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Penfold J, Thomas RK. The Gibbs and Butler Equations and the Surface Activity of Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Strong and Weak Linear Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Mixtures: The Roles of Surface Composition and Polydispersity. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8084-8102. [PMID: 39140373 PMCID: PMC11345831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In a previous paper, we applied a combination of direct measurements of both surface tension and surface excess in conjunction with the Gibbs equation to explain features of the adsorption and surface tension of mixtures of surfactants and strong linear polyelectrolytes at the air-water interface. This paper extends that model by including (i) the restrictions of the Butler equation for the behavior of the surface tension of mixed systems and (ii) the surface behavior of surfactant and linear weak polyelectrolyte mixtures, for which the inclusion of measurements of the surface excess and composition is shown to be particularly important. In addition, a closer examination of earlier data at higher concentrations provides evidence that the surface layering that is often observed in polyelectrolyte-surfactant systems is also an average equilibrium phenomenon and is driven by particular aggregation patterns that occur in some systems and not in others. Although the successful application of the Gibbs and Butler equations indicates that strong polyelectrolyte-surfactant systems can be described in terms of an average equilibrium over wide ranges of concentration, we have identified two concentration ranges where polydispersity in either polyelectrolyte molecular weight or composition results in significant time dependence of the surface behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Penfold
- Rutherford-Appleton
Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Robert K. Thomas
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K.
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2
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Dasaro SR, Singh A, Vlachos P, Ristroph KD. Mechanistic insights into how mixing factors govern polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexation in RNA lipid nanoparticle formulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 678:98-107. [PMID: 39182390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Lipid nanoparticle self-assembly is a complex process that relies on ion pairing between nucleic acids and hydrophobic cationic lipid counterions for encapsulation. The chemical factors influencing this process, such as formulation composition, have been the focus of recent research. However, the physical factors, particularly the mixing protocol, which directly modulates these chemical factors, have yet to be mechanistically examined using a reproducible mixing platform comparable to the industry standard. We here utilize Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP), a scalable rapid mixing platform, to isolate and systematically investigate how mixing factors influence this complexation step, first by using a model polyelectrolyte-surfactant system and then generalizing to a typical RNA lipid nanoparticle formulation. EXPERIMENTS Aqueous polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) solutions are rapidly homogenized using reproducible FNP mixing and controlled flow rates at different stoichiometric ratios and total solids concentrations to form polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (PESCs). Then, key mixing factors such as total flow rate, inlet stream relative volumetric flow rate, and magnitude of flow fluctuation are studied using both this PESC system and an RNA lipid nanoparticle formulation. FINDINGS Fluctuations in flow as low as ± 5 % of the total flow rate are found to severely compromise PESC formation. This result is replicated in the RNA lipid nanoparticle system, which exhibited significant differences in size (132.7 nm vs. 75.6 nm) and RNA encapsulation efficiency (34.0 % vs. 82.8 %) under fluctuating vs. steady flow. We explain these results in light of the chemical variables isolated and studied; slow or nonuniform mixing generates localized concentration gradients that disrupt the balance between the hydrophobic and electrostatic forces that drive complex formation. These experiments contribute to our understanding of the complexation stage of lipid nanoparticle formation and provide practical insights into the importance of developing controlled mixing protocols in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R Dasaro
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pavlos Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kurt D Ristroph
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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3
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Mobin L, Diosady LL, Haq MA. Enhancing vitamin A stability using saponin-chitosan polyelectrolytes coating: Optimization, haracterization, and controlled release. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39175176 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Microencapsulation has the potential to address the stability issues associated with vitamin A. This study examined the effectiveness of emulsifying a saponin-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex to encapsulate vitamin A. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), the effects of the chitosan, saponin, and vitamin A contents on various response variables were measured to optimize the formulation. The optimized emulsion was characterized through fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), storage stability, and release profile. Fluorescence microscopy showed that vitamin A was evenly distributed throughout the optimized emulsion. The polyelectrolyte complex and vitamin A were shown to interact hydrophobically and electrostatically by FTIR analysis. The DSC results verified the effective encapsulation and showed that vitamin A heat stability had been enhanced. Study on storage stability demonstrated that during a 2-month storage period, the encapsulated vitamin A remained stable. Moreover, vitamin A was significantly released from the encapsulated form at pH 1.2, based on release assays. In conclusion, saponin-chitosan polyelectrolyte coating proved to be a potentially useful new material for the stability and applications of vitamin A in a range of formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Mobin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Levente L Diosady
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Abdul Haq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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4
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Aonofriesei F. Surfactants' Interplay with Biofilm Development in Staphylococcus and Candida. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:657. [PMID: 38794319 PMCID: PMC11125353 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The capacity of micro-organisms to form biofilms is a pervasive trait in the microbial realm. For pathogens, biofilm formation serves as a virulence factor facilitating successful host colonization. Simultaneously, infections stemming from biofilm-forming micro-organisms pose significant treatment challenges due to their heightened resistance to antimicrobial agents. Hence, the quest for active compounds capable of impeding microbial biofilm development stands as a pivotal pursuit in biomedical research. This study presents findings concerning the impact of three surfactants, namely, polysorbate 20 (T20), polysorbate 80 (T80), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the initial stage of biofilm development in both Staphylococcus aureus and Candida dubliniensis. In contrast to previous investigations, we conducted a comparative assessment of the biofilm development capacity of these two taxonomically distant groups, predicated on their shared ability to reduce TTC. The common metabolic trait shared by S. aureus and C. dubliniensis in reducing TTC to formazan facilitated a simultaneous evaluation of biofilm development under the influence of surfactants across both groups. Our results revealed that surfactants could impede the development of biofilms in both species by disrupting the initial cell attachment step. The observed effect was contingent upon the concentration and type of compound, with a higher inhibition observed in culture media supplemented with SDS. At maximum concentrations (5%), T20 and T80 significantly curtailed the formation and viability of S. aureus and C. dubliniensis biofilms. Specifically, T20 inhibited biofilm development by 75.36% in S. aureus and 71.18% in C. dubliniensis, while T80 exhibited a slightly lower inhibitory effect, with values ranging between 66.68% (C. dubliniensis) and 65.54% (S. aureus) compared to the controls. Incorporating these two non-toxic surfactants into pharmaceutical formulations could potentially enhance the inhibitory efficacy of selected antimicrobial agents, particularly in external topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Aonofriesei
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanta, 1, University Street, 900470 Constanța, Romania
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5
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Alkhafaji E, Dmour I, Al-Essa MK, Alshaer W, Aljaberi A, Khalil EA, Taha MO. Preparation of novel shell-ionotropically crosslinked micelles based on hexadecylamine and tripolyphosphate for cancer drug delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:322-338. [PMID: 38502578 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2332457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Micellar systems have the advantage of being easily prepared, cheap, and readily loadable with bioactive molecular cargo. However, their fundamental pitfall is poor stability, particularly under dilution conditions. We propose to use simple quaternary ammonium surfactants, namely, hexadecylamine (HDA) and hexadecylpyridinium (HDAP), together with tripolyphosphate (TPP) anion, to generate ionotropically stabilized micelles capable of drug delivery into cancer cells. METHODS optimized mixed HDA/HDAP micelles were prepared and stabilized with TPP. Curcumin was used as a loaded model drug. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Moreover, their cellular uptake was assessed using flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The prepared nanoparticles were found to be stable under dilution and at high temperatures and to have a size range from 139 nm to 580 nm, depending on pH (4.6-7.4), dilution (up to 100 times), and temperature (25 - 80 °C). They were effective at delivering their load into cancer cells. Additionally, flow cytometry indicated the resulting stabilized micellar nanoparticles to be non-cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS The described novel stabilized micelles are simple to prepare and viable for cancer delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Alkhafaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Isra Dmour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mohamed K Al-Essa
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Aljaberi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Enam A Khalil
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Design and Discovery Unit, Amman, Jordan
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Qiu Q, Wang Z, Lan L. Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complex Nanofibrous Membranes for Antibacterial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:414. [PMID: 38337304 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (PESCs) have garnered significant attention due to their extensive range of biological and industrial applications. Most present applications are predominantly used in liquid or emulsion states, which limits their efficacy in solid material-based applications. Herein, pre-hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) and quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) are employed to produce PESC electrospun membranes via electrospinning. The formation process of PESCs in a solution is observed. The results show that the degree of PAN hydrolysis and the varying alkyl chain lengths of surfactants affect the rate of PESC formation. Moreover, PESCs/PCL hybrid electrospun membranes are fabricated, and their antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are investigated. The resulting electrospun membranes exhibit high bactericidal efficacy, which enables them to serve as candidates for future biomedical and filtration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohua Qiu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhengkai Wang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Liying Lan
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Godek E, Maciołek U, Kosińska-Pezda M, Byczyński Ł, Nowicka A, Grządka E. Colloidal and Thermal Stability of Three-Component Hybrid Materials Containing Clay Mineral, Polysaccharide and Surfactant. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303404. [PMID: 37924226 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the colloidal and thermal stability of the three-component hybrid materials containing halloysite, polysaccharides (alginic acid, cationic cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose) and Tritons. TX-100, TX-165 and TX-405 were used as non-ionic surfactants. Stability and other properties of the hybrid materials were tested by the following methods: UV-Vis, TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), CHN (elemental analysis), SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and tensiometry. According to the results with the increasing polymer concentration the colloidal stability of the tested systems also increases. Moreover, the addition of the surfactants causes the increase of polysaccharide adsorption but the colloidal stability of the tested systems decreases due to large weights of formed aggregates. As follows from the thermal analysis, the comparison of the TG/DTG-DSC curves obtained for the investigated polymers confirms that their thermal decomposition courses have some common features. The obtained results have the application potential in the formation of the materials for the pollutants removal from water and sewages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Godek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Skłodowskiej - Curie 3 Sq., 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Maciołek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Skłodowskiej - Curie 3 Sq., 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kosińska-Pezda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12 Sq., 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Byczyński
- Department of Polymers and Biopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12 Sq., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aldona Nowicka
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Skłodowskiej - Curie 3 Sq., 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Grządka
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Skłodowskiej - Curie 3 Sq., 20-031, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Fehér B, Wacha A, Jezsó B, Bóta A, Pedersen JS, Varga I. The evolution of equilibrium poly(styrene sulfonate) and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide supramolecular structure in dilute aqueous solution with increasing surfactant binding. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:992-1007. [PMID: 37586154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In the last 20 years, it has been demonstrated that oppositely charged polyelectrolyte-surfactant (PE-S) mixtures are prone to forming kinetically arrested non-equilibrium aggregates, which are present in the prepared mixtures from rather low surfactant-to-polymer-repeat-unit ratios. Practically, this means that the PE-S mixtures used for the structural investigations of the formed PE-S complexes are typically a mixture of the primary PE-S complexes and large non-equilibrium aggregates of close to charge-neutral complexes. EXPERIMENTS In this work, we present a unique approach that allows the preparation of PE-S mixtures in the equilibrium one-phase region (surfactant binding β, is typically below 80%) without forming non-equilibrium aggregates. We used this method to prepare equilibrium, non-aggregated complexes of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS, Mw = 17 kDa) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) (β = 10 - 70%) both in water and in an inert electrolyte (100 mM NaCl). The evolution of the complex structure was monitored by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a function of increasing surfactant binding (β), and the measured scattering data were fitted by suitable structural models on an absolute scale where concentrations, compositions, and scattering contrasts calculated from molecular properties are used as restraints. FINDINGS We could show that at low binding (β < 30%), the system is a mixture of bare polyelectrolyte coils and NaPSS-DTAB complexes containing a closed surfactant associates of low aggregation number wrapped by the polyelectrolyte chain. Once all polymer chains are occupied by a micelle-like surfactant aggregate, the aggregation number increases linearly with increasing surfactant chemical potential. Using the structural insight provided by the SAXS measurements, we could fit the experimental binding isotherm data with a physically coherent, simple thermodynamic model. Finally, we also compared the stoichiometric NaPSS-DTAB precipitate's structure with the equilibrium complexes' structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Fehér
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Imre Varga
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Nguyen M, Shen K, Sherck N, Köhler S, Gupta R, Delaney KT, Shell MS, Fredrickson GH. A molecularly informed field-theoretic study of the complexation of polycation PDADMA with mixed micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethoxylated surfactants. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:75. [PMID: 37665423 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly and phase separation of mixtures of polyelectrolytes and surfactants are important to a range of applications, from formulating personal care products to drug encapsulation. In contrast to systems of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, in polyelectrolyte-surfactant systems the surfactants micellize into structures that are highly responsive to solution conditions. In this work, we examine how the morphology of micelles and degree of polyelectrolyte adsorption dynamically change upon varying the mixing ratio of charged and neutral surfactants. Specifically, we consider a solution of the cationic polyelectrolyte polydiallyldimethylammonium, anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, neutral ethoxylated surfactants (C[Formula: see text]EO[Formula: see text]), sodium chloride salt, and water. To capture the chemical specificity of these species, we leverage recent developments in constructing molecularly informed field theories via coarse-graining from all-atom simulations. Our results show how changing the surfactant mixing ratios and the identity of the nonionic surfactant modulates micelle size and surface charge, and as a result dictates the degree of polyelectrolyte adsorption. These results are in semi-quantitative agreement with experimental observations on the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kevin Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | | | - Rohini Gupta
- California Research Alliance (CARA) by BASF, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kris T Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - M Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Glenn H Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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10
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Madhappan S, Kim SH, Huh P, Jung YS, Kim SC. Dramatic reduction of toxicity of Poly(hexamethylene guanidine) disinfectant by charge neutralization. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116172. [PMID: 37201704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the toxicity of positively charged polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) polymer and its complexation with different anionic natural polymers such as k-carrageenan (kCG), chondroitin sulfate (CS), sodium alginate (Alg.Na), polystyrene sulfonate sodium (PSS.Na) and hydrolyzed pectin (HP). The physicochemical properties of the synthesized PHMG and its combination with anionic polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) namely PHMG:PECs were characterized using zeta potential, XPS, FTIR, and TG analysis. Furthermore, cytotoxic behavior of the PHMG and PHMG:PECs, respectively, were evaluated using human liver cancer cell line (HepG2). The study results revealed that the PHMG alone had slightly higher cytotoxicity to the HepG2 cells than the prepared polyelectrolyte complexes such as PHMG:PECs. The PHMG:PECs showed a significant reduction of cytotoxicity to the HepG2 cells than the pristine PHMG alone. A reduction of PHMG toxicity was observed may be due to the facile formation of complexation between the positively charged PHMG and negatively charged anionic natural polymers such as kCG, CS, Alg. Na, PSS.Na and HP, respectively, via charge balance or neutralization. The experimental results indicate that the suggested method might significantly lower PHMG toxicity while improving biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sou Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy,Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan-46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilho Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan-46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy,Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan-46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan- 38544, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Bhattarai A, Das B. Viscosity of Sodium Polystyrenesulfonate with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in the Mixture of Methanol and Water. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7048-7053. [PMID: 37505907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viscosity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) in methanol-water mixed solvent media has been reported at 308.15 K. The results have been analyzed on the basis of a simple model based on the scaling theory of the viscosity of polyelectrolyte solutions put forward by Plucktaveesak et al. (J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, 8166-8171). The specific viscosity data obtained here for the CTAB-NaPSS couple in mixed solvent media agree very well with the predictions of the above model. It has been established that the fraction of free counterions of the polyelectrolyte can be conveniently recovered in these complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal
| | - Bijan Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
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12
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Ghasemi M, Jamadagni SN, Johnson ES, Larson RG. A Molecular Thermodynamic Model of Coacervation in Solutions of Polycations and Oppositely Charged Micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:10335-10351. [PMID: 37469275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
To guide the rational design of personal care formulations, we formulate a molecular thermodynamic model that predicts coacervation from cationic polymers and mixed micelles containing neutral and anionic surfactants and added salt. These coacervates, which form as a result of dilution of conditioning shampoos during use, deposit conditioning agents and other actives to the scalp or skin and also provide lubrication benefits. Our model accounts for mixing entropy, hydrophobic interactions of polycation with water, free energies of bindings of oppositely charged groups to micelles and polycations, and electrostatic interactions that capture connectivity of charged groups on the polycation chain and the micelle. The model outputs are the compositions of surfactants, polycation, salt, and water in the coacervate and in its coexisting dilute phase, along with the binding fractions and coacervate volume fraction. We study the effects of overall composition (of surfactant, polycation, and added salt), charge fractions on micelles and polycations, and binding free energies on the phase diagram of coacervates. Then, we perform coacervation experiments for three systems: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-JR30M, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (Taurate)-JR30M, and sodium lauryl alaninate (Alaninate)-JR30M, where JR30M is a cationic derivative of hydroxyethylcellulose (cat-HEC), and rationalize their coacervation data using our model. For comparison with experiment, we also develop a parametrization scheme to obtain the requisite binding energies and Flory-Huggins χ parameter. We find that our model predictions agree reasonably well with the experimental data, and that the sulfate-free surfactants of Taurate and Alaninate display much larger 2-phase regions compared to SDS with JR30M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ghasemi
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | | | - Eric S Johnson
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Ronald G Larson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Lamch Ł, Szczęsna W, Balicki SJ, Bartman M, Szyk-Warszyńska L, Warszyński P, Wilk KA. Multiheaded Cationic Surfactants with Dedicated Functionalities: Design, Synthetic Strategies, Self-Assembly and Performance. Molecules 2023; 28:5806. [PMID: 37570776 PMCID: PMC10421305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary research concerning surfactant science and technology comprises a variety of requirements relating to the design of surfactant structures with widely varying architectures to achieve physicochemical properties and dedicated functionality. Such approaches are necessary to make them applicable to modern technologies, such as nanostructure engineering, surface structurization or fine chemicals, e.g., magnetic surfactants, biocidal agents, capping and stabilizing reagents or reactive agents at interfaces. Even slight modifications of a surfactant's molecular structure with respect to the conventional single-head-single-tail design allow for various custom-designed products. Among them, multicharge structures are the most intriguing. Their preparation requires specific synthetic routes that enable both main amphiphilic compound synthesis using appropriate step-by-step reaction strategies or coupling approaches as well as further derivatization toward specific features such as magnetic properties. Some of the most challenging aspects of multicharge cationic surfactants relate to their use at different interfaces for stable nanostructures formation, applying capping effects or complexation with polyelectrolytes. Multiheaded cationic surfactants exhibit strong antimicrobial and antiviral activity, allowing them to be implemented in various biomedical fields, especially biofilm prevention and eradication. Therefore, recent advances in synthetic strategies for multiheaded cationic surfactants, their self-aggregation and performance are scrutinized in this up-to-date review, emphasizing their applications in different fields such as building blocks in nanostructure engineering and their use as fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lamch
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.L.); (W.S.); (S.J.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Weronika Szczęsna
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.L.); (W.S.); (S.J.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Sebastian J. Balicki
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.L.); (W.S.); (S.J.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcin Bartman
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.L.); (W.S.); (S.J.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Liliana Szyk-Warszyńska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (L.S.-W.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Warszyński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (L.S.-W.); (P.W.)
| | - Kazimiera A. Wilk
- Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.L.); (W.S.); (S.J.B.); (M.B.)
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14
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Brovko O, Palamarchuk I, Gorshkova N, Bogolitsyn K. Physicochemical properties and compatibility of sodium alginate and fucoidan solutions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125309. [PMID: 37301352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between linear sodium alginate and branched fucoidan were investigated using viscosity and tensiometric measurements. It was shown that water-soluble interpolymer complex is formed. The alginate-fucoidan complexation is due to the formation of a cooperative system of hydrogen bonds between the ionogenic and hidroxyl groups of sodium alginate and fucoidan and hydrophobic interactions. The intensity of the polysaccharide-polysaccharide interaction increases with an increase in the content of fucoidan in the blend. It was established that alginate and fucoidan are weak surfactants of the associative type. The surface activity of fucoidan was 34.6 mN∙m2/mol, and for alginate was 20.7 mN∙m2/mol. The resulting alginate-fucoidan interpolymer complex exhibits high surface activity and indicates a synergistic effect of combining two polysaccharides. The values of the activation energy of the viscous flow process were 7.0 kJ∙mol-1, 16.2 for kJ∙mol-1 and 33.9 kJ∙mol-1for alginate, fucoidan and their blend, respectively. These studies provide a methodological basis for determining the conditions for preparation of homogeneous film materials with a certain complex of physico-chemical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brovko
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolsky Avenue 20, Arkhangelsk 163069, Russia
| | - Irina Palamarchuk
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolsky Avenue 20, Arkhangelsk 163069, Russia
| | - Natalia Gorshkova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolsky Avenue 20, Arkhangelsk 163069, Russia.
| | - Konstantin Bogolitsyn
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikolsky Avenue 20, Arkhangelsk 163069, Russia; Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
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15
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Ferreira GA, Ram-On M, Talmon Y, Schillén K, Piculell L, Loh W. Complexes of Charged-Neutral Block Copolymers and Surfactants: Process-Dependent Features and Long-Term Stability of Their Aqueous Dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4113-4124. [PMID: 36881854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersions of charged-neutral block copolymers (poly(acrylamide)-b-poly(acrylate)) complexed with an oppositely charged surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium) have been prepared by different approaches: the simple mixing of two solutions (MS approach) containing the block copolymer and surfactant, with their respective simple counterions, and dispersion of a freeze-dried complex salt prepared in the absence of simple counterions (CS approach). The CS particles were investigated under different conditions: dispersion of a CS in salt-free water and dispersion of a CS in a dilute salt solution, the latter condition yielding dispersions with the same composition as the MS process. Additionally, aged dispersions (up to 6 months) and dispersed complexes of the polyacrylate homopolymer and dodecyltrimethylammonium surfactant were evaluated. By employing different characterization techniques, it was seen that dispersions prepared by the MS approach display nanometric spherical particles with disordered cores, and poor colloidal stability, partially caused by the absence of surface charge (ζ-potential close to zero). Oppositely, anisometric particles were formed in CS dispersions and were large enough to sustain micellar cubic cores. The CS particles presented long-time colloidal stability, partially due to a net negative surface charge, but the stability varied with the length of the neutral block composing the corona. Our results demonstrate that all dispersed particles are metastable structures, with physicochemical properties strongly dependent on the preparation procedure, thus making these particles suitable for fundamental studies and potential applications where accurate control of their properties, including size, shape, internal structure, and stability, is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maor Ram-On
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Karin Schillén
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Piculell
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Watson Loh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vasilieva EA, Kuznetsova DA, Valeeva FG, Kuznetsov DM, Zakharova LY. Role of Polyanions and Surfactant Head Group in the Formation of Polymer-Colloid Nanocontainers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1072. [PMID: 36985966 PMCID: PMC10056398 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed at the investigation of the supramolecular systems based on cationic surfactants bearing cyclic head groups (imidazolium and pyrrolidinium) and polyanions (polyacrylic acid (PAA) and human serum albumin (HSA)), and factors governing their structural behavior to create functional nanosystems with controlled properties. Research hypothesis. Mixed PE-surfactant complexes based on oppositely charged species are characterized by multifactor behavior strongly affected by the nature of both components. It was expected that the transition from a single surfactant solution to an admixture with PE might provide synergetic effects on structural characteristics and functional activity. To test this assumption, the concentration thresholds of aggregation, dimensional and charge characteristics, and solubilization capacity of amphiphiles in the presence of PEs have been determined by tensiometry, fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopy, and dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. RESULTS The formation of mixed surfactant-PAA aggregates with a hydrodynamic diameter of 100-180 nm has been shown. Polyanion additives led to a decrease in the critical micelle concentration of surfactants by two orders of magnitude (from 1 mM to 0.01 mM). A gradual increase in the zeta potential of HAS-surfactant systems from negative to positive value indicates that the electrostatic mechanism contributes to the binding of components. Additionally, 3D and conventional fluorescence spectroscopy showed that imidazolium surfactant had little effect on HSA conformation, and component binding occurs due to hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals interactions through the tryptophan amino acid residue of the protein. Surfactant-polyanion nanostructures improve the solubility of lipophilic medicines such as Warfarin, Amphotericin B, and Meloxicam. PERSPECTIVES Surfactant-PE composition demonstrated beneficial solubilization activity and can be recommended for the construction of nanocontainers for hydrophobic drugs, with their efficacy tuned by the variation in surfactant head group and the nature of polyanions.
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Complexation of oligochitosan with sodium caseinate in alkalescent and weakly acidic media. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120391. [PMID: 36604069 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Сomplexation of oligochitosan (OCHI) having the degree of acetylation (DA 26 %) with sodium caseinate (SC) at pH 5.8 and 7.2 is described and compared with the complexation of OCHI (DA 2 %) at pH 5.8. In the alkalescent medium, the complexation of OCHI (DA 26 %) is weaker and dualistic depending on SC concentration in the system. In the diluted alkalescent system, the formation of only soluble complexes is observed at OCHI/SC ratio ≤0.9. In the semi diluted one, the complexation results in the formation of insoluble complexes those composition changes symbatically with the OCHI/SC ratio in the system. At pH 5.8, OCHI/SC ratio in insoluble complexes remains the same regardless of OCHI/SC ratio in the solution. At pH 5.8, the electrostatic complexation weakens with an increase in DA and is completely suppressed at a high ionic strength. These results can be promising for construction of biodegradable protein/chitosan drug delivery systems.
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Yu H, Wang L, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Luan S, Shi H. Regulable Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complex for Antibacterial Biomedical Catheter Coating via a Readily Scalable Route. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202096. [PMID: 36285359 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Constructing multifunctional surfaces is one of the practical approaches to address catheter-related multiple complications but is generally time-consuming and substrate-dependent. Herein, a novel anti-adhesion, antibacterial, low friction, and robustness coating on medical catheters are developed via a universal and readily scalable method based on a regulable polyelectrolyte surfactant complex. The complex is rapidly assembled in one step by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between organosilicon quaternary ammonium surfactant (N+ Si ) and adjustable polyelectrolyte with cross-linkable, anti-adhesive, and anionic groups. The alcohol-soluble feature of the complex is conducive to the rapid formation of coatings on any medical device with arbitrary shapes via dip coating. Different from the conventional polyelectrolyte-surfactant complex coating, the regulated complex coating with nonleaching mode could be stable in harsh conditions (high concentration salt solution, organic reagents, etc.) because of the cross-linked structure while improving the biocompatibility and reducing the adhesion of various bacteria, proteins, and blood cells. The coated catheter exhibits good antibacterial infection in vitro and in vivo, owing to the synergistic effect of N+ Si and zwitterionic groups. Therefore, the rationally designed complex supplies a facile coating approach for the potential development in combating multiple complications of the medical catheter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Shifang Luan
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hengchong Shi
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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19
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Effect of Conventional and Gemini Surfactants on the Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration Process Performance for the Separation of Au(III) from Aqueous Solutions: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Ding Y, Yu B, Zhou S, Ding C, Zhang Z, Xu S, Xu Z. Improvement of solubility and pharmacokinetic profile of hepatoprotector icariin through complexation with HP- γ-cyclodextrin. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1138686. [PMID: 37033648 PMCID: PMC10073486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1138686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin as a hepatoprotector from Herba epimedii can expand the cardiovascular and cerebral blood vessels, promote hematopoietic functions, enhance the immune system and show anti-liver tumor activities. However, its low solubility (0.02 mg/mL) limits its clinical applications as food and medical supplements. Through complexation with HP-γ-cyclodextrin by using a trace amount of water-soluble polymer, the water solubility of icariin was increased by 654 times, which is the best result to date for the water solubility study of icariin. In an in vitro pharmacokinetic study, the complexation increased the dissolution rate of icariin by 80 times, and the icariin complex can be 100% released in the first few minutes. Through complexation, in an in vivo dog pharmacokinetic study, the C max of icariin was increased about 5 times, the AUC0-120 was increased about 20 times and the clearance of icariin was changed from 11.17 L/h/kg to 0.65 L/h/kg. The half-life time was changed from 0.68 h to 6.38 h and the relative bioavailability was increased by nearly 20 times, indicating that less drug is needed for the same therapeutic effect by using the icariin complex, and the complex can be used as a potential potent hepatoprotector or anti-liver cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Ding
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yili Ding,
| | - Bo Yu
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhou
- Eastern Along Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Charles Ding
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shufeng Xu
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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On the role played by hydrogen bonding between water soluble polyacids and surfactants on their micellization as a function of pH. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.130923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Kwiatkowski AL, Molchanov VS, Kuklin AI, Chesnokov YM, Philippova OE. Salt-Induced Transformations of Hybrid Micelles Formed by Anionic Surfactant and Poly(4-vinylpyridine). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235086. [PMID: 36501481 PMCID: PMC9741239 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-induced structural transformation of charged hybrid surfactant/polymer micelles formed by potassium oleate and poly(4-vinylpyridine) was investigated by cryo-TEM, SANS with contrast variation, DLS, and 2D NOESY. Cryo-TEM data show, that at small salt concentration beads-on-string aggregates on polymer chains are formed. KCl induces the transformation of those aggregates into rods, which is due to the screening of the electrostatic repulsion between similarly charged beads by added salt. In a certain range of salt concentration, the beads-on-string aggregates coexist with the rodlike ones. In the presence of polymer, the sphere-to-rod transition occurs at higher salt concentration than in pure surfactant system indicating that hydrophobic polymer favors the spherical packing of potassium oleate molecules. The size of micelles was estimated by DLS. The rods that are formed in the hybrid system are much shorter than those in polymer-free surfactant solution suggesting the stabilization of the semi-spherical endcaps of the rods by embedded polymer. 2D NOESY data evidence that in the spherical aggregates the polymer penetrates deep into the core, whereas in tighter packed rodlike aggregates it is located mainly at core/corona interface. According to SANS with contrast variation, inside the rodlike aggregates the polymer adopts more compact coil conformation than in the beads-on-string aggregates. Such adaptive self-assembled polymer-surfactant nanoparticles with water-insoluble polymer are very promising for various applications including drag reduction at transportation of fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Kwiatkowski
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.L.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | - Vyacheslav S. Molchanov
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.L.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | | | - Yuri M. Chesnokov
- National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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Kim A, Vo T, An H, Banerjee P, Yao L, Zhou S, Kim C, Milliron DJ, Glotzer SC, Chen Q. Symmetry-breaking in patch formation on triangular gold nanoparticles by asymmetric polymer grafting. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6774. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSynthesizing patchy particles with predictive control over patch size, shape, placement and number has been highly sought-after for nanoparticle assembly research, but is fraught with challenges. Here we show that polymers can be designed to selectively adsorb onto nanoparticle surfaces already partially coated by other chains to drive the formation of patchy nanoparticles with broken symmetry. In our model system of triangular gold nanoparticles and polystyrene-b-polyacrylic acid patch, single- and double-patch nanoparticles are produced at high yield. These asymmetric single-patch nanoparticles are shown to assemble into self-limited patch‒patch connected bowties exhibiting intriguing plasmonic properties. To unveil the mechanism of symmetry-breaking patch formation, we develop a theory that accurately predicts our experimental observations at all scales—from patch patterning on nanoparticles, to the size/shape of the patches, to the particle assemblies driven by patch‒patch interactions. Both the experimental strategy and theoretical prediction extend to nanoparticles of other shapes such as octahedra and bipyramids. Our work provides an approach to leverage polymer interactions with nanoscale curved surfaces for asymmetric grafting in nanomaterials engineering.
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Gradzielski M. Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes As a Formulation Tool for Drug Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13330-13343. [PMID: 36278880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (PESCs) are very rich with respect to their properties and the structures formed by them. By design they normally contain hydrophobic micellar surfactant aggregates complexed by long polyelectrolyte chains, thereby combining the formation of small hydrophobic domains given by the surfactant with large-scale structuring due to the presence of the polyelectrolyte chain. In addition, they contain highly polar regions of surfactant head groups in contact with polyelectrolyte, forming a shell around the micellar aggregates, which often also possesses a certain hydrophobic character. Accordingly, the ability for solubilization of water-insoluble compounds of different sorts is particularly versatile in PESCs. Their solubilization sites with very different polarities and hydrophobic characters make them very flexible in adapting to the requirements of a given drug molecule. This renders them attractive for potential applications in drug delivery. In addition, modification of the rheological properties via self-assembly and network formation can be very important in PESC applications. In the following, we discuss the structures of PESCs and their properties, with a focus on the solubilization properties. Subsequently, examples are described where PESCs have been employed in the context of drug solubilization and delivery. These comprise examples with individual aggregates, cross-linked hydrogels, and ones taking advantage of the high solubilization capacity of microemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124 Sekr. TC 7, D-10623Berlin, Germany
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25
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Gradzielski M. Polymer-Surfactant Interaction for Controlling the Rheological Properties of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Nazarova A, Yakimova L, Mostovaya O, Kulikova T, Mikhailova O, Evtugyn G, Ganeeva I, Bulatov E, Stoikov I. Encapsulation of the quercetin with interpolyelectrolyte complex based on pillar[5]arenes. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Phase Behavior of Ion-Containing Polymers in Polar Solvents: Predictions from a Liquid-State Theory with Local Short-Range Interactions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204421. [PMID: 36297998 PMCID: PMC9612006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermodynamic phase behavior of charged polymers is a crucial property underlying their role in biology and various industrial applications. A complete understanding of the phase behaviors of such polymer solutions remains challenging due to the multi-component nature of the system and the delicate interplay among various factors, including the translational entropy of each component, excluded volume interactions, chain connectivity, electrostatic interactions, and other specific interactions. In this work, the phase behavior of partially charged ion-containing polymers in polar solvents is studied by further developing a liquid-state (LS) theory with local shortrange interactions. This work is based on the LS theory developed for fully-charged polyelectrolyte solutions. Specific interactions between charged groups of the polymer and counterions, between neutral segments of the polymer, and between charged segments of the polymer are incorporated into the LS theory by an extra Helmholtz free energy from the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT). The influence of the sequence structure of the partially charged polymer is modeled by the number of connections between bonded segments. The effects of chain length, charge fraction, counterion valency, and specific short-range interactions are explored. A computational App for salt-free polymer solutions is developed and presented, which allows easy computation of the binodal curve and critical point by specifying values for the relevant model parameters.
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28
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Ritacco HA. Polyelectrolyte/Surfactant Mixtures: A Pathway to Smart Foams. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36117-36136. [PMID: 36278099 PMCID: PMC9583308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with liquid foams stabilized by polyelectrolyte/surfactant (PS) complexes in aqueous solution. It briefly reviews all the important aspects of foam physics at several scales, from interfaces to macroscopic foams, needed to understand the basics of these complex systems, focusing on those particular aspects of foams stabilized by PS mixtures. The final section includes a few examples of smart foams based on PS complexes that have been reported recently in the literature. These PS complexes open an opportunity to develop new intelligent dispersed materials with potential in many fields, such as oil industry, environmental remediation, and pharmaceutical industry, among others. However, there is much work to be done to understand the mechanism involved in the stabilization of foams with PS complexes. Understanding those underlying mechanisms is vital to successfully formulate smart systems. This review is written in the hope of stimulating further work in the physics of PS foams and, particularly, in the search for responsive foams based on polymer-surfactant mixtures.
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Dipole-driven interlude of mesomorphism in polyelectrolyte solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204163119. [PMID: 36161915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204163119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniformly charged polyelectrolyte molecules disperse uniformly in aqueous electrolyte solutions, due to electrostatic repulsion between them. In stark contrast to this well-established result of homogeneous polyelectrolyte solutions, we report a phenomenon where an aqueous solution of positively charged poly(L-lysine) (PLL) exhibits precipitation of similarly charged macromolecules at low ionic strength and a homogeneous solution at very high ionic strength, with a stable mesomorphic state of spherical aggregates as an interlude between these two limits. The precipitation at lower ionic strengths that is orthogonal to the standard polyelectrolyte behavior and the emergence of the mesomorphic state are triggered by the presence of a monovalent small organic anion, acrylate, in the electrolyte solution. Using light scattering, we find that the hydrodynamic radius Rh of isolated PLL chains shrinks upon a decrease in electrolyte (NaBr) concentration, exhibiting the "anti-polyelectrolyte effect." In addition, Rh of the aggregates in the mesomorphic state depends on PLL concentration cp according to the scaling law, [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, at higher PLL concentration, the mesomorphic aggregates disassemble by a self-poisoning mechanism. We conjecture that all these findings can be attributed to both intra- and interchain dipolar interactions arising from the transformation of polycationic PLL into a physical polyzwitterionic PLL at higher concentrations of acrylate. The reported phenomenon of PLL exhibiting dipole-directed assembly of mesomorphic states and the anti-polyelectrolyte effect are of vital importance toward understanding more complex situations such as coacervation and formation of biomolecular condensates.
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Morozova JE, Shumatbaeva AM, Antipin IS. Colloidal Solutions of Supramolecular para/meta-Cyclophane–Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Examples, Properties, and Application. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x2270003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Gore S, Rane K. Effect of Tacticity and Degree of Sulfonation of Polystyrene Sulfonate on Calcium-Binding Behavior in the Presence of Dodecyl Sulfate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Gore
- Chemical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kaustubh Rane
- Chemical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
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pH-sensitive particles of polymer-surfactant complexes based on a copolymer of N,N′-diallyl-N,N′-dimethylammonium chloride with maleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Javan Nikkhah S, Vandichel M. Modeling Polyzwitterion-Based Drug Delivery Platforms: A Perspective of the Current State-of-the-Art and Beyond. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2022; 2:274-294. [PMID: 35996394 PMCID: PMC9389590 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Drug delivery platforms
are anticipated to have biocompatible and
bioinert surfaces. PEGylation of drug carriers is the most approved
method since it improves water solubility and colloid stability and
decreases the drug vehicles’ interactions with blood components.
Although this approach extends their biocompatibility, biorecognition
mechanisms prevent them from biodistribution and thus efficient drug
transfer. Recent studies have shown (poly)zwitterions to be alternatives
for PEG with superior biocompatibility. (Poly)zwitterions are super
hydrophilic, mainly stimuli-responsive, easy to functionalize and
they display an extremely low protein adsorption and long biodistribution
time. These unique characteristics make them already promising candidates
as drug delivery carriers. Furthermore, since they have highly dense
charged groups with opposite signs, (poly)zwitterions are intensely
hydrated under physiological conditions. This exceptional hydration
potential makes them ideal for the design of therapeutic vehicles
with antifouling capability, i.e., preventing undesired
sorption of biologics from the human body in the drug delivery vehicle.
Therefore, (poly)zwitterionic materials have been broadly applied
in stimuli-responsive “intelligent” drug delivery systems
as well as tumor-targeting carriers because of their excellent biocompatibility,
low cytotoxicity, insignificant immunogenicity, high stability, and
long circulation time. To tailor (poly)zwitterionic drug vehicles,
an interpretation of the structural and stimuli-responsive behavior
of this type of polymer is essential. To this end, a direct study
of molecular-level interactions, orientations, configurations, and
physicochemical properties of (poly)zwitterions is required, which
can be achieved via molecular modeling, which has become an influential
tool for discovering new materials and understanding diverse material
phenomena. As the essential bridge between science and engineering,
molecular simulations enable the fundamental understanding of the
encapsulation and release behavior of intelligent drug-loaded (poly)zwitterion
nanoparticles and can help us to systematically design their next
generations. When combined with experiments, modeling can make quantitative
predictions. This perspective article aims to illustrate key recent
developments in (poly)zwitterion-based drug delivery systems. We summarize
how to use predictive multiscale molecular modeling techniques to
successfully boost the development of intelligent multifunctional
(poly)zwitterions-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousa Javan Nikkhah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Republic of Ireland
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34
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Michaelides S, Hashlamoun KW, Charpentier T, de Boer G, Hunt P, Sarginson H, Ward C, Nassar NN, Wilson MCT, Harbottle D. Polymer-Induced Drag Reduction in Dilute Newtonian and Semi-Dilute Non-Newtonian Fluids: An Assessment of the Double-Gap Concentric Cylinder Method. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:11197-11208. [PMID: 35941848 PMCID: PMC9354081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Polymer-induced drag reduction (DR) in fluids was studied
using
a rotational rheometer with double-gap concentric cylinder geometry.
Although both polymers (polyacrylamide (PAM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane
sulfonic acid (SPAM)) had molecular weights of several MDa, the contrasting
polymer charge, nonionic and anionic, led to different polymer overlap
concentrations (c*), PAM ≫ SPAM, and fluid
rheology, with PAM fluids mostly Newtonian and SPAM fluids non-Newtonian
(shear-thinning). Based on these differences, it was important to
account for the infinite shear viscosity and normalize the polymer
concentration by the intrinsic concentration (cint) so that the DR performance of the two polymer fluids could
be accurately compared. Both polymers induced DR, and the maximum
DR by SPAM (DR% = 28) was slightly higher than that by PAM (DR% =
22) when Rep ∼ 1700. For PAM, the
loss of DR with time diminished at higher polymer concentrations (≥100
ppm, at Rep = 3149) but was found to be
sensitive to high Rep, with polymer chain
scission the likely cause of the reduced performance. For the semi-dilute
SPAM fluids, the shear stability contrasted that of PAM, showing negligible
dependence on the polymer concentration and Rep. The apparent rapid loss of DR was predominantly attributed
to a time-dependent effect and not polymer degradation. In pipe flow,
the maximum DR for SPAM was higher than that measured by rheometry
and was attributed to differences in the flow conditions. However,
changes in the normalized DR/c with polymer concentration were found
to be consistent between the two flow geometries. Furthermore, the
high fluid stresses in pipe flow (at high Rep) led to drag reduction losses consistent with PAM, as the
time-dependent effect was not seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Michaelides
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - Kotaybah W. Hashlamoun
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Thibaut Charpentier
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - Gregory de Boer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - Paul Hunt
- CRODA Europe Ltd., Goole DN149AA, U.K
| | | | | | - Nashaat N. Nassar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Mark C. T. Wilson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - David Harbottle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
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35
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Pham TT, Yusa SI. Thermo-Responsive Polyion Complex of Polysulfobetaine and a Cationic Surfactant in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153171. [PMID: 35956686 PMCID: PMC9370920 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(4-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)butane-1-sulfonate) (PSBP) was prepared via controlled radical polymerization. PSBP showed upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous solutions, which could be controlled by adjusting the polymer and NaCl concentrations. Owing to its pendant sulfonate anions, PSBP exhibited a negative zeta potential of −7.99 mV and formed a water-soluble ion complex with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) via attractive electrostatic interaction. A neutral PSBP/CTAB complex was formed under equimolar concentrations of the pendant sulfonate group in PSBP and the quaternary ammonium group in CTAB. Transmittance electron microscopic images revealed the spherical shape of the complex. The stoichiometrically neutral-charge PSBP/CTAB complex exhibited UCST behavior in aqueous solutions. Similar to PSBP, the phase transition temperature of the PSBP/CTAB complex could be tuned by modifying the polymer and NaCl concentrations. In 0.1 M aqueous solution, the PSBP/CTAB complex showed UCST behavior at a low complex concentration of 0.084 g/L, whereas PSBP did not exhibit UCST behavior at concentrations below 1.0 g/L. This observation suggests that the interaction between PSBP and CTAB in the complex was stronger than the interpolymer interaction of PSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-79-267-4954; Fax: +81-79-266-8868
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36
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Patel N, Patel V, Sharma D, Macwan P, Panjabi S. Effect of hydrocarbon surfactants on the properties of 1-dodecyl-1-methylpiperidinium chloride: synthesis, micellization, thermodynamics, and surface parameters. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Szwajca A, Juszczyńska S, Jarzębski M, Baryła-Pankiewicz E. Incorporation of Fluorescent Fluorinated Methacrylate Nano-Sized Particles into Chitosan Matrix Formed as a Membranes or Beads. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132750. [PMID: 35808794 PMCID: PMC9268857 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent particles are of particular interest as probes and active agents for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food applications. Here, we present two strategies for incorporation of core-shell acrylic fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with Rhodamine B (RhB) as a dye into a chitosan (CS) matrix. We selected two variants of NPsRhB immobilisation in a CS membrane and biopolymeric CS beads. Modification of the method for production of the biopolymer cover/transporter of nanoparticles allowed two series of hydrogels loaded with nanoparticles to be obtained with a similar concentration of the aqueous solution of the nanoparticles. Microscopic analysis showed that the NPs were nonuniformly distributed in millimetre-sized CS beads, as well as membranes, but the fluorescence signal was strong. The composition of CS layers loaded with nanoparticles (CS/NPsRhB) showed water vapour barrier properties, characterised by the contact angle of 71.8°. Finally, we incorporated NPsRhBCS beads into a gelatine matrix to check their stability. The results confirmed good stability of the NPsRhBCS complex system, and no dye leakage was observed from the beads and the membranes. The proposed complex system demonstrated promising potential for further use in bioimaging and, thus, for the development of advanced diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szwajca
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra Juszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Maciej Jarzębski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Baryła-Pankiewicz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
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38
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Blagodatskikh IV, Vyshivannaya OV, Bezrodnykh EA, Tikhonov VE, Orlov VN, Shabelnikova YL, Khokhlov AR. Peculiarities of the interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with chitosan in acidic and alkaline media. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:192-202. [PMID: 35709870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the interaction between the negatively charged surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and partially N-reacetylated chitosan (RA-CHI), which is soluble at pH range up to pH 12, is studied in a wide pH range including alkaline media by light scattering (LS) and isothermic titration calorimetry (ITC). It is shown that in the weakly alkaline medium (pH 7.4), RA-CHI/SDS interaction is exothermic and cooperative. This interaction is found to be coupled with proton transfer from the buffer substance to chitosan as it is revealed by the dependence of the measured heat release on the ionization enthalpy of the buffer. At higher pH values (pH > 8), another mechanism of interaction is observed that include SDS micellization induced by hydrophobic interactions with polymer segments, so that no phase separation occurred in these mixtures. The results obtained can contribute to expand the knowledge about application of chitosan for preparation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions containing anionic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inesa V Blagodatskikh
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Oxana V Vyshivannaya
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Bezrodnykh
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Tikhonov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor N Orlov
- A. N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology MSU, Leninskie Gory, 1-40, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Yana L Shabelnikova
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Osipyan St. 6, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey R Khokhlov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia; Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
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39
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Narayan Yadav S, Rai S, Shah P, Roy N, Bhattarai A. Spectrophotometric and conductometric studies on the interaction of surfactant with polyelectrolyte in the presence of dye in aqueous medium. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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41
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Quantitative Biosensing Based on a Liquid Crystal Marginally Aligned by the PVA/DMOAP Composite for Optical Signal Amplification. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040218. [PMID: 35448279 PMCID: PMC9026489 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The working principle for a liquid crystal (LC)-based biosensor relies on the disturbance in the orderly aligned LC molecules induced by analytes at the LC-aqueous or LC-solid interface to produce optical signals that can be typically observed under a polarizing optical microscope (POM). Our previous studies demonstrate that such optical response can be enhanced by imposing a weak electric field on LCs so that they are readily tilted from the homeotropic alignment in response to lower concentrations of analytes at the LC-glass interface. In this study, an alternative approach toward signal amplification is proposed by taking advantage of the marginally tilted alignment configuration without applying an electric field. The surface of glass substrates was modified with a binary aligning agent of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] ammonium chloride (DMOAP), in which the amount of PVA was fine-tuned so that the interfacing LC molecules were slightly tilted but remained virtually homeotropically aligned to yield no light leakage under the POM in the absence of an analyte. Two nematic LCs, E7 and 5CB, were each sandwiched between two parallel glass substrates coated with the PVA/DMOAP composite for the detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model protein, and cortisol, a small-molecule steroid hormone. Through image analysis of the optical appearance of E7 observed under the POM, a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.5 × 10−8 μg/mL for BSA and that of 3 × 10−6 μg/mL for cortisol were deduced. Both values are significantly lower than that obtained with only DMOAP as the alignment layers, which correspond to signal amplification of more than six orders of magnitude. The new approach for signal amplification reported in this work enables analytes of a wide range of molecular weights to be detected with high sensitivity.
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42
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Madinya JJ, Sing CE. Hybrid Field Theory and Particle Simulation Model of Polyelectrolyte–Surfactant Coacervation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Madinya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
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43
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Campos-Silva C, Cáceres-Martell Y, Sánchez-Herrero E, Sandúa A, Beneitez-Martínez A, González Á, Provencio M, Romero A, Jara-Acevedo R, Yáñez-Mó M, Valés-Gómez M. A simple immunoassay for extracellular vesicle liquid biopsy in microliters of non-processed plasma. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:72. [PMID: 35135541 PMCID: PMC8822649 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by most cell types, provide an excellent source of biomarkers in biological fluids. However, in order to perform validation studies and screenings of patient samples, it is still necessary to develop general techniques permitting rapid handling of small amounts of biological samples from large numbers of donors. RESULTS Here we describe a method that, using just a few microliters of patient's plasma, identifies tumour markers exposed on EVs. Studying physico-chemical properties of EVs in solution, we demonstrate that they behave as stable colloidal suspensions and therefore, in immunocapture assays, many of them are unable to interact with a stationary functionalised surface. Using flocculation methods, like those used to destabilize colloids, we demonstrate that cationic polymers increase EV ζ-potential, diameter, and sedimentation coefficient and thus, allow a more efficient capture on antibody-coated surfaces by both ELISA and bead-assisted flow cytometry. These findings led to optimization of a protocol in microtiter plates allowing effective immunocapture of EVs, directly in plasma without previous ultracentrifugation or other EV enrichment. The method, easily adaptable to any laboratory, has been validated using plasma from lung cancer patients in which the epithelial cell marker EpCAM has been detected on EVs. CONCLUSIONS This optimized high throughput, easy to automate, technology allows screening of large numbers of patients to phenotype tumour markers in circulating EVs, breaking barriers for the validation of proposed EV biomarkers and the discovery of new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Campos-Silva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yaiza Cáceres-Martell
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Sánchez-Herrero
- Laboratorio de Biopsia Líquida, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Atrys Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Sandúa
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro González
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariano Provencio
- Laboratorio de Biopsia Líquida, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Romero
- Laboratorio de Biopsia Líquida, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Department of Molecular Biology, UAM - Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Tan X, Sawczyk M, Chang Y, Wang Y, Usman A, Fu C, Král P, Peng H, Zhang C, Whittaker AK. Revealing the Molecular-Level Interactions between Cationic Fluorinated Polymer Sorbents and the Major PFAS Pollutant PFOA. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michał Sawczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yixin Chang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Adil Usman
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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45
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Gong Z, Zacharia NS, Vogt BD. Sodium dodecyl sulfate modulates the structure and rheological properties of Pluronic F108-poly(acrylic acid) coacervates). SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:340-350. [PMID: 34882160 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micelles formed within coacervate phases can impart functional properties, but it is unclear if this micellization provides mechanical reinforcement of the coacervate whereby the micelles act as high functionality crosslinkers. Here, we examine how sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) influences the structure and properties of Pluronic F108-polyacrylic acid (PAA) coacervates as SDS is known to decrease the aggregation number of Pluronic micelles. Increasing the SDS concentration leads to larger water content in the coacervate and an increase in the relative concentration of PAA to the other solids. Rheological characterization with small angle oscillatory shear (SAOS) demonstrates that these coacervates are viscoelastic liquids with the moduli decreasing with the addition of the SDS. The loss factor (tan δ) initially increases linearly with the addition of SDS, but a step function increase in the loss factor occurs near the reported CMC of SDS. However, this change in rheological properties does not appear to be correlated with any large scale structural differences in the coacervate as determined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with no signature of Pluronic micelles in the coacervate when SDS concentration is >4 mM during formation of the coacervate, which is less than that observed (6 mM SDS) in initial Pluronic F108 solution despite the higher polymer concentration in the coacervate. These results suggest that the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte-non-ionic surfactant coacervates are driven by the efficicacy of binding between the complexing species driving the coacervate, which can be disrupted by competitive binding of the SDS to the Pluronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Gong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Nicole S Zacharia
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Ghosh S, Das S. A detailed assessment on the interaction of sodium alginate with a surface-active ionic liquid and a conventional surfactant: a multitechnique approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13738-13762. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00221c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation has been made on the interaction of a biodegradable anionic polyelectrolyte, sodium alginate with two oppositely charged cationic surfactants, 1-hexadecyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride and 1-hexadecyl triphenylphosphonium bromide, former is a...
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Corsaro C, Neri G, Santoro A, Fazio E. Acrylate and Methacrylate Polymers' Applications: Second Life with Inexpensive and Sustainable Recycling Approaches. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:282. [PMID: 35009430 PMCID: PMC8746205 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are widely employed in several fields thanks to their wide versatility and the easy derivatization routes. However, a wide range of commercial polymers suffer from limited use on a large scale due to their inert nature. Nowadays, acrylate and methacrylate polymers, which are respectively derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid, are among the most proposed materials for their useful characteristics like good biocompatibility, capping ability toward metal clusters, low price, potentially recyclability and reusability. Here, we discuss the advantages and challenges of this class of smart polymers focusing our attention on their current technological applications in medical, electronic, food packaging and environmental remediation fields. Furthermore, we deal with the main issue of their recyclability, considering that the current commercial bioplastics are not yet able to meet the global needs as much as to totally replace fossil-fuel-based products. Finally, the most accredited strategies to reach recyclable composites based on acrylic polymers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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A M, Ovung A, Luikham S, Ray D, Aswal VK, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharyya J. In vitro solubilization of antibiotic drug sulfamethazine: An investigation on drug–micelle aggregate formation by spectroscopic and scattering techniques. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mavani A
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur India
| | - Aben Ovung
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur India
| | - Soching Luikham
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur India
| | - Debes Ray
- Solid State Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai India
| | - Vinod K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai India
| | - Sabyasachi Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Physics Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond Louisiana USA
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Milanović M, Ćirin D, Krstonošić V. The interactions in ternary system made of xanthan gum, Carbopol 940 and anionic/nonionic surfactant. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Li H, Fauquignon M, Haddou M, Schatz C, Chapel JP. Interfacial Behavior of Solid- and Liquid-like Polyelectrolyte Complexes as a Function of Charge Stoichiometry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3848. [PMID: 34771403 PMCID: PMC8588307 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically investigate in this work the surface activity of polyelectrolyte complex (PECs) suspensions as a function of the molar charge ratio Z (= [-]/[+]) from two model systems: the weakly and strongly interacting poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly (acrylic acid sodium salt) (PDADMAC/PANa) and poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly (sodium 4- styrenesulfonate) (PDADMAC/PSSNa) pairs, respectively. For both systems, the PEC surface tension decreases as the system approaches charge stoichiometry (Z = 1) whenever the complexation occurs in the presence of excess PDADMAC (Z < 1) or excess polyanion (Z > 1) consistent with an increased level of charge neutralization of PEs forming increasingly hydrophobic and neutral surface-active species. The behavior at stoichiometry (Z = 1) is also particularly informative about the physical nature of the complexes. The PDADMAC/PANa system undergoes a liquid-liquid phase transition through the formation of coacervate microdroplets in equilibrium with macroions remaining in solution. In the PDADMAC/PSSNa system, the surface tension of the supernatant was close to that of pure water, suggesting that the PSSNa-based complexes have completely sedimented, consistent with a complete liquid-solid phase separation of an out-of-equilibrium system. Besides, the high sensitivity of surface tension measurements, which can detect the presence of trace amounts of aggregates and other precursors in the supernatant, allows for very accurate determination of the exact charge stoichiometry of the complexes. Finally, the very low water/water interfacial tension that develops between the dilute phase and the denser coacervate phase in the PDADAMAC/PANa system was measured using the generalized Young-Laplace method to complete the full characterization of both systems. The overall study showed that simple surface tension measurements can be a very sensitive tool to characterize, discriminate, and better understand the formation mechanism of the different structures encountered during the formation of PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Martin Fauquignon
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Marie Haddou
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Paul Chapel
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
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