1
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Wang F, Shang J, Zhang Q, Lu T, Li Y, Wang X, Farooq U, Qi Z. Influence of surfactant molecular features on tetracycline transport in saturated porous media of varied surface heterogeneities. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121501. [PMID: 38552491 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to understand how surfactants affect the mobility of tetracycline (TC), an antibiotic, through different aquifer media. Two anionic and cationic surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), were used to study their influence on TC mobility through clean sand and humic acid (HA)-coated sand. HA coating inhibits TC mobility due to its strong interaction with TC. Both surfactants promoted TC mobility at pH 7.0 due to competitive deposition, steric effect, and increased hydrophilicity of TC. CTAB had a more substantial effect than SDBS, related to the surfactants' molecular properties. Each surfactant's promotion effects were greater in HA-coated sand than in quartz sand due to differences in surfactant retention. CTAB inhibited TC transport at pH 9.0 due to its significant hydrophobicity effect. Furthermore, in the presence of Ca2+, SDBS enhanced TC transport by forming deposited SDBS-Ca2+-TC complexes. On the other hand, CTAB increased TC mobility due to its inhibition of cation bridging between TC and porous media. The findings highlight surfactants' crucial role in influencing the environmental behaviors of tetracycline antibiotics in varied aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jingyi Shang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ecology institute of the Shandong academy of sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanxiang Li
- The Testing Center of Shandong Bureau of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Usman Farooq
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Zhichong Qi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Silin M, Magadova L, Poteshkina K, Krisanova P, Filatov A, Kryukov D. Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Based on Pseudo Gemini Surfactant with Polysaccharide Addition. Gels 2023; 10:30. [PMID: 38247753 PMCID: PMC10815426 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, hydrogels for hydraulic fracturing based on viscoelastic surfactants have been actively studied. Interest in these systems is justified by their unique qualities: good viscoelasticity and the ability to form stable suspensions of proppant or sand, destruction without the formation of bridging agents, hydrophobization of the rock surface and metal of technological equipment, as well as oil-cleaning properties. These qualities are most often provided by a minimum set of components-a surfactant and an electrolyte. However, the absence of a polymer limits the use of these gels in formations where fluid leakoff is possible. In this article, a liquid was studied, based on a pseudo gemini surfactant (PGVES) with the addition of a water-soluble polysaccharide. The objects of study were selected based on the assumption of interactions between PGVES and the polymer; interactions which favorably influence the technological characteristics of the fracturing fluid. To confirm the hypothesis, rheological studies were carried out. These included rotational viscometry and oscillatory studies at various temperatures. The settling velocity of particles of various proppant fractions was studied and tests were carried out to assess fluid leakoff. The performed experiments show an improvement in the characteristics of the PGVES-based gel under the influence of the polysaccharide. In particular, the rheological properties increase significantly, the stability of proppant suspensions improves, and the fluid leakoff of systems decreases, all of which expands the possibility of using these fracturing fluids and makes this area of experimentation promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Polina Krisanova
- Department of Technology of Chemical Substances for the Oil and Gas Industry of Gubkin University, World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», National University of Oil and Gas (Gubkin University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (L.M.); (K.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Andrey Filatov
- Department of Technology of Chemical Substances for the Oil and Gas Industry of Gubkin University, World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», National University of Oil and Gas (Gubkin University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (L.M.); (K.P.); (D.K.)
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3
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Telin A, Lenchenkova L, Yakubov R, Poteshkina K, Krisanova P, Filatov A, Stefantsev A. Application of Hydrogels and Hydrocarbon-Based Gels in Oil Production Processes and Well Drilling. Gels 2023; 9:609. [PMID: 37623064 PMCID: PMC10454059 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of gels in oil production processes has become a regular practice in oilfield operations and is constantly developing in all oil-producing countries of the world, as evidenced by the growth of publications and patent activity on this topic. Many oil production processes, such as hydraulic fracturing, conformance control, water, and gas shutoff, cannot be imagined without the use of gel technologies. Inorganic, organic, and hybrid gels are used, as well as foams, gel-forming, and gel-dispersed systems. The possibility of a broad control of structural and mechanical properties, thermal stability, and shear resistance by introducing microscale and nanoscale additives made hydrogels and hydrocarbon-based gels indispensable tools for oil engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Telin
- Ufa Scientific and Technical Center, LLC, 99/3, Kirova Street, 450078 Ufa, Russia
| | - Lyubov Lenchenkova
- Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia; (L.L.); (R.Y.)
| | - Ravil Yakubov
- Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia; (L.L.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kira Poteshkina
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Polina Krisanova
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrey Filatov
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandr Stefantsev
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
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4
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Mohyaldinn ME, Alakbari FS, Bin Azman Nor ANA, Hassan AM. Stability, Rheological Behavior, and pH Responsiveness of CTAB/HCl Acidic Emulsion: Experimental Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22428-22439. [PMID: 37396270 PMCID: PMC10308514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant was proven to be a reliable emulsifier for creating stable emulsions used for drilling, well stimulation, and EOR. The presence of acids like HCl during such operations may lead to the formation of acidic emulsions. No previous comprehensive investigations have been done to study the performance of CTAB-based acidic emulsions. This paper, therefore, presents experimental investigations of the stability, rheological behavior, and pH responsiveness of a CTAB/HCl-based acidic emulsion. The effects of temperature, pH, and CTAB concentration on the emulsion stability and rheology have been investigated using a bottle test and a TA Instrument DHR1 rheometer. Viscosity and flow sweep were analyzed for the steady state at a shear range of 2.5-250 s-1. For the dynamic tests, the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″) were observed by applying the oscillation test at the range of shear frequency from 0.1 to 100 rad/s. The results revealed that the emulsion exhibits steady rheological behaviors ranging from Newtonian to shear-dependent (psedosteady), depending on the temperature and CTAB concentration. The tendency of the emulsion to exhibit a solid-like behavior is also dependent on CTAB concentration, temperature, and pH. However, the pH responsiveness of the emulsion is more significantly observed within the acidic range of the pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Bandar
Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Fahd Saeed Alakbari
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Bandar
Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | | | - Anas Mohammed Hassan
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 12277, Abu Dhabi 273344, United Arab Emirates
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Hu J, Fu M, Li M, Zheng Y, Li G, Hou B. Preparation and Performance Evaluation of a Self-Crosslinking Emulsion-Type Fracturing Fluid for Quasi-Dry CO 2 Fracturing. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020156. [PMID: 36826326 PMCID: PMC9957315 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Quasi-dry CO2 fracturing technology is a new CO2 fracturing technology that combines liquid CO2 fracturing (dry CO2 fracturing) and water-based fracturing. It uses a liquid CO2 system containing a small amount of water-based fracturing fluid to carry sand, and it is characterized by sand blending at normal pressure, convenient preparation, the integrated application of resistance reduction and sand carrying, and no dedicated closed sand blender requirement. We developed a self-crosslinking emulsion-type water-based fracturing fluid (ZJL-1), which contained ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic associations, for quasi-dry CO2 fracturing, and the comprehensive properties of the ZJL-1 fracturing fluid were evaluated. The results showed that the ZJL-1 fracturing fluid had obvious viscoelastic characteristics, a heat loss rate of less than 10% at 200 °C, a good thermal stability, sufficient rheology under high temperature and high shear conditions, and a good thermal stability. The resistance reduction rate reached 70%, which demonstrates a good resistance reduction performance. Compared with conventional guar fracturing fluid, ZJL-1 can carry more sand and has a lower core damage rate. The on-site use of quasi-dry fracturing showed that optimizing the mixing ratio of liquid CO2 fracturing fluid and ZJL-1 fracturing fluid effectively enhanced oil and gas recovery. This can be used to optimize quasi-dry fracturing and can be used as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Meilong Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Minxuan Li
- CNOOC China Limited Hainan Branch, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Beijing AP Polymer Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China
| | - Guojun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Baofeng Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
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Patel MC, Ayoub MA, Hassan AM, Idress MB. A Novel ZnO Nanoparticles Enhanced Surfactant Based Viscoelastic Fluid Systems for Fracturing under High Temperature and High Shear Rate Conditions: Synthesis, Rheometric Analysis, and Fluid Model Derivation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194023. [PMID: 36235972 PMCID: PMC9571908 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids are innovative nonpolymeric non-newtonian fluid compositions that have recently gained much attention from the oil industry. SBVE can replace traditional polymeric fracturing fluid composition by mitigating problems arising during and after hydraulic fracturing operations are performed. In this study, SBVE fluid systems which are entangled with worm-like micellar solutions of cationic surfactant: cetrimonium bromide or CTAB and counterion inorganic sodium nitrate salt are synthesized. The salt reagent concentration is optimized by comparing the rheological characteristics of different concentration fluids at 25 °C. The study aims to mitigate the primary issue concerning these SBVE fluids: significant drop in viscosity at high temperature and high shear rate (HTHS) conditions. Hence, the authors synthesized a modified viscoelastic fluid system using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) additives with a hypothesis of getting fluids with improved rheology. The rheology of optimum fluids of both categories: with (0.6 M NaNO3 concentration fluid) and without (0.8 M NaNO3 concentration fluid) ZnO NPs additives were compared for a range of shear rates from 1 to 500 Sec−1 at different temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C to visualize modifications in viscosity values after the addition of NPs additives. The rheology in terms of viscosity was higher for the fluid with 1% dispersed ZnO NPs additives at all temperatures for the entire range of shear rate values. Additionally, rheological correlation function models were derived for the synthesized fluids using statistical analysis methods. Subsequently, Herschel–Bulkley models were developed for optimum fluids depending on rheological correlation models. In the last section of the study, the pressure-drop estimation method is described using given group equations for laminar flow in a pipe depending on Herschel–Bulkley-model parameters have been identified for optimum fluids are consistency, flow index and yield stress values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chandra Patel
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak 32610, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-1115850114
| | - Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohammed Hassan
- Petroleum Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazlin Bt Idress
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak 32610, Malaysia
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7
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Liu P, Dai C, Gao M, Wang X, Liu S, Jin X, Li T, Zhao M. Development of the Gemini Gel-Forming Surfactant with Ultra-High Temperature Resistance to 200 °C. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100600. [PMID: 36286101 PMCID: PMC9601397 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to broaden the application of clean fracturing fluid in ultra-high temperature reservoirs, a surfactant gel for high-temperature-resistant clean fracturing fluid was developed with a gemini cationic surfactant as the main agent in this work. As the fracturing fluid, the rheological property, temperature resistance, gel-breaking property, filtration property, shear recovery performance and core damage property of surfactant gel were systematically studied and evaluated. Results showed the viscosity of the system remained at 25.2 mPa·s for 60 min under a shear rate of 170 s−1 at 200 °C. The observed core permeability damage rate was only 6.23%, indicating low formation damage after fracturing. Due to micelle self-assembly properties in surfactant gel, the fluid has remarkable shear self-repairability. The filtration and core damage experimental results meet the national industry standard for fracturing fluids. The gel system had simple formulation and excellent properties, which was expected to enrich the application of clean fracturing fluid in ultra-high temperature reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Caili Dai
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mingwei Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shichun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Teng Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (M.Z.)
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Wang F, Chen J, Xu Y, Farooq U, Lu T, Chen W, Wang X, Qi Z. Surfactants-mediated the enhanced mobility of tetracycline in saturated porous media and its variation with aqueous chemistry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134887. [PMID: 35551941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the mobility of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics in porous media is critical to understand their potential environmental influences. The transport characteristics of TC in sand columns with three different surfactants, including Tween 80, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) under various conditions were investigated in this study. Results demonstrated that all surfactants enhanced TC transport under neutral conditions (10 mM NaCl at pH 7.0). The observation was attributed mostly to deposition site competition, higher electrostatic repulsion between TC molecules and sand grains, steric hindrance, and the increase of TC hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the order of the transport-enhancement effects was generally observed as follows: DDAB > SDBS > Tween 80. The trend was controlled by the variation in the physicochemical properties of surfactants. It was noticed that the presence of Cu2+ (a model divalent cation) in the background solution, the cation-bridging contributed to the promotion effects of DDAB or Tween 80 on TC mobility. Interestingly, SDBS considerably suppressed TC transport due to the precipitation of SDBS-Cu2+ complexes onto sand surfaces. Moreover, the enhancement order of surfactants at pH 5.0 was similar to that pH 7.0. However, DDAB could inhibit TC transport in sand columns at pH 9.0, which were mainly caused by the decrease of electrostatic repulsion and the hydrophobicity induced by the binding cationic surfactant. Findings from this work provide novel insight into involvement of surfactants in antibiotic transport behaviors in the subsurface environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Industrial Recirculation Water Treatment of Henan Province, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiuyan Chen
- Engineering Research Center for Industrial Recirculation Water Treatment of Henan Province, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yalei Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Industrial Recirculation Water Treatment of Henan Province, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Usman Farooq
- Engineering Research Center for Industrial Recirculation Water Treatment of Henan Province, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Industrial Recirculation Water Treatment of Henan Province, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Zhichong Qi
- Engineering Research Center for Industrial Recirculation Water Treatment of Henan Province, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Use of Betaine-Based Gel and Its Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060351. [PMID: 35735695 PMCID: PMC9222820 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a betaine-based gel containing 2.0% erucamide propyl betaine (EAPB), 0.5% oleic acid amide propyl betaine (OAPB), and 0.1% KCl was prepared for use as a fracturing fluid. The performance evaluation showed that KCl may improve the temperature resistance and increase the viscosity of the optimized fracturing fluid. At 80 °C, the apparent viscosity of the viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based fracturing fluid was approximately 50 mPa·s. Furthermore, the gel had high shear resistance, good viscosity stability, and high sand-carrying performance. After being sheared at 170 s−1 for 60 min, the reduction in viscosity was 13.6%. The viscosity of the gel was relatively stable at room temperature (27 °C) for one week. In a suspension containing 10% sand (particle size < 0.45 mm, density = 2.75 g cm−3), the settling velocity of proppant particles was 1.15 cm h−1. In addition, we detected that the critical micelle concentration of this gel was approximately 0.042 wt%. The viscosity could be reduced to <5 mPa·s at 60 °C within 1 h when 6.0% crude oil was present, and oil displacement experiments showed that the broken fracturing fluid can enhance the oil displacement rate up to 14.5%. This work may facilitate research on fracturing fluids and oil recovery.
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Chen J, Tan X, Fang B, Liu B, Gao H, Li K, Yu L, Xu K, Lu Y, Qiu X. Rheological behavior of a novel fracturing fluid formed from amine oxide surfactants. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xinyuan Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Bo Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Kejing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Luyao Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ke Xu
- Langfang Filial of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Petro China Langfang China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- Langfang Filial of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Petro China Langfang China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Langfang Filial of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Petro China Langfang China
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11
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Applicability Assessment of Viscoelastic Surfactants and Synthetic Polymers as a Base of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15082827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is currently the most widespread and effective method of oil production stimulation. The most commonly used fracturing fluid is crosslinked guar gels. However, when using these systems, problems such as clogging of the pore space, cracking, and proppant packing with the remains of the undestroyed polymer arise. Therefore, the efficiency of the hydraulic fracturing process decreases. In this work, compositions based on viscoelastic surfactants (VES) and synthetic polymers (SP) were considered as alternatives capable of minimizing these disadvantages. Most often, the possibility of using a composition as a fracturing fluid is evaluated using rotational viscometry. However, rotational viscometry is not capable of fully assessing the structural and mechanical properties of fracturing fluid. This leads to a reduced spread of systems based on VES and SP. This paper proposes an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of a water-based fracturing fluid. The proposed comprehensive approach includes an assessment of the main characteristics of water-based fracturing fluids, including an analysis of their structural and mechanical properties, which is based on a combination of rotational and oscillatory rheology and a comparative analysis of methods for studying the influence of fluids on the reservoir rock. The use of the developed approach to assess the technological properties of fracturing fluids makes it possible to demonstrate the potential applicability of new, unconventional fracturing fluids such as systems based on VES and SP.
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Shibaev AV, Osiptsov AA, Philippova OE. Novel Trends in the Development of Surfactant-Based Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids: A Review. Gels 2021; 7:258. [PMID: 34940318 PMCID: PMC8701209 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic surfactants (VES) are amphiphilic molecules which self-assemble into long polymer-like aggregates-wormlike micelles. Such micellar chains form an entangled network, imparting high viscosity and viscoelasticity to aqueous solutions. VES are currently attracting great attention as the main components of clean hydraulic fracturing fluids used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Fracturing fluids consist of proppant particles suspended in a viscoelastic medium. They are pumped into a wellbore under high pressure to create fractures, through which the oil can flow into the well. Polymer gels have been used most often for fracturing operations; however, VES solutions are advantageous as they usually require no breakers other than reservoir hydrocarbons to be cleaned from the well. Many attempts have recently been made to improve the viscoelastic properties, temperature, and salt resistance of VES fluids to make them a cost-effective alternative to polymer gels. This review aims at describing the novel concepts and advancements in the fundamental science of VES-based fracturing fluids reported in the last few years, which have not yet been widely industrially implemented, but are significant for prospective future applications. Recent achievements, reviewed in this paper, include the use of oligomeric surfactants, surfactant mixtures, hybrid nanoparticle/VES, or polymer/VES fluids. The advantages and limitations of the different VES fluids are discussed. The fundamental reasons for the different ways of improvement of VES performance for fracturing are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei A. Osiptsov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), 121205 Moscow, Russia;
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Structural aspects, mechanisms and emerging prospects of Gemini surfactant-based alternative Enhanced Oil Recovery technology: A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yan F, Shi Y, Tian Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Surfactant for Retarding Acid-Rock Reaction Rate in Acid Fracturing. Front Chem 2021; 9:715009. [PMID: 34490207 PMCID: PMC8417810 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.715009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid fracturing is an effective method to develop ultra-low permeability reservoirs. However, the fast reaction rate reduces the effect of the acid fracturing and increases the near-well collapse risk. Therefore, it is necessary to retard the acid–rock reaction rate. In this work, we synthesized an acid-resistant Gemini zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant (named VES-c), which has good performances such as temperature resistance, salt resistance, and shear resistance. Besides, a low concentration of VES-c increases the viscosity of the acid solution. The CO2 drainage method was used to measure the reaction rate between the dibasic acid and dolomite/broken core. We find that the dibasic acid containing 0.3% VES-c retards the dolomite reaction rate of 3.22 times compared with only dibasic acid. Furthermore, the dibasic acid containing 0.3% VES-c exhibits uniform distribution and is not easy to adhere to the solid surface. The VES-c also is favorable to reduce the formation of amorphous calcium carbonate. Retarding the rate of acid–rock reaction and enhancing the acidification are mainly attributed to VES-c's salt-tolerance, anti-adsorption, and the property of increasing the viscosity of the solution. Hopefully, this kind of surfactant retarding reaction rate is applied to other acid–rock reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongmin Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China.,School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
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Pan Y, Ge B, Zhang Y, Li P, Guo B, Zeng X, Pan J, Lin S, Yuan P, Hou L. Surface activity and cleaning performance of Gemini surfactants with rosin groups. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tian J, Mao J, Zhang W, Yang X, Lin C, Cun M. Salinity‐ and Heat‐Tolerant VES (Viscoelastic Surfactant) Clean Fracturing Fluids Strengthened by a Hydrophobic Copolymer with Extremely Low Damage. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Chong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
| | - Meng Cun
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 P. R. China
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Karakosta K, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ. A review in nanopolymers for drilling fluids applications. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Application of gemini viscoelastic surfactant with high salt in brine-based fracturing fluid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu R, Tang S, Mpelwa M, Jin L, Jiang Z, Feng S, Zheng Y. Study on the structure–activity relationship between the molecular structure of anionic Gemini surfactants and the rheological properties of their micelle solutions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1843478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Hu
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanfa Tang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Musa Mpelwa
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Jin
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaowen Jiang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyun Feng
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahui Zheng
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
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Zhang Y, Mao J, Zhao J, Zhang W, Liao Z, Xu T, Du A, Zhang Z, Yang X, Ni Y. Preparation of a novel sulfonic Gemini zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant with superior heat and salt resistance using a rigid-soft combined strategy. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Synthesis of erucic amide propyl betaine compound fracturing fluid system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of Modified Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) as a New Thickening Fracturing Fluid. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071470. [PMID: 32629958 PMCID: PMC7408097 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In hydraulic fracturing, fracturing fluids are used to create fractures in a hydrocarbon reservoir throughout transported proppant into the fractures. The application of many fields proves that conventional fracturing fluid has the disadvantages of residue(s), which causes serious clogging of the reservoir’s formations and, thus, leads to reduce the permeability in these hydrocarbon reservoirs. The development of clean (and cost-effective) fracturing fluid is a main driver of the hydraulic fracturing process. Presently, viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-fluid is one of the most widely used fracturing fluids in the hydraulic fracturing development of unconventional reservoirs, due to its non-residue(s) characteristics. However, conventional single-chain VES-fluid has a low temperature and shear resistance. In this study, two modified VES-fluid are developed as new thickening fracturing fluids, which consist of more single-chain coupled by hydrotropes (i.e., ionic organic salts) through non-covalent interaction. This new development is achieved by the formulation of mixing long chain cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with organic acids, which are citric acid (CA) and maleic acid (MA) at a molar ratio of (3:1) and (2:1), respectively. As an innovative approach CTAB and CA are combined to obtain a solution (i.e., CTAB-based VES-fluid) with optimal properties for fracturing and this behaviour of the CTAB-based VES-fluid is experimentally corroborated. A rheometer was used to evaluate the visco-elasticity and shear rate & temperature resistance, while sand-carrying suspension capability was investigated by measuring the settling velocity of the transported proppant in the fluid. Moreover, the gel breaking capability was investigated by determining the viscosity of broken VES-fluid after mixing with ethanol, and the degree of core damage (i.e., permeability performance) caused by VES-fluid was evaluated while using core-flooding test. The experimental results show that, at pH-value (6.17), 30 (mM) VES-fluid (i.e., CTAB-CA) possesses the highest visco-elasticity as the apparent viscosity at zero shear-rate reached nearly to 106 (mPa·s). Moreover, the apparent viscosity of the 30 (mM) CTAB-CA VES-fluid remains 60 (mPa·s) at (90 ∘C) and 170 (s−1) after shearing for 2-h, indicating that CTAB-CA fluid has excellent temperature and shear resistance. Furthermore, excellent sand suspension and gel breaking ability of 30 (mM) CTAB-CA VES-fluid at 90 (∘C) was shown; as the sand suspension velocity is 1.67 (mm/s) and complete gel breaking was achieved within 2 h after mixing with the ethanol at the ratio of 10:1. The core flooding experiments indicate that the core damage rate caused by the CTAB-CA VES-fluid is (7.99%), which indicate that it does not cause much damage. Based on the experimental results, it is expected that CTAB-CA VES-fluid under high-temperature will make the proposed new VES-fluid an attractive thickening fracturing fluid.
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Poly(Oxyethylene)-Amidoamine Based Gemini Cationic Surfactants for Oilfield Applications: Effect of Hydrophilicity of Spacer Group. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051046. [PMID: 32110878 PMCID: PMC7085195 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stability, salt tolerance, and solubility in normal and high salinity brine are the major requirements for any surfactant designed for oilfield applications because the surfactant stays in a non-ambient environment inside the reservoir for a long period of time. Herein, a series of new gemini cationic surfactants (GSs) with varying spacer hydrophilicity were synthesized and elucidated using MALDI-ToF-MS, NMR (1H, 13C), as well as FTIR spectroscopy. GSs found to be soluble in normal as well as high salinity brine and aqueous stability tests revealed that GSs possess the ability to retain their structural integrity at high salinity and high temperature conditions because no suspension formation or precipitation was detected in the oven aged sample of GSs at 90 °C for 30 days. Thermal gravimetric analysis displayed a higher decomposition temperature than the real reservoir temperature and the GS with a secondary amine spacer exhibited high heat stability. The significant reduction in surface tension and critical micelle concentration was observed using 1 M NaCl solution in place of deionized water. The difference in surface tension and critical micelle concentration was insignificant when the 1 M NaCl solution was replaced with seawater. The synthesized surfactants can be utilized for oilfield applications in a challenging high temperature high salinity environment.
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Zhang W, Mao J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Tian J, Lin C, Mao J, Zhao J. Effect of propylene glycol substituted group on salt tolerance of a cationic viscoelastic surfactant and its application for brine-based clean fracturing fluid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang W, Mao J, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhao J, Tian J, Lin C, Mao J. Development of a sulfonic gemini zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant with high salt tolerance for seawater-based clean fracturing fluid. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Effects of a counter-ion salt (potassium chloride) on gemini cationic surfactants with different spacer lengths. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abbasi S, Haeri SA, Sajjadifar S. Bio-dispersive liquid liquid microextraction based on nano rhamnolipid aggregates combined with molecularly imprinted-solid phase extraction for selective determination of paracetamol in human urine samples followed by HPLC. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang W, Mao J, Yang X, Zhang H, Yang B, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Development of a Stimuli‐Responsive Gemini Zwitterionic Viscoelastic Surfactant for Self‐Diverting Acid. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Jincheng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Xiaojiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
| | - Jinzhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and ExploitationSouthwest Petroleum University Sichuan, Chengdu, 610500 PR. China
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