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Olszewski A, Kosmela P, Vēvere L, Kirpluks M, Cabulis U, Piszczyk Ł. Effect of bio-polyol molecular weight on the structure and properties of polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams. Sci Rep 2024; 14:812. [PMID: 38191496 PMCID: PMC10774441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in polyurethane materials has raised the question of the environmental impact of these materials. For this reason, the scientists aim to find an extremely difficult balance between new material technologies and sustainable development. This work attempts to validate the possibility of replacing petrochemical polyols with previously synthesized bio-polyols and their impact on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR). To date, biobased polyols were frequently used in the manufacturing of PU, but application of bio-polyols synthesized via solvothermal liquefaction using different chains of polyethylene glycol has not been comprehensively discussed. In this work, ten sets of rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized. The influence of bio-polyols addition on foam properties was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. The structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a gas pycnometer. The tests revealed a significant extension of foam growth time, which can be explained by possible steric hindrances and the presence of less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an increase average size of pores and aspect ratio was noticed. This can be interpreted by the modification of the cell growth process by the introduction of a less reactive bio-polyol with different viscosity. The analysis of foams mechanical properties showed that the normalized compressive strength increased up to 40% due to incorporation of more cross-linked structures. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the addition of bio-based polyols increased temperature of 2% (T2%) and 5% (T5%) mass degradation. On the other hand, evaluation of flammability of manufactured foams showed increase of total heat release (HRR) and smoke release (TSR) what may be caused by reduction of char layer stability. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the incorporation of bio-polyols into industrial polyurethane systems and suggest the necessity of conducting further research on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Laima Vēvere
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Łukasz Piszczyk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Farag MA, Reda A, Nabil M, Elimam DM, Zayed A. Evening primrose oil: a comprehensive review of its bioactives, extraction, analysis, oil quality, therapeutic merits, and safety. Food Funct 2023; 14:8049-8070. [PMID: 37614101 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01949g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil crops have become increasingly farmed worldwide because of their numerous functions in foods and health. In particular, oil derived from the seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) (EPO) comprises essential fatty acids of the omega-6 (ω-6) series. It is well recognized to promote immune cells with a healthy balance and management of female ailments. The nutrients of interest in this oil are linoleic acid (LA, 70-74%) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 8-10%), which are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that account for EPO's popularity as a dietary supplement. Various other chemicals in EPO function together to supply the body with PUFA, elevate normal ω-6 essential fatty acid levels, and support general health and well-being. The inclusive EPO biochemical analysis further succeeded in identifying several other components, i.e., triterpenes, phenolic acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols of potential health benefits. This comprehensive review capitalizes on EPO, the superior product of O. biennis, highlighting the interrelationship between various methods of cultivation, extraction, holistic chemical composition, sensory characters, and medicinal value. Besides the literature review, this study restates the numerous health advantages of primrose oil and possible drug-EPO interactions since a wide spectrum of drugs are administered concomitantly with EPO. Modern techniques to evaluate EPO chemical composition are addressed with emphasis on the missing gaps and future perspectives to ensure best oil quality and nutraceutical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ali Reda
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nabil
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Diaaeldin M Elimam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish street (Medical Campus), Tanta 31527, Egypt
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3
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Borowicz M, Isbrandt M, Paciorek-Sadowska J, Sander P. Comparing the Properties of Bio-Polyols Based on White Mustard ( Sinapis alba) Oil Containing Boron and Sulfur Atoms Obtained by Various Methods and Checking Their Influence on the Flammability of Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093401. [PMID: 37176283 PMCID: PMC10180400 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The article compares the properties of bio-polyols obtained from white mustard (Sinapis alba) seed oil, which contain boron and sulfur atoms. Each of the bio-polyols was prepared by a different method of testing the efficiency of the incorporation of boron and sulfur atoms. All synthesis methods were based on the epoxidation of unsaturated bonds followed by the opening of epoxy rings by compounds containing heteroatoms. Two of the bio-polyols were subjected to additional esterification reactions of hydroxyl groups with boric acid or its ester. Three new bio-polyols were obtained as a result of the performed syntheses. The synthesized compounds were subjected to detailed physicochemical (physical state, color, smell, density, viscosity and pH), analytical (hydroxyl number, acid number, water content, content of C, H, N, S, O, B elements and GPC analysis), spectroscopic (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) and thermal (DSC) tests. The obtained results allowed for a detailed characterization of the synthesized bio-polyol raw materials. Their suitability for obtaining polyurethane materials was also determined. The synthesized compounds have been found to be an interesting alternative to petrochemical polyols. The influence of the synthesized compounds on the flammability of polyurethane materials was tested experimentally. On the basis of this testing, a number of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foams were obtained, which were then subjected to flammability tests with the methods of horizontal and vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and using the cone calorimeter. Based on this research, it was found that the presence of sulfur and boron heteroatoms reduced the flammability of polyurethane materials based on synthesized bio-polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Borowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Isbrandt
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Sander
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193974. [PMID: 36235923 PMCID: PMC9572835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.
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Tang W, Sun J, Tang J, Chen Z, Shi Y, Zhao R, Jiang Y, Tan L. Cadmium-Rich Plant Powder/PAN/PU Foams with Low Thermal Conductivity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142893. [PMID: 35890668 PMCID: PMC9323765 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating and utilizing heavy metal enriched plants have become growing problems. In this work, a series of composite foams were made from the powder of Cadmium-rich plant, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyurethane (PU). Test results indicated that the addition of plant powder can not only increase the specific surface area, but also improve the apparent density and thermal stability of the foams. Besides, compared with the foam without plant powder, the powder-added foams exhibited a decreasing trend for thermal conductivity, and the minimum was 0.048 w/(m·k), which indicated that the addition of plant powder can help to enhance the thermal insulation of composite foam. More importantly, the results of leaching experiment showed that the leaching rate of heavy metal cadmium in the composite foam with 50% plant powder content was as low as 0.14% after being immersed in the acidic (pH = 3) solution for 5 days, which implies that the foam materials are very safe. This study provides a new way to realize high value-added resource utilization of heavy metal-enriched plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Tang
- Sichuan Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Chengdu 610015, China; (W.T.); (J.S.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Jin Sun
- Sichuan Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Chengdu 610015, China; (W.T.); (J.S.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jie Tang
- Sichuan Huafang Yinhua Co., Ltd., Suining 629200, China;
| | - Zheng Chen
- Sichuan Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Chengdu 610015, China; (W.T.); (J.S.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yidong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- Sichuan Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Chengdu 610015, China; (W.T.); (J.S.); (Z.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.S.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuanzhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.S.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Lin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.S.); (L.T.)
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6
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Boruszewski P, Borysiuk P, Jankowska A, Pazik J. Low-Density Particleboards Modified with Blowing Agents—Characteristic and Properties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134528. [PMID: 35806654 PMCID: PMC9267788 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although lightweight particleboards have been commercially available for years, they still have a number of disadvantages, including difficulty to process, brittleness, low impact strength, and other mechanical resistance. The aim of the paper was to determine the possibility of producing particleboards of reduced density (dedicated for furniture industry) as a result of using blowing agents from the group of hydrazides, dicarboxamides, or tetrazoles, which were modifiers of the adhesive resin used for bonding the particles of the core layer of three-layer particleboards. The concept presents the possibility of producing low-density particleboards in a standard technological process by modifying the adhesive resin, which has not been practiced by others until now. Analysis of the results of testing the particleboards properties with various types of modifiers (blowing agents), glue content (high 10%/12% and low 8%/10%), differing in glue dosing method, and different particle sizes allowed concluding that the most satisfactory effect was found in particleboards made of the variant modified with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide. This variant was characterised by the highest mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus elasticity, and internal bond strength) with high dimensional stability. The presented technology proposal can be applied in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Boruszewski
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.B.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5938582
| | - Piotr Borysiuk
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Jankowska
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Jolanta Pazik
- Fabryki Mebli “FORTE” S.A., 1 Biała St., 07-300 Ostrów Mazowiecka, Poland;
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7
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Kaniuk Ł, Podborska A, Stachewicz U. Enhanced mechanical performance and wettability of PHBV fiber blends with evening primrose oil for skin patches improving hydration and comfort. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1763-1774. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing problem of skin diseases due to allergies causing atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by itching, burning, and redness, constantly motivates researchers to look for solutions to soothe these effects by moisturizing skin properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaniuk
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Podborska
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
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8
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Li T, Yang Y, Dai W, Wang H, Wang J, Lou C, Lin J. Preparation and mechanical properties characterization: plasma‐modified expanded vermiculite/fabric‐reinforced foam composite materials. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Yandong Yang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Wenna Dai
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Jie Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Ching‐Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering Asia University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials Minjiang University Fuzhou China
| | - Jia‐Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials Feng Chia University Taichung Taiwan
- Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou China
- School of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
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9
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Borowicz M, Isbrandt M, Paciorek-Sadowska J. Effect of New Eco-Polyols Based on PLA Waste on the Basic Properties of Rigid Polyurethane and Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168981. [PMID: 34445688 PMCID: PMC8396538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the presented research was to obtain two new eco-polyols based on waste polylactide (PLA) and to check the effect on the properties of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and, based on these, rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. The synthesis of eco-polyols was based on the transesterification reaction of melted PLA with diethylene glycol in the presence of an organometallic catalyst. Properties of the obtained eco-polyols were examined for their potential as raw materials for synthesis of rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams, i.e., hydroxyl value, acid value, density, viscosity, pH, water content. Spectroscopic studies (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) were also carried out. Results of these tests confirmed the assumed chemical structure of the new polyols. RPU and RPU/PIR foam formulations were developed based on the obtained analytical results. Partial replacement of petrochemical polyol by eco-polyols in RPU and RPU/PIR foams decreased the value of apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness and water absorption. Moreover, all foams modified by eco-polyols showed higher resistance to aging. All RPU/PIR foams and most PRU foams modified by eco-polyols from waste PLA had better functional properties than the reference foams based on petrochemical polyol.
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10
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Mort R, Vorst K, Curtzwiler G, Jiang S. Biobased foams for thermal insulation: material selection, processing, modelling, and performance. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4375-4394. [PMID: 35424381 PMCID: PMC8694562 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the urgent need for the development of sustainable materials and a circular economy, a surge of research regarding biobased materials and associated processing methods has resulted in many experimental biobased foams. Although several biobased foams are already shown to have thermal and mechanical properties competitive with expanded polystyrene, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap leading to limited understanding of the principles that determine performance. This review outlines the progress in this burgeoning field, introducing materials selection and processing, comparing performance, examining efforts in modelling physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real biobased systems. The focus is on low thermal conductivity, which is a critical property for temperature-controlled applications such as packaging for refrigerated/frozen foods, medications, and vaccines as well as building materials. Currently, the trend in the field is moving towards fully biobased and compostable foams, though partially biobased polyurethane foams remain the most consistent performers. To illustrate the foam structure–property relationship, thermal conductivity, cell size, and density data were compiled. Given the complexity of biobased foams, heat transfer models aid in identifying crucial variables. However, data relevant to the insulation capability of biobased foams is not fully reported in many references. To address this issue, we employed a dimensional analysis to fill the gaps, revealing a power law correlation between thermal conductivity and relative density. Our approach is not intended as a robust prediction technique, but rather a simple demonstration of how biobased foams data could be utilized to predict the most promising materials and methods. This review outlines the progress in biobased foams with a focus on low thermal conductivity. It introduces materials selection and processing, compares performance, examines modelling of physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mort
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Greg Curtzwiler
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
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11
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Jaratrotkamjorn R, Tanrattanakul V. Bio‐based flexible polyurethane foam synthesized from palm oil and natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Varaporn Tanrattanakul
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
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12
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Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Various Isocyanate Indices Based on Polyols from Rapeseed Oil and Waste PET. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040738. [PMID: 32224860 PMCID: PMC7240454 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing polyols derived from natural sources and recycling materials attracts great interest for use in replacing petroleum-based polyols in polyurethane production. In this study, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams with various isocyanate indices were obtained from polyols based on rapeseed oil and polyethylene terephthalate (RO/PET). The various properties of the prepared PUR foams were investigated, and the effect of the isocyanate index was evaluated. The closed-cell content and water absorption were not impacted by the change of the isocyanate index. The most significant effect of increasing the isocyanate index was on the dimensional stability of the resulting foams. This is due to the increased crosslink density, as evidenced by the increased formation of isocyanurate and increase of the glass transition temperature. Additionally, the influence on compression strength, modulus, and long-term thermal conductivity were evaluated and compared with reference PUR foams from commercially available polyols. Rigid PUR foams from RO/PET polyol were found to be competitive with reference materials and could be used as thermal insulation material.
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13
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Capezza AJ, Robert E, Lundman M, Newson WR, Johansson E, Hedenqvist MS, Olsson RT. Extrusion of Porous Protein-Based Polymers and Their Liquid Absorption Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020459. [PMID: 32079125 PMCID: PMC7077648 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of porous wheat gluten (WG) absorbent materials by means of extrusion processing is presented for the future development of sustainable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). Different temperatures, formulations, and WG compositions were used to determine a useful protocol that provides the best combination of porosity and water swelling properties. The most optimal formulation was based on 50 wt.% WG in water that was processed at 80 °C as a mixture, which provided a porous core structure with a denser outer shell. As a green foaming agent, food-grade sodium bicarbonate was added during the processing, which allowed the formation of a more open porous material. This extruded WG material was able to swell 280% in water and, due to the open-cell structure, 28% with non-polar limonene. The results are paving the way towards production of porous bio macromolecular structures with high polar/non-polar liquid uptake, using extrusion as a solvent free and energy efficient production technique without toxic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Capezza
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.S.H.)
- Department of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BOX 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; (W.R.N.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.C.); (R.T.O.); Tel.: +46-762-301654 (A.J.C.); +46-732-701868 (R.T.O.)
| | - Eva Robert
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.S.H.)
| | - Malin Lundman
- Essity Hygiene and Health AB, SE-405 03 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - William R. Newson
- Department of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BOX 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; (W.R.N.); (E.J.)
| | - Eva Johansson
- Department of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BOX 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; (W.R.N.); (E.J.)
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.S.H.)
| | - Richard T. Olsson
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (E.R.); (M.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.C.); (R.T.O.); Tel.: +46-762-301654 (A.J.C.); +46-732-701868 (R.T.O.)
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Kéki S. Functional Polyurethanes-In Memory of Prof. József Karger-Kocsis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020434. [PMID: 32069776 PMCID: PMC7077621 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Hungary
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15
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Liszkowska J, Borowicz M, Paciorek-Sadowska J, Isbrandt M, Czupryński B, Moraczewski K. Assessment of Photodegradation and Biodegradation of RPU/PIR Foams Modified by Natural Compounds of Plant Origin. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E33. [PMID: 31878118 PMCID: PMC7023613 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Four types of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (RPU/PIR) were obtained. Three of them were modified by powder fillers, such as cinnamon extract (C10 foam), green coffe extract (KZ10), and cocoa extract (EK10) in an amount of 10 wt %. The last foam was obtained without a filler (W foam). The basic properties and thermal properties of obtained foams were examined. All foams were subjected to degradation in the climatic chamber acting on samples of foams in a defined temperature, humidity, and UV radiation for 7, 14, and 21 days. The physico-mechanical properties of foams were tested. The compressive strength of degraded foams after 7, 14, and 21 days was compared with the compressive strength of nondegraded foams (0 days). The chosen properties of degraded foams, such as cellular structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and changes of chemical structure by FTIR spectroscopy were compared. The obtained foams were also subjected to degradation in a circulating air dryer in an increased temperature (120 °C) for 48 h. Additionally, W, C10, ZK10, EK10 foams were placed in a soil environment and subjected to 28 days biodegradation process. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the theoretical oxygen demand (TOD), and the degree of biodegradation (Dt) of foams were determined in this measurment. Test results showed that the compressive strength of foams decreased with the longer time of foam degradation in the conditioner. The foam subjected to degradation darkened and became more red and yellow in color. The addition of natural compounds of plant origin to foams increased their susceptibility to biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Liszkowska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.-S.); (M.I.); (B.C.)
| | - Marcin Borowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.-S.); (M.I.); (B.C.)
| | - Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.-S.); (M.I.); (B.C.)
| | - Marek Isbrandt
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.-S.); (M.I.); (B.C.)
| | - Bogusław Czupryński
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.-S.); (M.I.); (B.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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16
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Biodegradable, Flame-Retardant, and Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation Application. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111816. [PMID: 31694273 PMCID: PMC6918136 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article raised the issue of studies on the use of new bio-polyol based on white mustard seed oil and 2,2’-thiodiethanol (3-thiapentane-1,5-diol) for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. For this purpose, new formulations of polyurethane materials were prepared. Formulations contained bio-polyol content from 0 to 0.4 chemical equivalents of hydroxyl groups. An industrial flame retardant, tri(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (Antiblaze TCMP), was added to half of the formulations. Basic foaming process parameters and functional properties, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, absorbability and water absorption, aging resistance, thermal conductivity coefficient λ, structure of materials, and flammability were examined. The susceptibility of the foams to biodegradation in soil was also examined. The increase in the bio-polyol content caused a slight increase in processing times. Also, it was noted that the use of bio-polyol had a positive effect on the functional properties of obtained RPU/PIR foams. Foams modified by bio-polyol based on mustard seed oil showed lower apparent density, brittleness, compressive strength, and absorbability and water absorption, as well as thermal conductivity, compared to the reference (unmodified) foams. Furthermore, the obtained materials were more resistant to aging and more susceptible to biodegradation.
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17
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The Effect of Accelerated Aging Conditions on the Properties of Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foams Modified by Cinnamon Extract. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two series of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (RPU/PIR) modified by cinnamon extract (series C_0t and CU_0t) were obtained. One RPU/PIR series contained a commercial flame retardant (C_0t) in the formulation. The other was produced without its participation (CU_0t). The basic properties of obtained foams, e.g., apparent density, brittleness, water absorption, compressive strength, flammability were examined. Afterwards, both series of foams (C_0t and CU_0t) were subjected to degradation in the climatic chamber, acting on samples of foams a defined temperature, humidity and UV radiation for a seven days. In this way, two successive series of RPU/PIR foams were obtained, which were designated, respectively, C_1t and CU_1t, Chosen properties of degraded foams such as: compressive strength, cellular structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and changes of chemical structure by FTIR spectroscopy were determined. Compressive strength and the aging resistance was also determined (against the coefficient of compressive strength variation (CV). The possible replacement of a commercial flame retardant in polyurethane formulations by the antioxidant raw material (cinnamon extract) was evaluated.
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18
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Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060953. [PMID: 31159423 PMCID: PMC6631771 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams have low density, good heat insulation, good sound insulation effects, high specific strength, and high corrosion resistance, and are widely used in civil and industrial applications. In this paper, the classification of polymer foams, principles of the foaming process, types of blowing agents, and raw materials of polymer foams are reviewed. The research progress of various foaming methods and the current problems and possible solutions are discussed in detail.
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Paciorek-Sadowska J, Borowicz M, Isbrandt M. New Poly(lactide-urethane-isocyanurate) Foams Based on Bio-Polylactide Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030481. [PMID: 30960465 PMCID: PMC6473226 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the synthesis of a new eco-polyol based on polylactide (PLA) waste and its use for the production of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. The obtained recycling-based polyol was subjected to analytical, physicochemical and spectroscopic tests (FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) to confirm its suitability for the synthesis of polyurethane materials. Then, it was used to partially replace petrochemical polyol in polyurethane formulation. The obtained RPU/PIR foams were characterized by lower apparent density, brittleness, and water absorption. In addition, foams modified by eco-polyol had higher flame retardancy, as compared to reference foam. The results of the research show that the use of PLA polyol based on plastic waste may be an alternative to petrochemical polyols. This research matches with the current trends of sustainable development and green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Borowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Marek Isbrandt
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Ge T, Tang K, Tang X. Preparation and Properties of Acetoacetic Ester-Terminated Polyether Pre-Synthesis Modified Phenolic Foam. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E334. [PMID: 30678150 PMCID: PMC6384588 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether was selected as a modifier to prepare a new type of polyether phenolic resin, which was successfully prepared by pre-synthesis modification. It is used to prepare interpenetrating cross-linked network structure modified phenolic foam with excellent mechanical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR, 13C NMR) were used to characterize the molecular structure of the polyether phenolic resin. The results showed that the acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether successfully modified the phenolic resin and introduced a polyether skeleton into the resin structure. The effect of changing the added amount of acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether from 10% to 20% of the phenol content on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the modified phenolic foam was investigated. The results showed that when the amount of acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether was 16% the amount of phenol, this resulted in the best toughness of the modified foam, which had a bending deflection that could be increased to more than three times that of the base phenolic foam. The modified phenolic foam cell diameter was reduced by 36.3%, and the distribution was more uniform, which formed a denser network structure than that of the base phenolic foam. The bending strength was increased by 0.85 MPa, and the pulverization rate was as low as 1.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Ge
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Shenyang Huada and Kangping Plastic Woven Research Institute, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Kaihong Tang
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Yingkou Sounrun New Material Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Yingkou 115000, China.
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