antioxidants, which are beneficial in protecting the human body against damage induced by free radicals and other reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the integral antioxidant activity (AOA) and determine individual polyphenols in fruits and vegetables of frequent consumption. For this purpose, an innovative and high throughput analytical approach based on original QuEChERS assisted by ultrasound extraction (USAE), instead of the manual agitation used in the classical procedure, was optimized and implemented for the isolation of polyphenols. The total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, anthocyanins, and betalains were evaluated using different spectrophotometric assays. In addition, free radical scavenging by methods 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to estimate the AOA of the investigated fruit and vegetable extracts. Red onion, tamarillo, and beetroot were the samples with the highest AOA. The quantification and identification of free low molecular weight polyphenols from QuEChERS-USAE extracts was carried out by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detection system (UHPLC-PDA). Catechin was the most abundant polyphenol, followed by gentisic and ferulic acids, mainly in the watercress sample. In relation to flavonols, quercetin and kaempferol were found mostly in onion samples, and in small quantities in tomato and watercress. The improved analytical approach, QuEChERS-USAE/UHPLC-PDA, offers an attractive alternative for the analysis of polyphenols from fruit and vegetable samples, providing several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, in terms of reproducibility, simplicity, low cost, analysis speed, and analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselin Aguiar
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (V.L.A.)
| | - João L. Gonçalves
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (V.L.A.)
| | - Vera L. Alves
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (V.L.A.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.); (J.L.G.); (V.L.A.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291705112; Fax: +351-291705149
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Scarano A, Olivieri F, Gerardi C, Liso M, Chiesa M, Chieppa M, Frusciante L, Barone A, Santino A, Rigano MM. Selection of tomato landraces with high fruit yield and nutritional quality under elevated temperatures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2791-2799. [PMID: 32022274 PMCID: PMC7187367 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming and extreme or adverse events induced by climatic fluctuations are an important threat for plants growth and agricultural production. Adaptability to environmental changes prevalently derives from a large set of genetic traits affecting physiological and agronomic parameters. Therefore, the identification of genotypes that are good yield performer at high temperatures is becoming increasingly necessary for future breeding programs. Here, we analyzed the performances of different tomato landraces grown under elevated temperatures in terms of yield and nutritional quality of the fruit. Finally, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fruit extracts from the tomato landraces selected. RESULTS The tomato landraces analyzed here in a hot climate differed in terms of yield performance, physicochemical parameters of fruit (pH, titratable acidity, degrees Brix, firmness), bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and polyphenols), and anti-inflammatory potential. Three of these landraces (named E30, E94, and PDVIT) showed higher fruit quality and nutritional value. An estimated evaluation index allowed identification of PDVIT as the best performer in terms of yield and fruit quality under high temperatures. CONCLUSION The analyses performed here highlight the possibility to identify new landraces that can combine good yield performances and fruit nutritional quality at high temperatures, information that is useful for future breeding programs. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Scarano
- ISPA–CNRInstitute of Science of Food Production, CNR Unit of LecceLecceItaly
| | - Fabrizio Olivieri
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Carmela Gerardi
- ISPA–CNRInstitute of Science of Food Production, CNR Unit of LecceLecceItaly
| | - Marina Liso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology ‘S. De Bellis’Institute of ResearchBariItaly
| | | | - Marcello Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology ‘S. De Bellis’Institute of ResearchBariItaly
- Department of Immunology and Cell BiologyEuropean Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS)SalernoItaly
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Angelo Santino
- ISPA–CNRInstitute of Science of Food Production, CNR Unit of LecceLecceItaly
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Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020457. [PMID: 32059369 PMCID: PMC7071196 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds subdivided into 6 groups: isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, flavones and anthocyanidins found in a variety of plants. Fruits, vegetables, plant-derived beverages such as green tea, wine and cocoa-based products are the main dietary sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids have been shown to possess a wide variety of anticancer effects: they modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme activities, participate in arresting the cell cycle, induce apoptosis, autophagy, and suppress cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Flavonoids have dual action regarding ROS homeostasis—they act as antioxidants under normal conditions and are potent pro-oxidants in cancer cells triggering the apoptotic pathways and downregulating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. This article reviews the biochemical properties and bioavailability of flavonoids, their anticancer activity and its mechanisms of action.
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Jo C, Kim S. Transposition of a non-autonomous DNA transposon in the gene coding for a bHLH transcription factor results in a white bulb color of onions (Allium cepa L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:317-328. [PMID: 31637460 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A DNA transposon was found in the gene encoding a bHLH transcription factor. Genotypes of the marker tagging this DNA transposon perfectly co-segregated with color phenotypes in large F2:3 populations A combined approach of bulked segregant analysis and RNA-Seq was used to isolate causal gene for C locus controlling white bulb color in onions (Allium cepa L.). A total of 114 contigs containing homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between white and yellow bulked RNAs were identified. Four of them showed high homologies with loci clustered in the middle of chromosome 5. SNPs in 34 contigs were confirmed by sequencing of PCR products. One of these contigs showed perfect linkage to the C locus in F2:3 populations consisting of 2491 individuals. However, genotypes of molecular marker tagging this contig were inconsistent with color phenotypes of diverse breeding lines. A total of 146 contigs showed differential expression between yellow and white bulks. Among them, transcription levels of B2 gene encoding a bHLH transcription factor were significantly reduced in white RNA bulk and F2:3 individuals, although there was no SNP in the coding region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that onion B2 was orthologous to bHLH-coding genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in other plant species. Promoter regions of B2 gene were obtained by genome walking and a 577-bp non-autonomous DNA transposon designated as AcWHITE was found in the white allele. Molecular marker tagging AcWHITE showed perfect linkage with the C locus. Marker genotypes of the white allele were detected in some white accessions. However, none of tested red or yellow onions contained AcWHITE insertion, implying that B2 gene was likely to be a casual gene for the C locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyeong Jo
- Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Sunggil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea.
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50
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Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, Gaforio JJ. Dietary Flavonoids as Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: An Updated Review of Human Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E137. [PMID: 31109072 PMCID: PMC6562590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, interest in health research has increased, making improved health a global goal for 2030. The purpose of such research is to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing across individuals of all ages. It has been shown that nutrition plays a key role in the prevention of some chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. One of the aspects that characterises a healthy diet is a high intake of vegetables and fruits, as both are flavonoid-rich foods. Flavonoids are one of the main subclasses of dietary polyphenols and possess strong antioxidant activity and anti-carcinogenic properties. Moreover, some population-based studies have described a relationship between cancer risk and dietary flavonoid intake. In this context, the goal of this review was to provide an updated evaluation of the association between the risk of different types of cancers and dietary flavonoid intake. We analysed all relevant epidemiological studies from January 2008 to March 2019 using the PUBMED and Web of Science databases. In summary, this review concludes that dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a reduced risk of different types of cancer, such as gastric, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rodríguez-García
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.R.-G.); (C.S.-Q.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Quesada
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.R.-G.); (C.S.-Q.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José J. Gaforio
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (C.R.-G.); (C.S.-Q.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14005 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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