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Benalia A, Atime L, Baatache O, Khalfaoui A, Ghomrani AF, Derbal K, Pizzi A, Panico A, Bouchareb EM, Bouchareb R, Amirou S. Removal of lead in water by coagulation flocculation process using Cactus-based natural coagulant: optimization and modeling by response surface methodology (RSM). Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:244. [PMID: 38326512 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to study the ability of Cactus leaves to act as a biocoagulants for the removal of lead in water. Different solvents, such as distilled water, NaCl, NaOH, and HCl, were used as chemical activators to extract the active components from the Cactus. The Cactus was utilized as an organic coagulant in five different forms: (i) Cactus juice (CJ); Cactus extract using (ii) distilled water (C-H2O); (iii) NaCl at 0.5 M concentration (C-NaCl); (iv) NaOH at 0.05 M concentration (C-NaOH); and (v) HCl at 0.05 M concentration (C-HCl). In order to establish the optimal conditions for the coagulation, this study employed the jar test as an experimental technique and the Box-Behnken design (BBD) as an experimental approach. According to BBD, there are three factors (k = 3), namely pH, biocoagulant dosage, and settling time. The R2 and R2 adjusted for all coagulants were close to 100%, confirming the validity of all the mathematical models. The results were significant; the highest lead removal efficiencies were 98.11%, 98.34%, 95.65, 96.19%, and 97.49%, utilizing CJ, C-H2O, C-NaCl, C-HCl, and C-NaOH as natural coagulants. The Cactus has been characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to identify the active components that remove lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrezzaq Benalia
- Higher Normal School of Constantine, Ali Mendjeli Nouvelle Ville, 25000, Constantine, Algeria.
- Department of process Engineering, Laboratory of Process engineering for sustainable development and health products (GPDDPS), National Polytechnic School of Constantine, 2500, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Loqmen Atime
- Department of process Engineering, Laboratory of Process engineering for sustainable development and health products (GPDDPS), National Polytechnic School of Constantine, 2500, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ouiem Baatache
- Department of process Engineering, Laboratory of Process engineering for sustainable development and health products (GPDDPS), National Polytechnic School of Constantine, 2500, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Amel Khalfaoui
- Laboratory LIPE, Faculty of Process Engineering, University of Constantine 3, Ali Mendjeli Nouvelle Ville, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Amira Fadia Ghomrani
- Department of process Engineering, Laboratory of Process engineering for sustainable development and health products (GPDDPS), National Polytechnic School of Constantine, 2500, Constantine, Algeria
- Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics of Matter and Radiation Laboratory (LPMR), Mohamed Cherif Messaadia University, BP 1553, 41000, Souk-Ahras, Algeria
| | - Kerroum Derbal
- Department of process Engineering, Laboratory of Process engineering for sustainable development and health products (GPDDPS), National Polytechnic School of Constantine, 2500, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- Laboratoire d'Etude et Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB). Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois (ENSTIB), University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000, Epinal, France
| | - Antonio Panico
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 81031, Aversa, Italy
| | - Esma Mahfouf Bouchareb
- National Biotechnology School of Constantine, Ali Mendjeli Nouvelle Ville, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Raouf Bouchareb
- Department of process Engineering, Laboratory of Process engineering for sustainable development and health products (GPDDPS), National Polytechnic School of Constantine, 2500, Constantine, Algeria
- National Biotechnology School of Constantine, Ali Mendjeli Nouvelle Ville, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Siham Amirou
- Laboratoire d'Etude et Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB). Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois (ENSTIB), University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000, Epinal, France
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Xi X, Pizzi A, Gerardin C, Lei H, Chen X, Amirou S. Preparation and Evaluation of Glucose Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Self-Blowing Rigid Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111802. [PMID: 31684084 PMCID: PMC6918301 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A partially biobased self-blowing and self-hardening polyurethane foam from glucose-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes (g-NIPU) was prepared by reaction of glucose with dimethyl carbonate and hexamethylene diamine. However, these foam types generally require a high foaming temperature. In this paper, a self-blowing foam based on g-NIPU was prepared at room temperature by using maleic acid as an initiator and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Water absorption, compression resistance, and fire resistance were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the foam cells structure. Middle infrared (ATR FT-MIR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were used to help to analyze the reactions during the foaming process. The results obtained showed that self- blowing rigid foams have good compression, this being directly proportional to the foam density. Increasing the amount of glutaraldehyde or reducing maleic acid thickens the cell walls and increases the density of the foams. MALDI-TOF analysis showed that g-NIPU reacts with both maleic acid and glutaraldehyde. The foams presented poor fire resistance indicating that, as for isocyanate based polyurethane foams, addition of a fire retardant would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Xi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christine Gerardin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Hong Lei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Siham Amirou
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
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Xi X, Pizzi A, Amirou S. Melamine⁻Glyoxal⁻Glutaraldehyde Wood Panel Adhesives without Formaldehyde. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E22. [PMID: 30966056 PMCID: PMC6415189 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(MGG') resin adhesives for bonding wood panels were prepared by a single step procedure, namely reacting melamine with glyoxal and simultaneously with a much smaller proportion of glutaraldehyde. No formaldehyde was used. The inherent slow hardening of this resin was overcome by the addition of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid as the adhesive hardener in the glue mix. The plywood strength results obtained were comparable with those obtained with melamine⁻formaldehyde resins pressed under the same conditions. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight (MALDI ToF) and Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis allowed the identification of the main oligomer species obtained and of the different types of linkages formed, as well as to indicate the multifaceted role of the ionic liquid. These resins are proposed as a suitable substitute for equivalent formaldehyde-based resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Xi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
| | - Siham Amirou
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France.
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