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Pang S, Zhao W, Zhang Q, Tian Z, Wu D, Deng S, Zhang P, Li Z, Liu S, Yang B, Huang G, Zhou Z. Aromatic components and endophytic fungi during the formation of agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis were induced by exogenous substances. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1446583. [PMID: 39234541 PMCID: PMC11371604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1446583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of formation of aromatic components for agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis is closely related to endophytic fungi and the result of complex multiple long-term joint interactions with them. However, the interactions between the aromatic components and endophytic fungi remain unclear during the formation of agarwood. In this study, precise mixed solution of hormones, inorganic salts, and fungi was used to induce its formation in A. sinensis, and sample blocks of wood were collected at different times after inoculation. This study showed that the aromatic compounds found in the three treatments of A. sinensis were primarily chromones (31.70-33.65%), terpenes (16.68-27.10%), alkanes (15.99-23.83%), and aromatics (3.13-5.07%). Chromones and terpenes were the primary components that characterized the aroma. The different sampling times had a more pronounced impact on the richness and diversity of endophytic fungal communities in the A. sinensis xylem than the induction treatments. The species annotation of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) demonstrated that the endophytic fungi were primarily composed of 18 dominant families and 20 dominant genera. A linear regression analysis of the network topology properties with induction time showed that the interactions among the fungal species continued to strengthen, and the network structure tended to become more complex. The terpenes significantly negatively correlated with the Pielou evenness index (p < 0.05), while the chromones significantly positively correlated with the OTUs and Shannon indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjiang Pang
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zuwei Tian
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shuokun Deng
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Zhongguo Li
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Shiling Liu
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Baoguo Yang
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Guihua Huang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaizhi Zhou
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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Hamrouni R, Regus F, Farnet Da Silva AM, Orsiere T, Boudenne JL, Laffont-Schwob I, Christen P, Dupuy N. Current status and future trends of microbial and nematode-based biopesticides for biocontrol of crop pathogens. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38987982 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The increasing public demand to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural production systems, causing serious environmental damages, has challenged industry to develop new and effective solutions to manage and control phytopathogens. Biopesticides, particularly microbial-based biopesticides, are a promising new alternative with high biodegradability, specificity, suitability for incorporation into integrated pest management practices, low likelihood of resistance development, and practically no known human health risks. However: expensive production methods, narrow action spectra, susceptibility to environmental conditions, short shelf life, poor storage stability, legislation registry constraints, and general lack of knowledge are slowing down their adoption. In addition to regulatory framework revisions and improved training initiatives, improved preservation methods, thoughtfully designed formulations, and field test validations are needed to offer new microbial- and nematode-based biopesticides with improved efficacy and increased shelf-life. During the last several years, substantial advancements in biopesticide production have been developed. The novelty part of this review written in 2023 is to summarize (i) mechanisms of action of beneficial microorganisms used to increase crop performance and (ii) successful formulation including commercial products for the biological control of phytopathogens based on microorganisms, nematode and/or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhane Hamrouni
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE UMR 7376, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Flor Regus
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, LPED, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thierry Orsiere
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Christen
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Dupuy
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
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Shabani E, Alemzadeh Ansari N, Fayezizadeh MR, Caser M. Can Trichoderma harzianum be used to enhance the yield and nutrient uptake of Lactuca sativa cv "Lollo Rosso" in floating systems? Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4800-4809. [PMID: 39055177 PMCID: PMC11266894 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum MVT801 combined with different ratios of nutrient solution (NR) (25%, 50%, and 100%) on the growth and physiological traits of Lactuca sativa "Lollo Rosso" plants cultivated in floating systems. Inoculation of lettuce plants with T. harzianum MVT801 (T1) in a floating system improves biometric properties, photosynthetic parameters, and nutrient uptake compared with uninoculated treatment (T0). The results clearly showed that in T1, despite a 50% reduction in the ratio of nutrient solution, no significant difference was observed in the growth and photosynthesis characteristics and nutrient uptake in L. sativa "Lollo Rosso" leaves compared with a complete nutrient solution treatment (100%), which is one of the notable results of this study. In this regard, the highest yield was observed in T1NR50 (inoculated with fungi and 50% of the nutrient solution) and T1NR100 (inoculated with fungi and complete nutrient solution) treatments. Also, the highest concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in "Lollo Rosso" leaves were observed in T1NR50 and T1NR100 treatments. Accordingly, the use of T. harzianum in floating lettuce cultivation could be recommended to increase crop productivity and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Shabani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgricultureShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgricultureShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgricultureShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Matteo Caser
- Departments of Agricultural, Forest and Food SciencesUniversity of TorinoGrugliascoItaly
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Mendoza-Mendoza A, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Soth S, Whelan H, Alizadeh H, Echaide-Aquino JF, Kandula D, Hampton JG. Uncovering the multifaceted properties of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone for control of plant pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1420068. [PMID: 38957597 PMCID: PMC11217547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1420068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms have the ability to inhibit the growth and development of plant pathogens, induce the activation of plant defenses, and promote plant growth. Among them, 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6-PP), a ketone produced by Trichoderma fungi, has emerged as a focal point of interest. 6-PP has been isolated and characterized from thirteen Trichoderma species and is the main VOC produced, often accounting for >50% of the total VOCs emitted. This review examines abiotic and biotic interactions regulating the production of 6-PP by Trichoderma, and the known effects of 6-PP on plant pathogens through direct and indirect mechanisms including induced systemic resistance. While there are many reports of 6-PP activity against plant pathogens, the vast majority have been from laboratory studies involving only 6-PP and the pathogen, rather than glasshouse or field studies including a host plant in the system. Biopesticides based on 6-PP may well provide an eco-friendly, sustainable management tool for future agricultural production. However, before this can happen, challenges including demonstrating disease control efficacy in the field, developing efficient delivery systems, and determining cost-effective application rates must be overcome before 6-PP's potential for pathogen control can be turned into reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sereyboth Soth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen Whelan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hossein Alizadeh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Diwakar Kandula
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John G. Hampton
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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di Gennaro M, Della Sala F, Vinale F, Borzacchiello A. Design of Carboxymethylcellulose/Poloxamer-Based Bioformulation Embedding Trichoderma afroharzianum for Agricultural Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12159-12166. [PMID: 38815139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biological control agents are believed to be a potential alternative to classical fertilizers to increase the sustainability of agriculture. In this work, the formulation of Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 (T22) spores with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) solutions was investigated. Rheological and microscopical analysis were performed on T22-based systems at three different CMC/PF-127 concentrations, showing that polymer aggregates tend to surround T22 spores, without viscosity, and the viscoelastic properties of the formulations were affected. Contact angle measurements showed the ability of PF-127 to increase the wettability of the systems, and the effect of the formulations on the viability of the spores was evaluated. The viability of the spores was higher over 21 days in all the formulations, compared to the control in water, at 4 and 25 °C. Finally, the effectiveness of the formulations on sweet basil was estimated by greenhouse tests. The results revealed a beneficial effect of the CMC/PF-127 mixture, but none on the formulation with T22. The data show the potential of CMC/PF-127 mixtures for the future design of microorganism-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario di Gennaro
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Francesca Della Sala
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, Napoli 80137, Italy
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Napoli 80125, Italy
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Esparza-Reynoso S, Ávalos-Rangel A, Pelagio-Flores R, López-Bucio J. Reactive oxygen species and NADPH oxidase-encoding genes underly the plant growth and developmental responses to Trichoderma. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1257-1269. [PMID: 36877382 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of plant growth and development through reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark during the interactions with microorganisms, but how fungi and their molecules influence endogenous ROS production in the root remains unknown. In this report, we correlated the biostimulant effect of Trichoderma atroviride with Arabidopsis root development via ROS signaling. T. atroviride enhanced ROS accumulation in primary root tips, lateral root primordia, and emerged lateral roots as revealed by total ROS imaging through the fluorescent probe H2DCF-DA and NBT detection. Acidification of the substrate and emission of the volatile organic compound 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one appear to be major factors by which the fungus triggers ROS accumulation. Besides, the disruption of plant NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) including ROBHA, RBOHD, but mainly RBOHE, impaired root and shoot fresh weight and the root branching enhanced by the fungus in vitro. RbohE mutant plants displayed poor lateral root proliferation and lower superoxide levels than wild-type seedlings in both primary and lateral roots, indicating a role for this enzyme for T. atroviride-induced root branching. These data shed light on the roles of ROS as messengers for plant growth and root architectural changes during the plant-Trichoderma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria C. P, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ávalos-Rangel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria C. P, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, C. P, 58240, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria C. P, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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7
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Rouphael Y, Carillo P, Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C, Ganugi P, Fiorini A, Miras Moreno B, Zhang L, Cardarelli M, Lucini L, Colla G. Copper boosts the biostimulant activity of a vegetal-derived protein hydrolysate in basil: morpho-physiological and metabolomics insights. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1235686. [PMID: 37692443 PMCID: PMC10484225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1235686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to be used as a plant protection agent, copper (Cu) is also an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. The bioavailability of Cu in agricultural systems can be limited due to its specific physical-chemical characteristics, leading to imbalances in plant production. To address this issue, an experimental trial was conducted on Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in protected conditions to comparatively evaluate the effects of a vegetable protein hydrolysate (VPH), free Cu and Cu complexed with peptides and amino acids of vegetal origin (Cu and Cu-VPH, respectively), and a combination of VPH and Cu-VPH (VPH+Cu-VPH). The study showed that the combined application of VPH+Cu-VPH led to a significant average increase of 16.3% in fresh yield compared to the untreated Control and Cu treatment. This finding was supported by an improved photosynthetic performance in ACO2 (+29%) and Fv/Fm (+7%). Furthermore, mineral analysis using ICP OES demonstrated that Cu and Cu-VPH treatments determined, on average, a 15.1-, 16.9-, and 1.9-fold increase in Cu in plant tissues compared to control, VPH, and VPH+Cu-VPH treatments, respectively. However, the VPH+Cu-VPH treatment induced the highest contents of the other analyzed ions, except for P. In particular, Mg, Mn, Ca, and Fe, which take part in the constitution of chlorophylls, water splitting system, and photosynthetic electron transport chain, increased by 23%, 21%, 25%, and 32% compared to respective controls. Indeed, this improved the photosynthetic efficiency and the carboxylation capacity of the plants, and consequently, the physiological and productive performance of Genovese basil, compared to all other treatments and control. Consistently, the untargeted metabolomics also pointed out a distinctive modulation of phytochemical signatures as a function of the treatment. An accumulation of alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids was observed following Cu treatment, suggesting an oxidative imbalance upon metal exposure. In contrast, a mitigation of oxidative stress was highlighted in Cu-VPH and VPH+Cu-VPH, where the treatments reduced stress-related metabolites. Overall, these results highlight an interaction between Cu and VPH, hence paving the way towards the combined use of Cu and biostimulants to optimize agronomic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Petronia Carillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Ganugi
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorini
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Begoña Miras Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Lucini
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- CRAST Research Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Duan X, Zou C, Jiang Y, Yu X, Ye X. Effects of Reduced Phosphate Fertilizer and Increased Trichoderma Application on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Pepper. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2998. [PMID: 37631209 PMCID: PMC10460083 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus utilization by crop plants is often limited, thereby resulting in large accumulations of residual phosphorus fertilizer in the soil. Trichoderma fungi function as natural decomposition agents that can contribute to increasing decomposition and promoting nutrient absorption in plants. In this study, we developed a novel fertilizer application strategy that reduces phosphate fertilizer and increases Trichoderma and examined its effects on the growth, nutrient absorption, and fruit quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). We compared the efficacies of eight treatments: P100 = standard dose application of phosphorus fertilizer; P85 = 85% dose; P70 = 70% dose; P0 = no phosphorus fertilizer; and the TP100, TP85, TP70, and TP0 treatments, in which a Trichoderma mixture was added to the P100, P85, P70, and P0 treatments, respectively. The combined fertilizer application strategy stimulated plant growth, increased chlorophyll content, improved yield, and enhanced nutrient absorption. Additionally, the strategy improved pepper fruit quality by increasing the contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, vitamin C, capsaicin, and capsanthin. A comprehensive analysis indicated that the TP85 treatment was the optimal fertilization regime for pepper. This study provides a novel fertilizer application strategy for pepper that not only ensures good plant growth but also protects soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunlei Zou
- Vegetable Research Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China;
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xueling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
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9
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Ravelo-Ortega G, Raya-González J, López-Bucio J. Compounds from rhizosphere microbes that promote plant growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102336. [PMID: 36716513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere is the soil-plant interface colonized by bacterial and fungal species that exert growth-promoting and adaptive benefits. The plant-bacteria relationships rely upon the perception of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), canonical phytohormones such as auxins and cytokinins, and the bacterial quorum sensing-related N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones and cyclodipeptides. On the other hand, plant-beneficial Trichoderma fungi emit highly active VOCs, including 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP), and β-caryophyllene, which contribute to plant morphogenesis, but also into how these microbes spread over roots or live as endophytes. Here, we describe recent findings concerning how compounds from beneficial bacteria and fungi affect root architecture and advance into the signaling events that mediate microbial recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ravelo-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, C. P. 58240, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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10
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Woo SL, Hermosa R, Lorito M, Monte E. Trichoderma: a multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:312-326. [PMID: 36414835 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan and opportunistic ascomycete fungal genus including species that are of interest to agriculture as direct biological control agents of phytopathogens. Trichoderma utilizes direct antagonism and competition, particularly in the rhizosphere, where it modulates the composition of and interactions with other microorganisms. In its colonization of plants, on the roots or as an endophyte, Trichoderma has evolved the capacity to communicate with the plant and produce numerous multifaceted benefits to its host. The intricacy of this plant-microorganism association has stimulated a marked interest in research on Trichoderma, ranging from its capacity as a plant growth promoter to its ability to prime local and systemic defence responses against biotic and abiotic stresses and to activate transcriptional memory affecting plant responses to future stresses. This Review discusses the ecophysiology and diversity of Trichoderma and the complexity of its relationships in the agroecosystem, highlighting its potential as a direct and indirect biological control agent, biostimulant and biofertilizer, which are useful multipurpose properties for agricultural applications. We also highlight how the present legislative framework might accommodate the demonstrated evidence of Trichoderma proficiency as a plant-beneficial microorganism contributing towards eco-sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Giordano DF, Pastor NA, Rouws LFM, de Freitas KM, Erazo JG, Del Canto A, da Silva Coelho I, Oddino CM, Torres AM. Trichoderma harzianum ITEM 3636 colonizes peanut roots as an endophyte and protects the plants against late leaf spot. Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-023-00913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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12
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Fusco GM, Burato A, Pentangelo A, Cardarelli M, Nicastro R, Carillo P, Parisi M. Can Microbial Consortium Applications Affect Yield and Quality of Conventionally Managed Processing Tomato? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:14. [PMID: 36616143 PMCID: PMC9824734 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Three commercial microbial-based biostimulants containing fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizae and Trichoderma spp.) and other microrganisms (plant growth-promoting bacteria and yeasts) were applied on a processing tomato crop in a two-year field experiment in southern Italy. The effects of the growing season and the microorganism-based treatments on the yield, technological traits and functional quality of the tomato fruits were assessed. The year of cultivation affected yield (with a lower fruit weight, higher marketable to total yield ratio and higher percentage of total defective fruits in 2020) and technological components (higher dry matter, titratable acidity, total soluble solids content in 2020). During the first year of the trial, the consortia-based treatments enhanced the soluble solids content (+10.02%) compared to the untreated tomato plants. The sucrose and lycopene content were affected both by the microbial treatments and the growing season (greater values found in 2021 with respect to 2020). The year factor also significantly affected the metabolite content, except for tyrosine, essential (EAA) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Over the two years of the field trial, FID-consortium enhanced the content of proteins (+53.71%), alanine (+16.55%), aspartic acid (+31.13%), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (+76.51%), glutamine (+55.17%), glycine (+28.13%), monoethanolamine (MEA) (+19.57%), total amino acids (TAA) (+33.55), EAA (+32.56%) and BCAAs (+45.10%) compared to the control. Our findings highlighted the valuable effect of the FID microbial inoculant in boosting several primary metabolites (proteins and amino acids) in the fruits of the processing tomato crop grown under southern Italian environmental conditions, although no effect on the yield and its components was appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Marta Fusco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Andrea Burato
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pentangelo
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cardarelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Nicastro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Petronia Carillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mario Parisi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
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Torres-Ortega R, Guillén-Alonso H, Alcalde-Vázquez R, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Winkler R. In Vivo Low-Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LTP-MS) Reveals Regulation of 6-Pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-One (6-PP) as a Physiological Variable during Plant-Fungal Interaction. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121231. [PMID: 36557269 PMCID: PMC9783819 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprises a broad class of small molecules (up to ~300 g/mol) produced by biological and non-biological sources. VOCs play a vital role in an organism's metabolism during its growth, defense, and reproduction. The well-known 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) molecule is an example of a major volatile biosynthesized by Trichoderma atroviride that modulates the expression of PIN auxin-transport proteins in primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during their relationship. Their beneficial relation includes lateral root formation, defense induction, and increased plant biomass production. The role of 6-PP has been widely studied due to its relevance in this cross-kingdom relationship. Conventional VOCs measurements are often destructive; samples require further preparation, and the time resolution is low (around hours). Some techniques enable at-line or real-time analyses but are highly selective to defined compounds. Due to these technical constraints, it is difficult to acquire relevant information about the dynamics of VOCs in biological systems. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization allows the analysis of a wide range of VOCs by mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, LTP-MS requires no sample preparation, is solvent-free, and enables the detection of 6-PP faster than conventional analytical methods. Applying static statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) leads to a loss of information since the biological systems are dynamic. Thus, we applied a time series analysis to find patterns in the signal changes. Our results indicate that the 6-PP signal is constitutively emitted by T. atroviride only; the signal shows high skewness and kurtosis. In A. thaliana grown alone, no signal corresponding to 6-PP is detected above the white noise level. However, during T. atroviride-A. thaliana interaction, the signal performance showed reduced skewness and kurtosis with high autocorrelation. These results suggest that 6-PP is a physiological variable that promotes homeostasis during the plant-fungal relationship. Although the molecular mechanism of this cross-kingdom control is still unknown, our study indicates that 6-PP has to be regulated by A. thaliana during their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Torres-Ortega
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Héctor Guillén-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Nacional Technological Institute, Celaya 38010, Mexico
| | - Raúl Alcalde-Vázquez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- UGA-Langebio, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Feng L, Zhang AX, Shang RR, Wang XJ, Tan NH, Wang Z. Trichopsistides A and B: Two Highly Oxygenated Pentacyclic Polyketides with Promising Inhibitory Effects on the NF-κB Signaling Pathway from the Fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis WZ-196. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14058-14067. [PMID: 36162105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two highly oxygenated pentacyclic polyketides with two new carbon skeletons, trichopsistide A (1) and trichopsistide B (2), were isolated from the plant endophyte Trichoderma koningiopsis WZ-196 derived from the leaf of Rubia podantha Diels. The structures of these polyketides with full configurations were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, computer-assisted structure elucidation software, computational calculation, and X-ray crystal diffraction. Among them, 1 represented the first example of an unprecedented 5/6/6/6/5 pentacyclic ketal-containing polyketide pyridine alkaloid, and 2 possessed a novel 6/6/6/6/5 pentacyclic ketal-containing polyketide scaffold fused with an α-pyrone. The plausible biosynthetic route for 1 and 2 was also proposed. Moreover, biological activity assays showed that 1 and 2 possessed inhibitory effects on the NF-κB signaling pathway with IC50 values of 14.77 and 8.58 μM, respectively. Furthermore, 1 and 2 could also inhibit the expression of IκBα and p65 phosphorylation, decrease the expression of MCP-1, E-selectin, and IL-8 at the mRNA level, and inhibit the TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Xin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran-Ran Shang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Jia Wang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Hua Tan
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Cao ZJ, Qin WT, Zhao J, Liu Y, Wang SX, Zheng SY. Three New Trichoderma Species in Harzianum Clade Associated with the Contaminated Substrates of Edible Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1154. [PMID: 36354921 PMCID: PMC9696741 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is known worldwide as biocontrol agents of plant diseases, producers of enzymes and antibiotics, and competitive contaminants of edible fungi. In this investigation of contaminated substrates of edible fungi from North China, 39 strains belonging to 10 Trichoderma species isolated from four kinds of edible fungi were obtained, and three novel species belonging to the Harzianum clade were isolated from the contaminated substrates of Auricularia heimuer and Pholiota adipose. They were recognized based on integrated studies of phenotypic features, culture characteristics, and molecular analyses of RNA polymerase II subunit B and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. Trichoderma auriculariae was strongly supported as a separate lineage and differed from T. vermifimicola due to its larger conidia. Trichoderma miyunense was closely related to T. ganodermatigerum but differed due to its smaller conidia and higher optimum mycelial growth temperature. As a separate lineage, T. pholiotae was distinct from T. guizhouense and T. pseudoasiaticum due to its higher optimum mycelial growth temperature and larger conidia. This study extends the understanding of Trichoderma spp. contaminating substrates of edible fungi and updates knowledge of species diversity in the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Cao
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wen-Tao Qin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shou-Xian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Su-Yue Zheng
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
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Carillo P, Pannico A, Cirillo C, Ciriello M, Colla G, Cardarelli M, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Protein Hydrolysates from Animal or Vegetal Sources Affect Morpho-Physiological Traits, Ornamental Quality, Mineral Composition, and Shelf-Life of Chrysanthemum in a Distinctive Manner. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172321. [PMID: 36079702 PMCID: PMC9460061 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are a prominent category of plant biostimulants, mainly constituted of amino acids, oligopeptides and polypeptides, obtained by partial hydrolysis of animal or plant protein sources. Despite scientific evidence supporting the biostimulant action of PHs on vegetables, the morphological, physiological, and shelf-life performances underlying the PH action on cut flowers are still poorly explored. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to assess the effects of three commercial biostimulants, one animal PH (PH A, Hicure®) and two plant PHs (PH V1, Trainer® and PH V2, Vegamin©), on two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cultivars (Pinacolada and Radost). In both cultivars, only the plant-derived PH (V1 and V2) treatments recorded significantly higher fresh plant biomass than the control (on average +18%, in both cultivars). The foliar application of the vegetal-derived PHs but not the animal one, particularly in Pinacolada, improved the status of plants, stimulating stem elongation and the apical flower diameter. In Pinacolada, applications with PH V1 resulted in a significant increase in nitrate and P concentration in leaves and Ca content in flowers compared with the control (+43%, +27%, and +28% for nitrate, P, and Ca, respectively). In Radost, PH A and PH V2 applications caused a significant reduction in nitrate concentration in both leaves and flowers compared with the control. One week after harvest, in both cultivars, PH A applications caused flower stems to wilt faster than the control. In contrast, plants treated with PH V1 revealed significantly slower flower stem senescence compared to the control. Flower wilting during vase life was correlated to a decrease in the K-to-Na ratio in flowers due to an inability to transport K to the flowers from the leaves rather than an increase in Na in the flowers themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronia Carillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Chiara Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cardarelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Anshu A, Agarwal P, Mishra K, Yadav U, Verma I, Chauhan S, Srivastava PK, Singh PC. Synergistic action of Trichoderma koningiopsis and T. asperellum mitigates salt stress in paddy. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:987-1004. [PMID: 35722516 PMCID: PMC9203646 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intensive cultivation increases the salinity and alkalinity of soil leading to its degradation. Such soil lead to abiotic stress conditions in plants causing ROS-mediated cellular damage. Microbes constitute an important group of bio-stimulants, which are promising alternatives to reduce ROS-mediated abiotic stresses and improve plant growth. In the present study synergistic activity of stress-tolerant Trichoderma koningiopsis NBRI-PR5 (MTCC 25372) and T. asperellum NBRI-K14 (MTCC 25373) (TrichoMix) was assessed in paddy crop under salt stress conditions. Improved soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total organic carbon (TOC), and available nutrients N/P/K by 2-3 folds was observed in the pot experiment using the TrichoMix. It restored the heterogeneous microbial population of the paddy rhizosphere during salt stress and modulated the soil enzyme activities. The anatomical distortions in rice roots due to salt stress were stabilized in presence of the TrichoMix. Different stress marker genes (OsMAPK5, OsAPX, OsGST, OsUSP, OsBADH, OsLYSO, OsNRAMP6, and OsBz8) were differentially modulated by the TrichoMix in presence of salt stress as compared to the control. The TrichoMix increased the yield by 10% in marginally stressed fields; however, it enhanced the yield by approximately 60% when used with the 50% recommended dose of NPK. In the integrated treatment, Fe and Zn were fortified by approximately 40% and 29% respectively in the grains. From the present study, it was concluded that the TrichoMix stimulated the rice plants to accumulate osmoprotectants, improved the anatomical features, modulated the plant defense system, and improved the grain yield and quality. Therefore, the NBRI-PR5 and NBRI-K14 mixture may be used as a bio-stimulant to increase productivity in the rapidly deteriorating soil and reduce the NPK inputs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01192-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Anshu
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Pallavi Agarwal
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
| | - Kumkum Mishra
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Udit Yadav
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Academy India of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Isha Verma
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Academy India of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Soni Chauhan
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
| | - Poonam C. Singh
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007 India
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Sani MNH, Yong JWH. Harnessing Synergistic Biostimulatory Processes: A Plausible Approach for Enhanced Crop Growth and Resilience in Organic Farming. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010041. [PMID: 35053039 PMCID: PMC8773105 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Demand for organically grown crops has risen globally due to its healthier and safer food products. From a sustainability perspective, organic farming offers an eco-friendly cultivation system that minimizes agrochemicals and producing food with little or no environmental footprint. However, organic agriculture’s biggest drawback is the generally lower and variable yield in contrast to conventional farming. Compatible with organic farming, the selective use of biostimulants can close the apparent yield gap between organic and conventional cultivation systems. A biostimulant is defined as natural microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) or biologically active substances that are able to improve plant growth and yield through several processes. Biostimulants are derived from a range of natural resources including organic materials (composts, seaweeds), manures (earthworms, fish, insects) and extracts derived from microbes, plant, insect or animal origin. The current trend is indicative that a mixture of biostimulants is generally delivering better growth, yield and quality rather than applying biostimulant individually. When used correctly, biostimulants are known to help plants cope with stressful situations like drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and even certain diseases. More research is needed to understand the different biostimulants, key components, and also to adjust the formulations to improve their reliability in the field. Abstract Demand for organically grown food crops is rising substantially annually owing to their contributions to human health. However, organic farm production is still generally lower compared to conventional farming. Nutrient availability, content consistency, uptake, assimilation, and crop responses to various stresses were reported as critical yield-limiting factors in many organic farming systems. In recent years, plant biostimulants (BSs) have gained much interest from researchers and growers, and with the objective of integrating these products to enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE), crop performance, and delivering better stress resilience in organic-related farming. This review gave an overview of direct and indirect mechanisms of microbial and non-microbial BSs in enhancing plant nutrient uptake, physiological status, productivity, resilience to various stressors, and soil-microbe-plant interactions. BSs offer a promising, innovative and sustainable strategy to supplement and replace agrochemicals in the near future. With greater mechanistic clarity, designing purposeful combinations of microbial and non-microbial BSs that would interact synergistically and deliver desired outcomes in terms of acceptable yield and high-quality products sustainably will be pivotal. Understanding these mechanisms will improve the next generation of novel and well-characterized BSs, combining microbial and non-microbial BSs strategically with specific desired synergistic bio-stimulatory action, to deliver enhanced plant growth, yield, quality, and resilience consistently in organic-related cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nasir Hossain Sani
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
- Correspondence: (M.N.H.S.); (J.W.H.Y.)
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.N.H.S.); (J.W.H.Y.)
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de Sousa WN, Brito NF, Felsemburgh CA, Vieira TA, Lustosa DC. Evaluation of Trichoderma spp. Isolates in Cocoa Seed Treatment and Seedling Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1964. [PMID: 34579496 PMCID: PMC8468600 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of Trichoderma spp., a soil fungus, has been used to control diseases and promote plant growth, reducing the use of chemicals in the production of seedlings of different plant species. We evaluated the effect of some Trichoderma spp. isolates on seed treatment and seedling production of Theobromacacao. Five isolates from the Amazon region were tested. In laboratory, the following variables were evaluated for seed treatments: germination, germination speed index, radicle and hypocotyl lengths, and fungi incidence. In nursery, the following forms of application were tested: via seeds; in the substrate at pre-planting; monthly in post-planting substrate, and also their combination. The following was evaluated: height, diameter, number of leaves, root length, leaf area, and shoot dry mass and root system. Inoculation with Trichoderma increased the length of the radicle and hypocotyl and showed no fungi in the seeds. In seedlings, some treatments increased height and plant root dry mass. The use of Trichoderma was beneficial for seeds and appeared favorable for T. cacao production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayane Fonseca Brito
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil; (N.F.B.); (C.A.F.); (T.A.V.)
| | - Cristina Aledi Felsemburgh
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil; (N.F.B.); (C.A.F.); (T.A.V.)
| | - Thiago Almeida Vieira
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil; (N.F.B.); (C.A.F.); (T.A.V.)
| | - Denise Castro Lustosa
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil; (N.F.B.); (C.A.F.); (T.A.V.)
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Phylogeny and Optimization of Trichoderma harzianum for Chitinase Production: Evaluation of Their Antifungal Behaviour against the Prominent Soil Borne Phyto-Pathogens of Temperate India. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091962. [PMID: 34576858 PMCID: PMC8471080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is the most commonly used fungal biocontrol agent throughout the world. In the present study, various Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different vegetable fields. In the isolated microflora, the colony edges varied from wavy to smooth. The mycelial forms were predominantly floccose with hyaline color and conidiophores among all the strains were highly branched. Based on morphological attributes, all the isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum. The molecular identification using multilocus sequencing ITS, rpb2 and tef1α, genes further confirmed the morphological identification. The average chitinase activity varied from 1.13 units/mL to 3.38 units/mL among the various isolates, which increased linearly with temperature from 15 to 30 °C. There was an amplified production in the chitinase production in the presence of Mg+ and Ca2+ and Na+ metal ions, but the presence of certain ions was found to cause the down-regulated chitinase activity, i.e., Zn2+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Ag+ and K+. All the chitinase producing Trichoderma isolates inhibited the growth of tested pathogens viz., Dematophora necatrix, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum at 25% culture-free filtrate concentration under in vitro conditions. Also, under in vivo conditions, the lowest wilt incidence and highest disease control on Fusarium oxysporum was observed in isolate BT4 with mean wilt incidence and disease control of 21% and 48%, respectively. The Trichoderma harzianum identified in this study will be further used in formulation development for the management of diseases under field conditions.
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21
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Barrera VA, Iannone L, Romero AI, Chaverri P. Expanding the Trichoderma harzianum species complex: Three new species from Argentine natural and cultivated ecosystems. Mycologia 2021; 113:1136-1155. [PMID: 34473608 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1947641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was performed on a collection of 84 isolates from decaying plant tissues and soils in Argentina previously identified as Trichoderma harzianum. Based on multiple phenotypic characters and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, 10 species were distinguished, three of which are described as new species: T. austroindianum, T. hortense, and T. syagri. Among the remaining seven identified species, the following five can be added to the Argentine mycobiota: T. afarasin, T. afroharzianum, T. endophyticum, T. guizhouense, and T. neotropicale. Trichoderma afroharzianum and T. endophyticum were the most frequent species found in the samples. In addition, a collection of isolates previously identified as T. harzianum with antagonistic abilities were reidentified as T. afroharzianum, thus highlighting the importance of correct identification of biocontrol species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana A Barrera
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, N. Repetto y De los Reseros, CC25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leopoldo Iannone
- Instituto de Micología y Botánica-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INMIBO-CONICET), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Andrea Irene Romero
- Instituto de Micología y Botánica-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INMIBO-CONICET), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Priscila Chaverri
- Escuela de Biología and Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Comite E, El-Nakhel C, Rouphael Y, Ventorino V, Pepe O, Borzacchiello A, Vinale F, Rigano D, Staropoli A, Lorito M, Woo SL. Bioformulations with Beneficial Microbial Consortia, a Bioactive Compound and Plant Biopolymers Modulate Sweet Basil Productivity, Photosynthetic Activity and Metabolites. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070870. [PMID: 34358020 PMCID: PMC8308691 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is being given to the development of innovative formulations to substitute the use of synthetic chemicals to improve agricultural production and resource use efficiency. Alternatives can include biological products containing beneficial microorganisms and bioactive metabolites able to inhibit plant pathogens, induce systemic resistance and promote plant growth. The efficacy of such bioformulations can be increased by the addition of polymers as adjuvants or carriers. Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Azotobacter chroococcum 76A and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP; a Trichoderma secondary metabolite) were administrated singularly or in a consortium, with or without a carboxymethyl cellulose-based biopolymer (BP), and tested on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in a protected greenhouse. The effect of the treatments on basil yield, photosynthetic activity and secondary metabolites production was assessed. Photosynthetic efficiency was augmented by the applications of the bioformulations. The applications to the rhizosphere with BP + 6PP and BP + T22 + 76A increased the total fresh weight of basil by 26.3% and 23.6%, respectively. Untargeted LC-MS qTOF analysis demonstrated that the plant metabolome was significantly modified by the treatments. Quantification of the profiles for the major phenolic acids indicated that the treatment with the T22 + 76A consortium increased rosmarinic acid content by 110%. The use of innovative bioformulations containing microbes, their metabolites and a biopolymer was found to modulate the cultivation of fresh basil by improving yield and quality, thus providing the opportunity to develop farming systems with minimal impact on the environmental footprint from the agricultural production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Comite
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Valeria Ventorino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Olimpia Pepe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- National Research Council, Institute for Composite Polymers and Biomaterials, 80125 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy;
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela Rigano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessia Staropoli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (V.V.); (O.P.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Effects of Trichoderma harzianum on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136961. [PMID: 34203436 PMCID: PMC8268988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial role of fungi from the Trichoderma genus and its secondary metabolites in promoting plant growth, uptake and use efficiency of macronutrients and oligo/micro-nutrients, activation of plant secondary metabolism and plant protection from diseases makes it interesting for application in environmentally friendly agriculture. However, the literature data on the effect of Trichoderma inoculation on tomato fruit quality is scarce. Commercially used tomato cultivars were chosen in combination with indigenous Trichodrema species previously characterized on molecular and biochemical level, to investigate the effect of Trichoderma on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of plants grown in organic system of production. Examined cultivars differed in the majority of examined parameters. Response of cultivar Gružanski zlatni to Trichoderma application was more significant. As a consequence of increased epidermal flavonols and decreased chlorophyll, the nitrogen balance index in leaves has decreased, indicating a shift from primary to secondary metabolism. The quality of its fruit was altered in the sense of increased total flavonoids content, decreased starch, increased Bioaccumulation Index (BI) for Fe and Cr, and decreased BI for heavy metals Ni and Pb. Higher expression of swolenin gene in tomato roots of more responsive tomato cultivar indicates better root colonization, which correlates with observed positive effects of Trichodrema.
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Ferreira FV, Musumeci MA. Trichoderma as biological control agent: scope and prospects to improve efficacy. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:90. [PMID: 33899136 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A major current challenge is to increase the food production while preserving natural resources. Agricultural practices that enhance the productivity and progressively improve the soil quality are relevant to face this challenge. Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture to stimulate the plant growth and to control different pathogens affecting crops, representing useful tools for sustainable food production. This mini-review summarizes applications of Trichoderma strains in agriculture to control fungal pathogens, nematodes and insects, the involved biocontrol mechanisms, efficacy and inoculation forms in greenhouse, field and post-harvest conditions. Aspects of Trichoderma handling that influence on biocontrol efficacy such as preventive treatments, frequency of applications and delivery methods are discussed. Strategies useful to improve the antagonistic performance such as the use of native strains, protoplast fusion, formulation, growth on pathogen cell wall medium and combination with other antagonists in integrated treatments are discussed. This mini-review provides practical knowledge to design safe and optimal biocontrol strategies based on Trichoderma and pose challenges to expand its antagonist performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia V Ferreira
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos (CITER), Monseñor Tavella 1450 (E3202 BCJ), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Matías A Musumeci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos (CITER), Monseñor Tavella 1450 (E3202 BCJ), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Monseñor Tavella 1450 (E3202 BCJ), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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Kakabouki I, Tataridas A, Mavroeidis A, Kousta A, Karydogianni S, Zisi C, Kouneli V, Konstantinou A, Folina A, Konstantas A, Papastylianou P. Effect of Colonization of Trichoderma harzianum on Growth Development and CBD Content of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030518. [PMID: 33802427 PMCID: PMC7998984 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum, as a natural endophytic biocontrol agent, can ameliorate plant development, nutrient uptake, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum inoculation on agronomical and quality characteristics of two monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties, Fedora 17 and Felina. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design of two treatments of Trichoderma harzianum with a low and high dose of the fungus (T1 and T2). The significance of differences between treatments was estimated by using a Fisher’s test with a significance level p = 0.05. The root density of both varieties was significantly affected by treatments, and higher values were recorded in Fedora 17 (2.32 mm cm−3). The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) colonization of the root system and the soil emission of CO2 were higher after the inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum. The highest values of plant height and dry weight were noticed for T2, especially in variety Felina. Trichoderma harzianum positively influenced characteristics of inflorescences such as their number, fresh weight moisture, and compactness in both varieties, while the dry weight, length, and dry yield of inflorescences were not improved. Finally, the fertigation of Trichoderma harzianum in hemp plants was beneficial by increasing the cannabidiol (CBD) content, especially in T2 treatment (4 × 1012 CFU kg−1).
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Deciphering Trichoderma-Plant-Pathogen Interactions for Better Development of Biocontrol Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010061. [PMID: 33477406 PMCID: PMC7830842 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) are ubiquitous and commonly encountered as soil inhabitants, plant symbionts, saprotrophs, and mycoparasites. Certain species have been used to control diverse plant diseases and mitigate negative growth conditions. The versatility of Trichoderma’s interactions mainly relies on their ability to engage in inter- and cross-kingdom interactions. Although Trichoderma is by far the most extensively studied fungal biocontrol agent (BCA), with a few species already having been commercialized as bio-pesticides or bio-fertilizers, their wide application has been hampered by an unpredictable efficacy under field conditions. Deciphering the dialogues within and across Trichoderma ecological interactions by identification of involved effectors and their underlying effect is of great value in order to be able to eventually harness Trichoderma’s full potential for plant growth promotion and protection. In this review, we focus on the nature of Trichoderma interactions with plants and pathogens. Better understanding how Trichoderma interacts with plants, other microorganisms, and the environment is essential for developing and deploying Trichoderma-based strategies that increase crop production and protection.
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Moreno-Ruiz D, Fuchs A, Missbach K, Schuhmacher R, Zeilinger S. Influence of Different Light Regimes on the Mycoparasitic Activity and 6-Pentyl-α-pyrone Biosynthesis in Two Strains of Trichoderma atroviride. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100860. [PMID: 33096850 PMCID: PMC7589932 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Trichoderma atroviride is well known for its mycoparasitic lifestyle. Similar to other organisms, light is an important cue for T. atroviride. However, besides triggering of conidiation, little is known on the physiological responses of T. atroviride to light. In this study, we analyzed how cultivation under different light wavelengths and regimes impacted the behavior of two T. atroviride wild-type strains: IMI206040 and P1. While colony extension of both strains was slightly affected by light, massive differences in their photoconidation responses became evident. T. atroviride P1 colonies conidiated under all conditions tested including growth in complete darkness, while IMI206040 required white, blue or green light to trigger asexual reproduction. Interestingly, deletion of the stress-activated MAP kinase-encoding gene tmk3 abolished the ability of strain P1 to conidiate in red and yellow light as well as in darkness. Furthermore, light-dependent differences in the mycoparasitic activity and in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) became evident. 6-PP production was highest upon dark incubation, while light, especially exposure to white light as light/dark cycles, had an inhibitory effect on its biosynthesis. We conclude that the response of T. atroviride to light is strain-dependent and impacts differentiation, mycoparasitism, and 6-PP production; hence, this should be considered in experiments testing the mycoparasitic activity of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubraska Moreno-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Fuchs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
| | - Kristina Missbach
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1180 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1180 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Trichoderma spp. and Mulching Films Differentially Boost Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Greenhouse Lettuce under Diverse N Conditions. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The global increasing demand of lettuce is pushing farmers to boost their production through several technical means, including mulching and nitrogen fertilization. However, from an environmental protection perspective, the role of scientific research is to limit the excessive use of some chemical approaches. This research aims to evaluate the possible effects of two mulching films (black polyethylene, PE, and brown photoselective film, BF) and two treatments with a plant growth-promoting product, containing Trichoderma spp., (non-treated, - Control and treated with RYZO PEP UP, - TR), on the productive and qualitative traits of lettuce grown under four regimes of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha−1, N0, N30, N60, and N90, respectively). The marketable yield increased at higher nitrogen levels, but without differences between the N60 and N90 doses. The photoselective film elicited marketable yield, with an 8% increase over PE. N fertilization also improved photochemical efficiency (higher Soil Plant Analysis Development and chlorophyllous pigments biosynthesis), as well as antioxidant activities (lipophilic—LAA and hydrophilic—HAA) and bioactive compounds (phenols and total ascorbic acid—TAA). Interestingly, Trichoderma spp. had a positive effect on these qualitative parameters, especially when combined with mulching films, where the increase generated by PE-TR treatment over the all other treatments was 16.3% and 16.8% for LAA and HHA, respectively. In all treatments, the nitrate leaves content was consistently always within the legal limit imposed by the European community. Overall, although Trichoderma spp. did not engender a marked effect on yield, probably due to the short crop cycle, its positive effect on some quality traits is an interesting starting point for further research.
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Witkowicz R, Biel W, Skrzypek E, Chłopicka J, Gleń-Karolczyk K, Krupa M, Prochownik E, Galanty A. Microorganisms and Biostimulants Impact on the Antioxidant Activity of Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Sprouts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 32635447 DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9080469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The study analyzes the influence of plant growth promoters and biological control agents on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) in the sprouts of buckwheat. The AA of cv. Kora sprouts was higher than cv. Panda, with 110.0 µM Fe2+/g (FRAP-Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), 52.94 µM TRX (Trolox)/g (DPPH-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), 182.7 µM AAE (Ascorbic Acid Equivalent)/g (Photochemiluminescence-PCL-ACW-Water-Soluble Antioxidant Capacity) and 1.250 µM TRX/g (PCL-ACL-Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Capacity). The highest AA was found in the sprouts grown from seeds soaked in Ecklonia maxima extract and Pythium oligandrum (121.31 µM Fe2+/g (FRAP), 56.33 µM TRX/g (DPPH), 195.6 µM AAE/g (PCL-ACW) and 1.568 µM TRX/g (PCL-ACL). These values show that the antioxidant potential of buckwheat sprouts is essentially due to the predominant hydrophilic fraction of antioxidants. The AA of the sprouts was strongly correlated with total polyphenol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego Street, 71270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Chłopicka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gleń-Karolczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Krupa
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Prochownik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30688 Krakow, Poland
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Witkowicz R, Biel W, Skrzypek E, Chłopicka J, Gleń-Karolczyk K, Krupa M, Prochownik E, Galanty A. Microorganisms and Biostimulants Impact on the Antioxidant Activity of Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Sprouts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E584. [PMID: 32635447 PMCID: PMC7402131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study analyzes the influence of plant growth promoters and biological control agents on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) in the sprouts of buckwheat. The AA of cv. Kora sprouts was higher than cv. Panda, with 110.0 µM Fe2+/g (FRAP-Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), 52.94 µM TRX (Trolox)/g (DPPH-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), 182.7 µM AAE (Ascorbic Acid Equivalent)/g (Photochemiluminescence-PCL-ACW-Water-Soluble Antioxidant Capacity) and 1.250 µM TRX/g (PCL-ACL-Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Capacity). The highest AA was found in the sprouts grown from seeds soaked in Ecklonia maxima extract and Pythium oligandrum (121.31 µM Fe2+/g (FRAP), 56.33 µM TRX/g (DPPH), 195.6 µM AAE/g (PCL-ACW) and 1.568 µM TRX/g (PCL-ACL). These values show that the antioxidant potential of buckwheat sprouts is essentially due to the predominant hydrophilic fraction of antioxidants. The AA of the sprouts was strongly correlated with total polyphenol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland or (R.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego Street, 71270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Chłopicka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30688 Krakow, Poland; (J.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Gleń-Karolczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Krupa
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland or (R.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Ewelina Prochownik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30688 Krakow, Poland; (J.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30688 Krakow, Poland;
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