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Ikebudu VC, Nkuna M, Ndou N, Ajayi RF, Chivasa S, Cornish K, Mulaudzi T. Carbon Monoxide Alleviates Salt-Induced Oxidative Damage in Sorghum bicolor by Inducing the Expression of Proline Biosynthesis and Antioxidant Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:782. [PMID: 38592836 PMCID: PMC10974450 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Crop growth and yield are affected by salinity, which causes oxidative damage to plant cells. Plants respond to salinity by maintaining cellular osmotic balance, regulating ion transport, and enhancing the expression of stress-responsive genes, thereby inducing tolerance. As a byproduct of heme oxygenase (HO)-mediated degradation of heme, carbon monoxide (CO) regulates plant responses to salinity. This study investigated a CO-mediated salt stress tolerance mechanism in sorghum seedlings during germination. Sorghum seeds were germinated in the presence of 250 mM NaCl only, or in combination with a CO donor (1 and 1.5 μM hematin), HO inhibitor (5 and 10 μM zinc protoporphyrin IX; ZnPPIX), and hemoglobin (0.1 g/L Hb). Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased. This increase correlated with induced HO (137.68%) activity and transcripts of ion-exchanger and antioxidant genes. Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites. However, exogenous CO (1 μM hematin) increased the germination index (63.01%) and root length (150.59%), while H2O2 (21.94%) content decreased under salt stress. Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress. Carbon monoxide increased HO activity (30.49%), protein content, and antioxidant gene transcripts. The alleviatory role of CO was abolished by Hb, whereas HO activity was slightly inhibited by ZnPPIX under salt stress. These results suggest that CO elicited salt stress tolerance by reducing oxidative damage through osmotic adjustment and by regulating the expression of HO1 and the ion exchanger and antioxidant transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chigozie Ikebudu
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (V.C.I.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Mulisa Nkuna
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (V.C.I.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Nzumbululo Ndou
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (V.C.I.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
- SensorLab, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Rachel Fanelwa Ajayi
- SensorLab, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Stephen Chivasa
- Biosciences Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA;
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
| | - Takalani Mulaudzi
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (V.C.I.); (M.N.); (N.N.)
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Carmesin CF, Port F, Böhringer S, Gottschalk KE, Rasche V, Jansen S. Ageing-induced shrinkage of intervessel pit membranes in xylem of Clematis vitalba modifies its mechanical properties as revealed by atomic force microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1002711. [PMID: 36755701 PMCID: PMC9899931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bordered pit membranes of angiosperm xylem are anisotropic, mesoporous media between neighbouring conduits, with a key role in long distance water transport. Yet, their mechanical properties are poorly understood. Here, we aim to quantify the stiffness of intervessel pit membranes over various growing seasons. By applying an AFM-based indentation technique "Quantitative Imaging" we measured the effective elastic modulus (E effective) of intervessel pit membranes of Clematis vitalba in dependence of size, age, and hydration state. The indentation-deformation behaviour was analysed with a non-linear membrane model, and paired with magnetic resonance imaging to visualise sap-filled and embolised vessels, while geometrical data of bordered pits were obtained using electron microscopy. E effective was transformed to the geometrically independent apparent elastic modulus E apparent and to aspiration pressure P b. The material stiffness (E apparent) of fresh pit membranes was with 57 MPa considerably lower than previously suggested. The estimated pressure for pit membrane aspiration was 2.20+28 MPa. Pit membranes from older growth rings were shrunken, had a higher material stiffness and a lower aspiration pressure than current year ones, suggesting an irreversible, mechanical ageing process. This study provides an experimental-stiffness analysis of hydrated intervessel pit membranes in their native state. The estimated aspiration pressure suggests that membranes are not deflected under normal field conditions. Although absolute values should be interpreted carefully, our data suggest that pit membrane shrinkage implies increasing material stiffness, and highlight the dynamic changes of pit membrane mechanics and their complex, functional behaviour for fluid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora F. Carmesin
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Port
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 45, Ulm, Germany
| | - Samuel Böhringer
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Volker Rasche
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 45, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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Lens F, Gleason SM, Bortolami G, Brodersen C, Delzon S, Jansen S. Functional xylem characteristics associated with drought-induced embolism in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2019-2036. [PMID: 36039697 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure resulting from drought-induced embolism in the xylem of plants is a key determinant of reduced productivity and mortality. Methods to assess this vulnerability are difficult to achieve at scale, leading to alternative metrics and correlations with more easily measured traits. These efforts have led to the longstanding and pervasive assumed mechanistic link between vessel diameter and vulnerability in angiosperms. However, there are at least two problems with this assumption that requires critical re-evaluation: (1) our current understanding of drought-induced embolism does not provide a mechanistic explanation why increased vessel width should lead to greater vulnerability, and (2) the most recent advancements in nanoscale embolism processes suggest that vessel diameter is not a direct driver. Here, we review data from physiological and comparative wood anatomy studies, highlighting the potential anatomical and physicochemical drivers of embolism formation and spread. We then put forward key knowledge gaps, emphasising what is known, unknown and speculation. A meaningful evaluation of the diameter-vulnerability link will require a better mechanistic understanding of the biophysical processes at the nanoscale level that determine embolism formation and spread, which will in turn lead to more accurate predictions of how water transport in plants is affected by drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Plant Sciences, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Giovanni Bortolami
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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Li S, Li X, Wang J, Chen Z, Lu S, Wan X, Sun H, Wang L, Delzon S, Cochard H, Jiang X, Shu J, Zheng J, Yin Y. Hydraulic traits are coupled with plant anatomical traits under drought-rewatering cycles in Ginkgo biloba L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1216-1227. [PMID: 34962276 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the responses of plant anatomical traits of trees to drought-rewatering cycles helps us to understand their responses to climate change; however, such work has not been adequately reported. In this study, Ginkgo biloba L. saplings were subjected to moderate, severe, extreme and lethal drought conditions by withholding water according to the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) and rewatering on a regular basis. Samples of phloem, cambium and xylem were collected to quantify their cellular properties including cambium and phloem cell vitality, xylem growth ring width, pit aspiration rates and pit membrane thickness using light microscopy and transmission microscopy. The results showed that the mortality rate of G. biloba saplings reached 90% at approximately P88 (xylem water potential inducing 88% loss of hydraulic conductivity). The onset of cambium and phloem cell mortality might be in accordance with that of xylem embolism. Close negative correlations between xylem water potential and PLC and between xylem water potential and cambium and phloem mortality suggested that xylem hydraulic traits are coupled with anatomical traits under declining xylem water potential. Cambium and phloem cell vitality as well as xylem growth ring width decreased significantly with increasing drought conditions. However, xylem pit membrane thickness, cambial zone width and cambial cell geometry were not affected by the drought-rewatering cycles. The tracheid radial diameter, intertracheid cell wall thickness and tracheid density decreased significantly during both drought conditions and rewatering conditions. In addition to hydraulic traits, cambium and phloem cell vitality can be used as anatomical traits to evaluate the mortality of G. biloba under drought. Future work is proposed to observe the dynamics of pit aspiration rates under drought-rewatering cycles in situ to deepen our understanding of the essential role of bordered pits in the 'air-seeding' mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Key laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Sen Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Key laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Herve Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Shu
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Jingming Zheng
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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Ingram S, Salmon Y, Lintunen A, Hölttä T, Vesala T, Vehkamäki H. Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732701. [PMID: 34975934 PMCID: PMC8716698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air seeded nanobubbles have recently been observed within tree sap under negative pressure. They are stabilized by an as yet unidentified process, although some embolize their vessels in extreme circumstances. Current literature suggests that a varying surface tension helps bubbles survive, but few direct measurements of this quantity have been made. Here, we present calculations of dynamic surface tension for two biologically relevant lipids using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that glycolipid monolayers resist expansion proportionally to the rate of expansion. Their surface tension increases with the tension applied, in a similar way to the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid. In contrast, a prototypical phospholipid was equally resistant to all applied tensions, suggesting that the fate of a given nanobubble is dependent on its surface composition. By incorporating our results into a Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) framework, we predict nanobubble stability with respect to embolism. We find that the metastable radius of glycolipid coated nanobubbles is approximately 35 nm, and that embolism is in this case unlikely when the external pressure is less negative than -1.5 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ingram
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Ecosystem-Atmospheric Interactions of Forest – Mire Complexes, Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kaack L, Weber M, Isasa E, Karimi Z, Li S, Pereira L, Trabi CL, Zhang Y, Schenk HJ, Schuldt B, Schmidt V, Jansen S. Pore constrictions in intervessel pit membranes provide a mechanistic explanation for xylem embolism resistance in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1829-1843. [PMID: 33595117 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in angiosperm xylem occurs via mesoporous pit membranes between vessels. Here, we investigate how the size of pore constrictions in pit membranes is related to pit membrane thickness and embolism resistance. Pit membranes were modelled as multiple layers to investigate how pit membrane thickness and the number of intervessel pits per vessel determine pore constriction sizes, the probability of encountering large pores, and embolism resistance. These estimations were complemented by measurements of pit membrane thickness, embolism resistance, and number of intervessel pits per vessel in stem xylem (n = 31, 31 and 20 species, respectively). The modelled constriction sizes in pit membranes decreased with increasing membrane thickness, explaining the measured relationship between pit membrane thickness and embolism resistance. The number of pits per vessel affected constriction size and embolism resistance much less than pit membrane thickness. Moreover, a strong relationship between modelled and measured embolism resistance was observed. Pore constrictions provide a mechanistic explanation for why pit membrane thickness determines embolism resistance, which suggests that hydraulic safety can be uncoupled from hydraulic efficiency. Although embolism spreading remains puzzling and encompasses more than pore constriction sizes, angiosperms are unlikely to have leaky pit membranes, which enables tensile transport of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Matthias Weber
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 18, Ulm, D-89069, Germany
| | - Emilie Isasa
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Shahid Beheshti St., Gorgan, 15759-49138, Iran
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Christophe L Trabi
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Ya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Beijingdong Road 1, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, 92834-6850, USA
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 18, Ulm, D-89069, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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Sviderskaya IV, Vaganov EA, Fonti MV, Fonti P. Isometric scaling to model water transport in conifer tree rings across time and environments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2672-2685. [PMID: 33367718 PMCID: PMC8006552 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic properties of xylem determine the ability of plants to efficiently and safely provide water to their leaves. These properties are key to understanding plant responses to environmental conditions and evaluating their fate under a rapidly changing climate. However, their assessment is hindered by the challenges of quantifying basic hydraulic components such as bordered pits and tracheids. Here, we use isometric scaling between tracheids and pit morphology to merge partial hydraulic models of the tracheid component and to upscale these properties to the tree-ring level in conifers. Our new model output is first cross-validated with the literature and then applied to cell anatomical measurements from Larix sibirica tree rings formed under harsh conditions in southern Siberia to quantify the intra- and inter-annual variability in hydraulic properties. The model provides a means of assessing how different-sized tracheid components contribute to the hydraulic properties of the ring. Upscaled results indicate that natural inter- and intra-ring anatomical variations have a substantial impact on the tree's hydraulic properties. Our model facilitates the assessment of important xylem functional attributes because it requires only the more accessible measures of cross-sectional tracheid size. This approach, if applied to dated tree rings, provides a novel way to investigate xylem structure-function relationships across time and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene A Vaganov
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Koddenberg T, Greving I, Hagemann J, Flenner S, Krause A, Laipple D, Klein KC, Schmitt U, Schuster M, Wolf A, Seifert M, Ludwig V, Funk S, Militz H, Nopens M. Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4574. [PMID: 33633184 PMCID: PMC7907381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Koddenberg
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Plank Straße1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Johannes Hagemann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron-DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silja Flenner
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Plank Straße1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Thünen-Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Laipple
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Plank Straße1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kim C Klein
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schmitt
- Thünen-Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Schuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Wolf
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Seifert
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Ludwig
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Militz
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Nopens
- Thünen-Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91, Hamburg-Bergedorf, 21031, Hamburg, Germany.
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