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Mangal M, H S, Bose S, Banerjee T. Innovations in applications and prospects of non-isocyanate polyurethane bioplastics. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23568. [PMID: 37846654 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, conventional plastics are necessary for a variety of aspects of modern daily life, including applications in the fields of healthcare, technology, and construction. However, they could also contain potentially hazardous compounds like isocyanates, whose degradation has a negative impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, researchers are exploring alternatives to plastic which is sustainable and environmentally friendly without compromising its mechanical and physical features. This review study highlights the production of highly eco-friendly bioplastic as an efficient alternative to non-biodegradable conventional plastic. Bioplastics are produced from various renewable biomass sources such as plant debris, fatty acids, and oils. Poly-addition of di-isocyanates and polyols is a technique employed over decades to produce polyurethanes (PUs) bioplastics from renewable biomass feedstock. The toxicity of isocyanates is a major concern with the above-mentioned approach. Novel green synthetic approaches for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have been attracting greater interest in recent years to overcome the toxicity of isocyanate-containing raw materials. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines appears to be the most promising method to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This method results in the creation of polymeric materials with distinctive and adaptable features with the elimination of harmful compounds. Consequently, non-isocyanate polyurethanes represent a new class of green polymeric materials. In this review study, we have discussed the possibility of creating novel NIPUs from renewable feedstocks in the context of the growing demand for efficient and ecologically friendly plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Mangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Supriya H
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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2
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Rodrigues VCMB, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, Youngberg M, Dussaud A, Beygi R, da Silva LFM. The Development and Study of a New Silylated Polyurethane-Based Flexible Adhesive-Part 2: Joint Testing and Numerical Modelling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7022. [PMID: 37959619 PMCID: PMC10649326 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The need for more sustainable adhesive formulations has presented the possibility of using silane-based adhesives in the automotive industry. In this work, a dual-cure two-component silylated polyurethane resin (SPUR) adhesive was tested in single-lap joints, to assess in-joint behaviour at room temperature under quasi-static conditions for aluminium substrates. The effect of two different overlap lengths, 25 and 50 mm, was also considered. A numerical model was built using cohesive zone modelling in finite element software, to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of the joint. The model was fed with data experimentally withdrawn from the first part of this paper. A triangular-shaped cohesive zone model (CZM) law was chosen as the adhesive behaviour was highly elastic and lacked yielding phenomena. The experimental results served as the base for the numerical validation, allowing accurate CZM parameters to be successfully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco C. M. B. Rodrigues
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.A.S.M.); (L.F.M.d.S.)
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Michael Youngberg
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA; (M.Y.); (A.D.)
| | - Anne Dussaud
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA; (M.Y.); (A.D.)
| | - Reza Beygi
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.A.S.M.); (L.F.M.d.S.)
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Islam MS, Zhu J, Xiao L, Khan ZH, Saqib HSA, Gao M, Song Z. Enhancing rice quality and productivity: Multifunctional biochar for arsenic, cadmium, and bacterial control in paddy soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140157. [PMID: 37716553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The perilousness of arsenic and cadmium (As-Cd) toxicity in water and soil presents a substantial hazard to the ecosystem and human well-being. Additionally, this metal (loids) (MLs) can have a deleterious effect on rice quality and yield, owing to the existence of toxic stress. In response to the pressing concern of reducing the MLs accumulation in rice grain, this study has prepared magnesium-manganese-modified corn-stover biochar (MMCB), magnesium-manganese-modified eggshell char (MMEB), and a combination of both (MMCEB). To test the effectiveness of these amendments, several pot trials were conducted, utilizing 1% and 2% application rates. The research discovered that the MMEB followed by MMCEB treatment at a 2% rate yielded the most significant paddy and rice quality, compared to the untreated control (CON) and MMCB. MMEB and MMCEB also extensively decreased the MLs content in the grain than CON, thereby demonstrating the potential to enrich food security and human healthiness. In addition, MMEB and MMCEB augmented the microbial community configuration in the paddy soil, including As-Cd detoxifying bacteria, and decreased bioavailable form of the MLs in the soil compared to the CON. The amendments also augmented Fe/Mn-plaque which captured a considerable quantity of As-Cd in comparison to the CON. In conclusion, the utilization of multifunctional biochar, such as MMEB and MMCEB, is an encouraging approach to diminish MLs aggregation in rice grain and increase rice yield for the reparation of paddy soils via transforming microbiota especially enhancing As-Cd detoxifying taxa, thereby improving agroecology, food security, and human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Junhua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zulqarnain Haider Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Minling Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Zhengguo Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Iswanto AH, Lubis MAR, Sutiawan J, Al-Edrus SSO, Lee SH, Antov P, Kristak L, Reh R, Mardawati E, Santoso A, Kusumah SS. Latest Advancements in the Development of High-Performance Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesive for Wood Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3864. [PMID: 37835913 PMCID: PMC10575091 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources and increasing environmental apprehension regarding the reduction of harmful isocyanates employed in manufacturing polyurethanes (PUs) have generated significant attention from both industrial and academic sectors. This attention is focused on advancing bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins as viable and sustainable substitutes, possessing satisfactory properties. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in developing bio-based NIPU polymers for wood adhesive applications. The main aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in the production of high-performance bio-based NIPU resins derived from lignin and tannin for wood composites. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on scholarly publications retrieved from the Scopus database, encompassing the period from January 2010 to April 2023. In NIPU adhesive manufacturing, the exploration of substitute materials for isocyanates is imperative, due to their inherent toxicity, high cost, and limited availability. The process of demethylation and carbonation of lignin and tannin has the potential to produce polyphenolic compounds that possess hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Bio-based NIPUs can be synthesized through the reaction involving diamine molecules. Previous studies have provided evidence indicating that NIPUs derived from lignin and tannin exhibit enhanced mechanical properties, decreased curing temperatures and shortened pressing durations, and are devoid of isocyanates. The characterization of NIPU adhesives based on lignin and tannin was conducted using various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The adhesive performance of tannin-based NIPU resins was shown to be superior to that of lignin-based NIPUs. This paper elucidates the potential of lignin and tannin as alternate sources for polyols in the manufacturing of NIPUs, specifically for their application as wood adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Jajang Sutiawan
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | | | - Seng Hua Lee
- Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kampus Jengka, Pahang 26400, Malaysia;
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Roman Reh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Efri Mardawati
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
- Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 40600, Indonesia
| | - Adi Santoso
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Sukma Surya Kusumah
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
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Akram MW, Hoque MMU, Miah MS, Shahid MA, Hossain MF, Mahmud SH. Fabrication and characterization of antimicrobial wound dressing nanofibrous materials by PVA-betel leaf extract. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17961. [PMID: 37483766 PMCID: PMC10359877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study involves the formation and investigation of the characteristics of a fabricated mat from a PVA-betel leaf mixture. Under ideal processing parameters, nanofibrous mat is synthesized from the PVA-betel leaf blended solution by using the electrospinning technique. Afterwards, the produced nanofibrous mat is assessed for its thermal, antibacterial, morphological, moisture management and chemical interaction behavior using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), antibacterial assay, scanning electron microscope (SEM), moisture management tester (MMT) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. The antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria has been assessed using the agar diffusion technique, which reveals the creation of zones of inhibition with a value of about 20 mm. Besides, the fabricated nanomat reveals an average diameter of 183.4 nm with improved moisture and thermal characteristics. Furthermore, the generated nanofibrous mat has all the necessary components, as evidenced by the distinctive peaks in the FTIR spectra. Hence, the recently developed nanofibrous mat exhibits promising potential as a suitable material for wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Washim Akram
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research (NITER), Nayarhat, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mohsin Ul Hoque
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research (NITER), Nayarhat, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sumon Miah
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Shahid
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Firoz Hossain
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayed Hasan Mahmud
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research (NITER), Nayarhat, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Non-Isocyanate Aliphatic–Aromatic Poly(carbonate‑urethane)s—An Insight into Transurethanization Reactions and Structure–Property Relationships. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231910999. [PMID: 36232296 PMCID: PMC9570502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231910999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals insights into the transurethanization reactions leading to the aliphatic–aromatic non-isocyanate poly(carbonate-urethane)s (NIPCUs) and their structure–property relationships. The crucial impact of the alkyl chain length in 4,4′-diphenylmethylene bis(hydroxyalkyl carbamate) (BHAC) on the process of transurethanization reactions was proved. The strong susceptibility of hydroxyethyl- and hydroxybutyl carbamate moieties to the back-biting side reactions was observed due to the formation of thermodynamically stable cyclic products and urea bonds in the BHACs and NIPCUs. When longer alkyl chains (hydroxypentyl-, hydroxyhexyl-, or hydroxydecyl carbamate) were introduced into the BHAC structure, it was not prone to the back-biting side reaction. Both 1H and 13C NMR, as well as FT-IR spectroscopies, confirmed the presence of carbonate and urethane (and urea for some of the samples) bonds in the NIPCUs, as well as proved the lack of allophanate and ether groups. The increase in the alkyl chain length (from 5 to 10 carbon atoms) between urethane groups in the NIPCU hard segments resulted in the increase in the elongation at break and crystalline phase content, as well as the decrease in the Tg, tensile strength, and hardness. Moreover, the obtained NIPCUs exhibited exceptional mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength of 40 MPa and elongation at break of 130%).
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Lubis MAR, Handika SO, Sari RK, Iswanto AH, Antov P, Kristak L, Lee SH, Pizzi A. Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112165. [PMID: 35683838 PMCID: PMC9182894 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare low-viscosity lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) resins for the modification of ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) fiber via impregnation to improve the fiber’s thermal and mechanical properties. Low-viscosity LPU resins were prepared by dissolving lignin in 20% NaOH and then adding polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI, 31% NCO) with a mole ratio of 0.3 NCO/OH. Ramie fiber was impregnated with LPU in a vacuum chamber equipped with a two-stage vacuum pump. Several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a universal testing machine were used to characterize lignin, LPU, and ramie fiber. The LPU resins had low viscosity ranging from 77 to 317 mPa·s−1. According to FTIR and EDX analysis, urethane bonds were formed during the synthesis of LPU resins and after impregnation into ramie fibers. After impregnation, the reaction between the LPU’s urethane group and the hydroxy group of ramie fiber increased thermal stability by an average of 6% and mechanical properties by an average of 100% compared to the untreated ramie fiber. The highest thermal stability and tensile strength were obtained at ramie impregnated with LPU-ethyl acetate for 30 min, with a residual weight of 22% and tensile strength of 648.7 MPa. This study showed that impregnation with LPU resins can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of fibers and increase their wider industrial utilization in value-added applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Sucia Okta Handika
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Rita Kartika Sari
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- JATI—Sumatran Forestry Analysis Study Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (A.H.I.); (L.K.)
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France;
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Three Adhesive Recipes Based on Magnesium Lignosulfonate, Used to Manufacture Particleboards with Low Formaldehyde Emissions and Good Mechanical Properties. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adhesives represent an important part in the wood-based composite production, and taking into account their impact on the environment and human health, it is a challenge to find suitable natural adhesives. Starting from the current concerns of finding bio-adhesives, this paper aims to use magnesium lignosulfonate in three adhesive recipes for particleboard manufacturing. First, the adhesive recipes were established, using oxygenated water to oxidize magnesium lignosulfonate (Recipe 1) and adding 3% polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) crosslinker (Recipe 2) and a mixture of 2% polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate with 15% glucose (Recipe 3). The particleboard manufacturing technology included operations for sorting particles and adhesive recipes, pressing the mats, and testing the mechanical strengths and formaldehyde emissions. The standardized testing methodology for formaldehyde emissions used in the research was the method of gas analysis. Tests to determine the resistance to static bending and internal cohesion for all types of boards and recipes were also conducted. The average values of static bending strengths of 0.1 N/mm2, 0.38 N/mm2, and 0.41 N/mm2 were obtained for the particleboard manufacturing with the three adhesive recipes and were compared with the minimal value of 0.35 N/mm2 required by the European standard in the field. Measuring the formaldehyde emissions, it was found that the three manufacturing recipes fell into emission classes E1 and E0. Recipes 2 and 3 were associated with good mechanical performances of particleboards, situated in the required limits of the European standards. As a main conclusion of the paper, it can be stated that the particleboards made with magnesium-lignosulphonate-based adhesive, with or without crosslinkers, can provide low formaldehyde emissions and also good mechanical strengths when crosslinkers such as pMDI and glucose are added. In this way magnesium lignosulfonate is really proving to be a good bio-adhesive.
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Chemical Structures of Adhesive and Interphase Parts in Sucrose/Citric Acid Type Adhesive Wood-Based Molding Derived from Japanese Cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234224. [PMID: 34883727 PMCID: PMC8659806 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In sucrose/citric acid based wood adhesive, the detailed bonding mechanism has still been unknown. Here, we investigated the detailed chemical structures of this adhesive wood (Japanese cedar)-based molding by using heteronuclear single quantum coherence–nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC-NMR). NMR peaks associated with the furan-type structure appeared, suggesting that the furan compound was formed from sucrose and converted to a furan polymer during the adhesive process and that some of the furan structures in the polymers were ester-bonded with citric acid. The secondary forces between the furan polymers and wood components were thought to contribute to the adhesive effect. In our analysis of the interphase structure, primary hydroxyl groups of both polysaccharides and of lignin substructures were found to be esterified with citric acid. Additionally, some of the glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides were cleaved during the acidic condition produced by citric acid. The above results provided evidence of the polymerization of sucrose-derived 5-HMF, the esterification of wood components, and the degradation of polysaccharides during the molding process. Citric acid functioned as a clamp between the obtained furan polymer and the wood components. The sucrose/citric acid based wood adhesive can be defined as a hybrid-type wood adhesive, involving both secondary forces and chemical bonding interactions.
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Bio-Based Polyurethane Resins Derived from Tannin: Source, Synthesis, Characterisation, and Application. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are soluble, astringent secondary phenolic metabolites generally obtained from renewable natural resources, and can be found in many plant parts, such as fruits, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, buds, and tree barks, where they have a protective function against bacterial, fungal, and insect attacks. In general, tannins can be extracted using hot water or organic solvents from the bark, leaves, and stems of plants. Industrially, tannins are applied to produce adhesives, wood coatings, and other applications in the wood and polymer industries. In addition, tannins can also be used as a renewable and environmentally friendly material to manufacture bio-based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of isocyanates used in their manufacture. Tannin-based bio-PUs can improve the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers used in the automotive, wood, and construction industries. The various uses of tannins need to be put into perspective with regards to possible further advances and future potential for value-added applications. Tannins are employed in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of leather and wood adhesives, accounting for almost 90% of the global commercial tannin output. The shortage of natural resources, as well as the growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of polyurethanes, have driven the industrial and academic interest towards the development of tannin-based bio-PUs as sustainable alternative materials with satisfactory characteristics. The aim of the present review is to comprehensively summarize the current state of research in the field of development, characterization, and application of tannin-derived, bio-based polyurethane resins. The successful synthesis process of the tannin-based bio-PUs was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses.
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Evaluation of Novel Compatibility Strategies for Improving the Performance of Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene Based Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203486. [PMID: 34685245 PMCID: PMC8539858 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The interfacial compatibility of the natural filler and synthetic polymer is the key performance characteristic of biocomposites. The fillers are chemically modified, or coupling agents and compatibilisers are used to ensure optimal filler-polymer compatibility. Hence, we have investigated the effect of compatibilisation strategies of olive pits (OP) flour content (10, 20, 30, and 40%wt.) filled with recycled low-density polyethylene (rLDPE) on the chemical, physical, mechanical, and thermal behaviour of the developed biocomposites. In this study, we aim to investigate the filler-polymer compatibility in biocomposites by employing novel strategies for the functionalisation of OP filler and/or rLDPE matrix. Specifically, four cases are considered: untreated OP filled rLDPE (Case 1), treated OP filled rLDPE (Case 2), treated OP filled functionalised rLDPE (Case 3), and treated and functionalised OP filled functionalised rLDPE (Case 4). In general, the evaluation of the performance of biocomposites facilitated the application of OP industrial waste as an eco-friendly reinforcing agent for rLDPE-based biocomposites. Furthermore, surface treatment and compatibilisation improved the properties of the developed biocomposites over untreated filler or uncoupled biocomposites. Besides that, the compatibilisers used aided in reducing water uptake and improving thermal behaviour, which contributed to the stability of the manufactured biocomposites.
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Islam MS, Magid ASIA, Chen Y, Weng L, Ma J, Arafat MY, Khan ZH, Li Y. Effect of calcium and iron-enriched biochar on arsenic and cadmium accumulation from soil to rice paddy tissues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147163. [PMID: 33940407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are nonessential toxic metal(loids) that are carcinogenic to humans. Hence, reducing the bioavailability of these metal(loids) in soils and decreasing their accumulation in rice grains is essential for agroecology, food safety, and human health. Iron (Fe)-enriched corncob biochar (FCB), Fe-enriched charred eggshell (FEB), and Fe-enriched corncob-eggshell biochar (FCEB) were prepared for soil amelioration. The amendment materials were applied at 1% and 2% application rates to observe their alleviation effects on As and Cd loads in rice paddy tissues and yield improvements using pot trials. The FCEB treatment increased paddy yields compared to those of FCB (9-12%) and FEB (3-36%); this could be because it contains more plant essential nutrients than FCB and a lower calcite content than that of FEB. In addition, FCEB significantly reduced brown rice As (AsBR, 29-60%) and Cd (CdBR, 57-81%) contents compared to those of the untreated control (CON). At a 2% application rate, FCEB reduced the average mobility of As (56%) and Cd (62%) in rhizosphere porewater and enhanced root Fe-plaque formation (76%) compared to those of CON. Moreover, the enhanced Fe-plaque sequestered a substantial amount of As (171.4%) and Cd (90.8%) in the 2% FCEB amendment compared to that of CON. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression analysis indicated that two key mechanisms likely control AsBR and CdBR accumulations. First, rhizosphere soil pH and Eh controlled As and Cd availabilities in porewaters and their speciation in the soil. Second, greater Fe-plaque formation in paddy roots grown in the amended soils provided a barrier for plant uptake of the metal(loids). These observations demonstrate that soil amendment with Fe-enriched corncob-eggshell biochar (e.g., 2% FCEB) is a prospective approach for the remediation of metal accumulation from the soil to grain system while simultaneously increasing paddy yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shafiqul Islam
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Abdoul Salam Issiaka Abdoul Magid
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China.
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Jie Ma
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Md Yasir Arafat
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zulqarnain Haider Khan
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, PR China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
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Gomez-Lopez A, Panchireddy S, Grignard B, Calvo I, Jerome C, Detrembleur C, Sardon H. Poly(hydroxyurethane) Adhesives and Coatings: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:9541-9562. [PMID: 35692866 PMCID: PMC9173693 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) adhesives and coatings are widely used to fabricate high-quality materials due to their excellent properties and their versatile nature, which stems from the wide range of commercially available polyisocyanate and polyol precursors. This polymer family has traditionally been used in a wide range of adhesive applications including the bonding of footwear soles, bonding of wood (flooring) to concrete (subflooring), in the automotive industry for adhering different car parts, and in rotor blades, in which large surfaces are required to be adhered. Moreover, PUs are also frequently applied as coatings/paints for automotive finishes and can be applied over a wide range of substrates such as wood, metal, plastic, and textiles. One of the major drawbacks of this polymer family lies in the use of toxic isocyanate-based starting materials. In the context of the REACH regulation, which places restrictions on the use of substances containing free isocyanates, it is now urgent to find greener routes to PUs. While non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) based on the polyaddition of poly(cyclic carbonate)s to polyamines have emerged in the past decade as greener alternatives to conventional PUs, their industrial implementation is at an early stage of development. In this review article, recent advances in the application of NIPUs in the field of adhesives and coatings are summarized. The article also draws attention to the opportunities and challenges of implementing NIPUs at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gomez-Lopez
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Satyannarayana Panchireddy
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research
Unit, University of Liège, allée du 6 août, Building
B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research
Unit, University of Liège, allée du 6 août, Building
B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Inigo Calvo
- ORIBAY
Group Automotive S.L. R&D Department, Portuetxe bidea 18, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christine Jerome
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research
Unit, University of Liège, allée du 6 août, Building
B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center
for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research
Unit, University of Liège, allée du 6 août, Building
B6A, Agora Square, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- E-mail: . Tel.: +3243663465
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- E-mail: . Tel.: +34943015303
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15
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Non-Furanic Humins-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Thermoset Wood Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030372. [PMID: 33504084 PMCID: PMC7865859 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Predominantly non-furanic commercial humins were used to prepare humin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins for wood panel adhesives. Pure humin-based NIPU resins and tannin–humin NIPU resins were prepared, the latter to upgrade the humins’ performance. Species in the raw humins and species formed in the NIPU resins were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Humins, fulvic acid and derivatives, humic acid and its fragments, some lignans present and furanic oligomers present formed NIPU linkages. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) showed that as with other biomaterials-based NIPU resins, all these resins also showed two temperature peaks of curing, the first around 130 °C and the second around 220 °C. A decrease in the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) between the two indicated that the first curing period corresponded to linear growth of the oligomers forming a physical entanglement network. This then disentangled, and the second corresponded to the formation of a chemical cross-linked network. This second peak was more evident for the tannin–humin NIPU resins. All the laboratory particleboard made and tested either bonded with pure humins or with tannin–humin NIPU adhesives satisfied well the internal bond strength requirements of the relevant standard for interior grade panels. The tannin–humin adhesives performed clearly better than the pure humins one.
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16
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Chen X, Guigo N, Pizzi A, Sbirrazzuoli N, Li B, Fredon E, Gerardin C. Ambient Temperature Self-Blowing Tannin-Humins Biofoams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112732. [PMID: 33213107 PMCID: PMC7698803 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature self-blowing tannin-furanic foams have been prepared by substituting a great part-even a majority-of furfuryl alcohol with humins, a polyfuranic material derived from the acid treatment at high temperature of fructose. Closed-cell foams were prepared at room temperature and curing, while interconnected-cell foams were prepared at 80 °C and curing, this being due to the more vigorous evaporation of the solvent. These foams appear to present similar characteristics as other tannin-furanic foams based only on furfuryl alcohol. A series of tannin-humins-furfuryl alcohol oligomer structures have been defined indicating that all three reagents co-react. Humins appeared to react well with condensed tannins, even higher molecular weight humins species, and even at ambient temperature, but they react slower than furfuryl alcohol. This is due to their high average molecular weight and high viscosity, causing their reaction with other species to be diffusion controlled. Thus, small increases in solvent led to foams with less cracks and open structures. It showed that furfuryl alcohol appears to also have a role as a humins solvent, and not just as a co-reagent and self-polymerization heat generator for foam expansion and hardening. Stress-strain for the different foams showed a higher compressive strength for both the foam with the lowest and the highest proportion of humins, thus in the dominant proportions of either furfuryl alcohol or the humins. Thus, due to their slower reactivity as their proportion increases to a certain critical level, more of them do proportionally participate within the expansion/curing time of the foam to the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Cote d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (N.G.); (N.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Cote d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (N.G.); (N.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Cote d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (N.G.); (N.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Fredon
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Christine Gerardin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France;
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17
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18
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Pizzi A, Papadopoulos AN, Policardi F. Wood Composites and Their Polymer Binders. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051115. [PMID: 32414198 PMCID: PMC7285055 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents first, rather succinctly, what are the important points to look out for when preparing good wood composites, the main types of wood composites manufactured industrially, and the mainly oil-derived wood composite adhesives and binders that dominate and have been dominating this industry. Also briefly described are the most characteristic biosourced, renewable-derived adhesives that are actively researched as substitutes. For all these adhesives, synthetic and biosourced, the reviews expose the considerable progresses which have occurred relatively recently, with a host of new approaches and ideas having been proposed and tested, some even implemented, but with even many more already appearing on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, 66100 Drama, Greece;
| | - Franco Policardi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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19
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Chen X, Li J, Xi X, Pizzi A, Zhou X, Fredon E, Du G, Gerardin C. Condensed tannin-glucose-based NIPU bio-foams of improved fire retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Chen X, Xi X, Pizzi A, Fredon E, Zhou X, Li J, Gerardin C, Du G. Preparation and Characterization of Condensed Tannin Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Rigid Foams by Ambient Temperature Blowing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E750. [PMID: 32235495 PMCID: PMC7240429 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature self-blowing mimosa tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) rigid foam was produced, based on a formulation of tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resin. A citric acid and glutaraldehyde mixture served as a blowing agent used to provide foaming energy and cross-link the tannin-derived products to synthesize the NIPU foams. Series of tannin-based NIPU foams containing a different amount of citric acid and glutaraldehyde were prepared. The reaction mechanism of tannin-based NIPU foams were investigated by Fourier Trasform InfraRed (FT-IR), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR). The results indicated that urethane linkages were formed. The Tannin-based NIPU foams morphology including physical and mechanical properties were characterized by mechanical compression, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the foams prepared showed a similar open-cell morphology. Nevertheless, the number of cell-wall pores decreased with increasing additions of glutaraldehyde, while bigger foam cells were obtained with increasing additions of citric acid. The compressive mechanical properties improved with the higher level of crosslinking at the higher amount of glutaraldehyde. Moreover, the TGA results showed that the tannin-based NIPU foams prepared had similar thermal stability, although one of them (T-Fs-7) presented the highest char production and residual matter, approaching 18.7% at 790 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (X.X.); (E.F.)
| | - Xuedong Xi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (X.X.); (E.F.)
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (X.X.); (E.F.)
| | - Emmanuel Fredon
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (X.X.); (E.F.)
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Jinxing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Christine Gerardin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (G.D.)
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21
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Xi X, Pizzi A, Gerardin C, Lei H, Chen X, Amirou S. Preparation and Evaluation of Glucose Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Self-Blowing Rigid Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111802. [PMID: 31684084 PMCID: PMC6918301 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A partially biobased self-blowing and self-hardening polyurethane foam from glucose-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes (g-NIPU) was prepared by reaction of glucose with dimethyl carbonate and hexamethylene diamine. However, these foam types generally require a high foaming temperature. In this paper, a self-blowing foam based on g-NIPU was prepared at room temperature by using maleic acid as an initiator and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Water absorption, compression resistance, and fire resistance were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the foam cells structure. Middle infrared (ATR FT-MIR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were used to help to analyze the reactions during the foaming process. The results obtained showed that self- blowing rigid foams have good compression, this being directly proportional to the foam density. Increasing the amount of glutaraldehyde or reducing maleic acid thickens the cell walls and increases the density of the foams. MALDI-TOF analysis showed that g-NIPU reacts with both maleic acid and glutaraldehyde. The foams presented poor fire resistance indicating that, as for isocyanate based polyurethane foams, addition of a fire retardant would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Xi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christine Gerardin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Hong Lei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Siham Amirou
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
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22
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Sukumaran Nair A, Cherian S, Balachandran N, Panicker UG, Kalamblayil Sankaranarayanan SK. Hybrid Poly(hydroxy urethane)s: Folded-Sheet Morphology and Thermoreversible Adhesion. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13042-13051. [PMID: 31460431 PMCID: PMC6705089 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid poly(hydroxy urethane)s (PHUs) are synthesized by copolymerizing aromatic/alicyclic cyclic carbonates with a polyether amine via addition polymerization. They result into polymers with an average molecular weight of 10 kDa and exhibit solubility in common organic solvents. The hybrid PHUs display T g up to 18 °C. PHUs are enriched with multiple H-bonded interactions and they are assessed using temperature-dependent 1H NMR and Fourier-transform infrared studies. PHUs possess folded-sheet morphology with nanogap between folds and nanowidth between chains. The secondary interactions bestow thermoreversible property to PHUs, and they display good adhesion to both polar (Al-Al) and nonpolar (HDPE-HDPE) substrates. Hybrid PHUs show improved optical transparency compared to homo PHUs. The PHUs are thermally stable up to 250 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Sukumaran Nair
- Polymers
and Special Chemicals Group and Analytical, Spectroscopy and Ceramics
Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - Suchithra Cherian
- Polymers
and Special Chemicals Group and Analytical, Spectroscopy and Ceramics
Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - Nisha Balachandran
- Polymers
and Special Chemicals Group and Analytical, Spectroscopy and Ceramics
Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
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Pizzi A. Tannins: Prospectives and Actual Industrial Applications. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E344. [PMID: 31387308 PMCID: PMC6723084 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of tannins, their historical evolution, their different types, and their applications are described. Old and established applications are described, as well as the future applications which are being developed at present and that promise to have an industrial impact in the future. The chemistry of some of these applications is discussed where it is essential to understand the tannins and their derivates role. The essential points of each application, their drawbacks, and their chance of industrial application are briefly discussed. The article presents historical applications of tannins, such as leather, or traditional medicine, and more recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
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24
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25
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Xie F, Zhang T, Bryant P, Kurusingal V, Colwell JM, Laycock B. Degradation and stabilization of polyurethane elastomers. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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