1
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Bodor M, Lasagabáster-Latorre A, Arias-Ferreiro G, Dopico-García MS, Abad MJ. Improving the 3D Printability and Mechanical Performance of Biorenewable Soybean Oil-Based Photocurable Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:977. [PMID: 38611235 PMCID: PMC11013316 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The general requirement of replacing petroleum-derived plastics with renewable resources is particularly challenging for new technologies such as the additive manufacturing of photocurable resins. In this work, the influence of mono- and bifunctional reactive diluents on the printability and performance of resins based on acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was explored. Polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylates of different molecular weights were selected as diluents based on the viscosity and mechanical properties of their binary mixtures with AESO. Ternary mixtures containing 60% AESO, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEG200DMA) further improved the mechanical properties, water resistance and printability of the resin. Specifically, the terpolymer AESO/PEG575/PEG200DMA 60/20/20 (wt.%) improved the modulus (16% increase), tensile strength (63% increase) and %deformation at the break (21% increase), with respect to pure AESO. The enhancement of the printability provided by the reactive diluents was proven by Jacobs working curves and the improved accuracy of printed patterns. The proposed formulation, with a biorenewable carbon content of 67%, can be used as the matrix of innovative resins with unrestricted applicability in the electronics and biomedical fields. However, much effort must be done to increase the array of bio-based raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Bodor
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - Aurora Lasagabáster-Latorre
- Dpto Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Goretti Arias-Ferreiro
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María Sonia Dopico-García
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María-José Abad
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
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2
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Sivun D, Murtezi E, Karimian T, Hurab K, Marefat M, Klimareva E, Naderer C, Buchroithner B, Klar TA, Gvindzhiliia G, Horner A, Jacak J. Multiphoton lithography with protein photoresists. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100994. [PMID: 38384793 PMCID: PMC10879783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, 2D/3D direct laser writing has attracted increased attention due to its broad applications ranging from biomedical engineering to aerospace. 3D nanolithography of water-soluble protein-based scaffolds have been envisioned to provide a variety of tunable properties. In this paper, we present a functional protein-based photoresist with tunable mechanical properties that is suitable for multiphoton lithography (MPL). Through the use of methacrylated streptavidin or methacrylated bovine serum albumin in combination with polyethylene glycol diacrylate or methacrylated hyaluronic acid as crosslinkers and a vitamin-based photoinitiator, we were able to write two- and three-dimensional structures as small as 200 nm/600 nm lateral/axial features, respectively. We also demonstrated that Young's modulus can be tuned by the photoresist composition, and we were able to achieve values as low as 40 kPa. Furthermore, we showed that Young's modulus can be recovered after drying and rehydration (i.e. shelf time determination). The retained biological functionality of the streptavidin scaffolds was demonstrated using fluorescently labelled biotins. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we estimated the density of streptavidin in the written features (1.8 ± 0.2 × 105 streptavidins per 1.00 ± 0.05 μm³ of feature volume). Finally, we showed applicability of our 2D scaffold as a support for a fluorescence absorbance immuno-assay (FLISA), and as a delivery platform of extracellular vesicles to HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Sivun
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Eljesa Murtezi
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Tina Karimian
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Kurt Hurab
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Maryam Marefat
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Elena Klimareva
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Naderer
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Boris Buchroithner
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Georgii Gvindzhiliia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Horner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
- AUVA Research Center, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Kam D, Rulf O, Reisinger A, Lieberman R, Magdassi S. 3D printing by stereolithography using thermal initiators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2285. [PMID: 38480705 PMCID: PMC10937977 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies based on stereolithography rely on initiating spatial photopolymerization by using photoinitiators activated by UV-visible light. Many applications requiring printing in water are limited since water-soluble photoinitiators are scarce, and their price is skyrocketing. On the contrary, thermal initiators are widely used in the chemical industry for polymerization processes due to their low cost and simplicity of initiation by heat at low temperatures. However, such initiators were never used in 3D printing technologies, such as vat photopolymerization stereolithography, since localizing the heat at specific printing voxels is impossible. Here we propose using a thermal initiator for 3D printing for localized polymerization processes by near-infrared and visible light irradiation without conventional photoinitiators. This is enabled by using gold nanorods or silver nanoparticles at very low concentrations as photothermal converters in aqueous and non-aqueous mediums. Our proof of concept demonstrates the fabrication of hydrogel and polymeric objects using stereolithography-based 3D printers, vat photopolymerization, and two-photon printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Kam
- The Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Omri Rulf
- The Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Amir Reisinger
- The Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Rama Lieberman
- The Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- The Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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4
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Pitzanti G, Mohylyuk V, Corduas F, Byrne NM, Coulter JA, Lamprou DA. Urethane dimethacrylate-based photopolymerizable resins for stereolithography 3D printing: A physicochemical characterisation and biocompatibility evaluation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:177-190. [PMID: 37454029 PMCID: PMC10746761 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerisation (VP) three-dimensional printing (3DP) has attracted great attention in many different fields, such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, biomedical devices and tissue engineering. Due to the low availability of biocompatible photocurable resins, its application in the healthcare sector is still limited. In this work, we formulate photocurable resins based on urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) combined with three different difunctional methacrylic diluents named ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) or tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The resins were tested for viscosity, thermal behaviour and printability. After printing, the 3D printed specimens were measured with a digital calliper in order to investigate their accuracy to the digital model and tested with FT-IR, TGA and DSC. Their mechanical properties, contact angle, water sorption and biocompatibility were also evaluated. The photopolymerizable formulations investigated in this work achieved promising properties so as to be suitable for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pitzanti
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Valentyn Mohylyuk
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, 21 Konsula Street, Riga, 1007, Latvia
| | - Francesca Corduas
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio-Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, UK
| | - Niall M Byrne
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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5
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Tessanan W, Daniel P, Phinyocheep P. Mechanical Properties' Strengthening of Photosensitive 3D Resin in Lithography Technology Using Acrylated Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4110. [PMID: 37896353 PMCID: PMC10610109 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylated natural rubber (ANR) with various acrylate contents (0.0-3.5 mol%) was prepared from natural rubber as a raw material and then incorporated with commercial 3D resin to fabricate specimens using digital light processing. As a result, the utilization of ANR with 1.5 mol% acrylate content could provide the maximum improvement in stretchability and impact strength, approximately 155% and 221%, respectively, over using pure 3D resin, without significant deterioration of tensile modulus and mechanical strength. According to evidence from a scanning electron microscope, this might be due to the partial interaction between the dispersed small rubber particles and the resin matrix. Additionally, the glass-transition temperature of the 3D-printed sample shifted to a lower temperature by introducing a higher acrylate content in the ANR. Therefore, this work might offer a practical way to effectively enhance the properties of the fundamental commercial 3D resin and broaden its applications. It also makes it possible to use natural rubber as a bio-based material in light-based 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Tessanan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Philippe Daniel
- Institut des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Le Mans Université, Bd O. Messiaen, CEDEX 09, 72085 Le Mans, France;
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
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6
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Bergoglio M, Najmi Z, Cochis A, Miola M, Vernè E, Sangermano M. UV-Cured Bio-Based Acrylated Soybean Oil Scaffold Reinforced with Bioactive Glasses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4089. [PMID: 37896333 PMCID: PMC10610054 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a bio-based acrylate resin derived from soybean oil was used in combination with a reactive diluent, isobornyl acrylate, to synthetize a composite scaffold reinforced with bioactive glass particles. The formulation contained acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), a photo-initiator (Irgacure 819) and a bioactive glass particle. The resin showed high reactivity towards radical photopolymerisation, and the presence of the bioactive glass did not significantly affect the photocuring process. The 3D-printed samples showed different properties from the mould-polymerised samples. The glass transition temperature Tg showed an increase of 3D samples with increasing bioactive glass content, attributed to the layer-by-layer curing process that resulted in improved interaction between the bioactive glass and the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed an optimal distribution on bioactive glass within the samples. Compression tests indicated that the 3D-printed sample exhibited higher modulus compared to mould-synthetized samples, proving the enhanced mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed scaffolds. The cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the samples were evaluated using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs). The metabolic activity and attachment of cells on the samples' surfaces were analysed, and the results demonstrated higher metabolic activity and increased cell attachment on the surfaces containing higher bioactive glass content. The viability of the cells was further confirmed through live/dead staining and reseeding experiments. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for fabricating bioactive glass reinforced scaffolds using 3D printing technology, offering potential applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bergoglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Ziba Najmi
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Miola
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Enrica Vernè
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
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7
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Belay B, Mäntylä E, Maibohm C, Silvestre OF, Hyttinen J, Nieder JB, Ihalainen TO. Substrate microtopographies induce cellular alignment and affect nuclear force transduction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 146:106069. [PMID: 37586175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular physiology has been mainly studied by using two-dimensional cell culture substrates which lack in vivo-mimicking extracellular environment and interactions. Thus, there is a growing need for more complex model systems in life sciences. Micro-engineered scaffolds have been proven to be a promising tool in understanding the role of physical cues in the co-regulation of cellular functions. These tools allow, for example, probing cell morphology and migration in response to changes in chemo-physical properties of their microenvironment. In order to understand how microtopographical features, what cells encounter in vivo, affect cytoskeletal organization and nuclear mechanics, we used direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (TPP) to fabricate substrates which contain different surface microtopographies. By combining with advanced high-resolution spectral imaging, we describe how the constructed grid and vertical line microtopographies influence cellular alignment, nuclear morphology and mechanics. Specifically, we found that growing cells on grids larger than 10 × 20 μm2 and on vertical lines increased 3D actin cytoskeleton orientation along the walls of microtopographies and abolished basal actin stress fibers. In concert, the nuclei of these cells were also more aligned, elongated, deformed and less flattened, indicating changes in nuclear force transduction. Importantly, by using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for measuring Förster resonance energy transfer for a genetically encoded nesprin-2 molecular tension sensor, we show that growing cells on these microtopographic substrates induce lower mechanical tension at the nuclear envelope. To conclude, here used substrate microtopographies modulated the cellular mechanics, and affected actin organization and nuclear force transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Belay
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland; INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christian Maibohm
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Oscar F Silvestre
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jana B Nieder
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Teemu O Ihalainen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland; Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, 33100, Tampere, Finland.
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8
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Anwajler B, Zdybel E, Tomaszewska-Ciosk E. Innovative Polymer Composites with Natural Fillers Produced by Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)-A Literature Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3534. [PMID: 37688160 PMCID: PMC10489793 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plastics recycling has become one of the leading environmental and waste management issues. Along with the main advantage of plastics, which is undoubtedly their long life, the problem of managing their waste has arisen. Recycling is recognised as the preferred option for waste management, with the aim of reusing them to create new products using 3D printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging and evolving rapid tooling technology. With 3D printing, it is possible to achieve lightweight structures with high dimensional accuracy and reduce manufacturing costs for non-standard geometries. Currently, 3D printing research is moving towards the production of materials not only of pure polymers but also their composites. Bioplastics, especially those that are biodegradable and compostable, have emerged as an alternative for human development. This article provides a brief overview of the possibilities of using thermoplastic waste materials through the application of 3D printing, creating innovative materials from recycled and naturally derived materials, i.e., biomass (natural reinforcing fibres) in 3D printing. The materials produced from them are ecological, widely available and cost-effective. Research activities related to the production of bio-based materials have gradually increased over the last two decades, with the aim of reducing environmental problems. This article summarises the efforts made by researchers to discover new innovative materials for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Anwajler
- Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zdybel
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Street, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.Z.); (E.T.-C.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska-Ciosk
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Street, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.Z.); (E.T.-C.)
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9
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Li Y, Ren X, Zhu L, Li C. Biomass 3D Printing: Principles, Materials, Post-Processing and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2692. [PMID: 37376338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the background of green and low-carbon era, efficiently utilization of renewable biomass materials is one of the important choices to promote ecologically sustainable development. Accordingly, 3D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology with low energy consumption, high efficiency, and easy customization. Biomass 3D printing technology has attracted more and more attentions recently in materials area. This paper mainly reviewed six common 3D printing technologies for biomass additive manufacturing, including Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Stereo Lithography Appearance (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Liquid Deposition Molding (LDM). A systematic summary and detailed discussion were conducted on the printing principles, common materials, technical progress, post-processing and related applications of typical biomass 3D printing technologies. Expanding the availability of biomass resources, enriching the printing technology and promoting its application was proposed to be the main developing directions of biomass 3D printing in the future. It is believed that the combination of abundant biomass feedstocks and advanced 3D printing technology will provide a green, low-carbon and efficient way for the sustainable development of materials manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueyong Ren
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunmiao Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Královič DP, Cifraničová K, Šauša O, Švajdlenková H, Kavetskyy T, Kiv A. The process of photopolymerization of acrylated soybean oil-based epoxides investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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11
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Bhanushali H, Mestry S, Mhaske ST. Castor oil‐based
UV
‐curable polyurethane acrylate resins for digital light processing (
DLP
)
3D
printing technology. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haresh Bhanushali
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Siddhesh Mestry
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - S. T. Mhaske
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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12
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Papadopoulos L, Maria Malitowski N, Bikiaris D, Robert T. Bio-based additive manufacturing materials: An in-depth structure-property relationship study of UV-curing polyesters from itaconic acid. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Goździuk M, Kavetskyy T, Roquero DM, Smutok O, Gonchar M, Královič DP, Švajdlenková H, Šauša O, Kalinay P, Nosrati H, Lebedevaite M, Grauzeliene S, Ostrauskaite J, Kiv A, Zgardzińska B. UV-Cured Green Polymers for Biosensorics: Correlation of Operational Parameters of Highly Sensitive Biosensors with Nano-Volumes and Adsorption Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6607. [PMID: 36233949 PMCID: PMC9572821 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The investigated polymeric matrixes consisted of epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (RD1), vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM), triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts (PI), and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA). Linseed oil-based (ELO/PI, ELO/10RD1/PI) and soybean oil-based (AESO/VDM, AESO/VDM/DMPA) polymers were obtained by cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions, respectively. In order to improve the cross-linking density of the resulting polymers, 10 mol.% of RD1 was used as a reactive diluent in the cationic photopolymerization of ELO. In parallel, VDM was used as a plasticizer in AESO radical photopolymerization reactions. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was used to characterize vegetable oil-based UV-cured polymers regarding their structural stability in a wide range of temperatures (120-320 K) and humidity. The polymers were used as laccase immobilization matrixes for the construction of amperometric biosensors. A direct dependence of the main operational parameters of the biosensors and microscopical characteristics of polymer matrixes (mostly on the size of free volumes and water content) was established. The biosensors are intended for the detection of trace water pollution with xenobiotics, carcinogenic substances with a very negative impact on human health. These findings will allow better predictions for novel polymers as immobilization matrixes for biosensing or biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Goździuk
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 82100 Drohobych, Ukraine
- Department of Materials Engineering, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Massana Roquero
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Oleh Smutok
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Gonchar
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 82100 Drohobych, Ukraine
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - David P. Královič
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Ondrej Šauša
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kalinay
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hamed Nosrati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56111, Iran
| | - Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Grauzeliene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arnold Kiv
- Department of Innovation Technologies, South-Ukrainian K.D. Ushynsky National Pedagogical University, 65020 Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Bożena Zgardzińska
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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14
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Noè C, Cosola A, Tonda-Turo C, Sesana R, Delprete C, Chiappone A, Hakkarainen M, Sangermano M. DLP-printable fully biobased soybean oil composites. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Sarabia-Vallejos MA, Rodríguez-Umanzor FE, González-Henríquez CM, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Innovation in Additive Manufacturing Using Polymers: A Survey on the Technological and Material Developments. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071351. [PMID: 35406226 PMCID: PMC9003383 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent advances from technological and physico-chemical perspectives to improve several remaining issues in polymeric materials’ additive manufacturing (AM). Without a doubt, AM is experimenting with significant progress due to technological innovations that are currently advancing. In this context, the state-of-the-art considers both research areas as working separately and contributing to developing the different AM technologies. First, AM techniques’ advantages and current limitations are analyzed and discussed. A detailed overview of the efforts made to improve the two most extensively employed techniques, i.e., material extrusion and VAT-photopolymerization, is presented. Aspects such as the part size, the possibility of producing parts in a continuous process, the improvement of the fabrication time, the reduction of the use of supports, and the fabrication of components using more than one material are analyzed. The last part of this review complements these technological advances with a general overview of the innovations made from a material perspective. The use of reinforced polymers, the preparation of adapted high-temperature materials, or even the fabrication of metallic and ceramic parts using polymers as supports are considered. Finally, the use of smart materials that enable the fabrication of shape-changing 3D objects and sustainable materials will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando E. Rodríguez-Umanzor
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencia de Materiales e Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Carmen M. González-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940000, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Polymer Functionalization Group, Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTP-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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16
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Zirak N, Shirinbayan M, Benfriha K, Deligant M, Tcharkhtchi A. Stereolithography of (meth)acrylate‐based photocurable resin: Thermal and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Zirak
- Arts Et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM HESAM University Paris France
- Arts Et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE HESAM University Paris France
| | - Mohammadali Shirinbayan
- Arts Et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM HESAM University Paris France
- Arts Et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE HESAM University Paris France
| | - Khaled Benfriha
- Arts Et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LCPI HESAM University Paris France
| | - Michael Deligant
- Arts Et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNAM, LIFSE HESAM University Paris France
| | - Abbas Tcharkhtchi
- Arts Et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM HESAM University Paris France
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17
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Jagtap A, More A. A review on self-initiated and photoinitiator-free system for photopolymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Barkane A, Kampe E, Platnieks O, Gaidukovs S. Cellulose Nanocrystals vs. Cellulose Nanofibers: A Comparative Study of Reinforcing Effects in UV-Cured Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071791. [PMID: 34361176 PMCID: PMC8308285 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an opportunity to use nanocellulose as an efficient renewable reinforcing filler for polymer composites. There have been many investigations to prove the reinforcement concept of different nanocellulose sources for thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The present comparative study highlighted the beneficial effects of selecting cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) on the exploitation properties of vegetable oil-based thermoset composite materials—thermal, thermomechanical, and structural characteristics. The proposed UV-light-curable resin consists of an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil polymer matrix and two different nanocellulose reinforcements. High loadings of up to 30 wt% of CNFs and CNCs in irradiation-cured vegetable oil-based thermoset composites were reported. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated developed hydrogen-bonding interactions between the nanocellulose and polymer matrix. CNCs yielded a homogeneous nanocrystal dispersion, while CNFs revealed a nanofiber agglomeration in the polymer matrix, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal degradation showed that nanocellulose reduced the maximum degradation temperature by 5 °C for the 30 wt% CNC and CNF nanocomposites. Above the glass transition temperature at 80 °C, the storage modulus values increased 6-fold and 2-fold for the 30 wt% CNC and CNF nanocomposites, respectively. In addition, the achieved reinforcement efficiency factor r value for CNCs was 8.7, which was significantly higher than that of CNFs of 2.2. The obtained nanocomposites with enhanced properties show great potential for applications such as UV-light-processed coatings, adhesives, and additive manufacturing inks.
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19
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Tessanan W, Daniel P, Phinyocheep P. Development of Photosensitive Natural Rubber as a Mechanical Modifier for Ultraviolet-Curable Resin Applied in Digital Light Processing-Based Three-Dimensional Printing Technology. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14838-14847. [PMID: 34151065 PMCID: PMC8209821 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR), a natural product from the Hevea brasiliensis tree, has been developed as a photosensitive mechanical modifier utilized in lithography-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Here, we transformed NR to photosensitive NR (PNR) by incorporating acrylate groups via chemical modifications. The acrylated NR was blended with a commercial resin (CR) at various rubber contents (0 to 3 wt %) by a simple mixing approach. The blended resin was solidified to pattern the desired specimen using a digital light processing-based 3D printer. The effect of PNR contents on mechanical properties and thermal performance of the printed specimen compared to the neat CR was studied in this work. A printed sample containing 1.5 wt % PNR can increase the elongation ability and impact strength by approximately 59 and 116%, respectively, compared to the neat CR. The microstructure of the printed objects shows a heterogeneous surface consisting of dispersed rubber droplets and a continuous CR matrix. Two glass transition temperatures belonging to the rubber phase and the resin matrix can be observed. The thermal decomposition of the printed part decreased slightly with the elevation in the rubber content. Consequently, the synthesized photosensitive natural rubber could be used as a toughness modifier employed in ultraviolet-curable resin for the light-based 3D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Tessanan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Philippe Daniel
- Institut
des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS
6283, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Le Mans Université, Bd O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 09, France
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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20
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Grauzeliene S, Valaityte D, Motiekaityte G, Ostrauskaite J. Bio-Based Crosslinked Polymers Synthesized from Functionalized Soybean Oil and Squalene by Thiol-Ene UV Curing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102675. [PMID: 34065302 PMCID: PMC8160674 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of polymers photopolymerized from renewable resources are extensively growing as fulfills green chemistry and green engineering principles. With the rapid growth of consumerism, research on innovative starting materials for the preparation of polymers may help to reduce the negative impact of petroleum-based plastic materials on the global ecosystem and on animal and human health. Therefore, bio-based crosslinked polymers have been synthesized from functionalized soybean oil and squalene by thiol-ene ultra-violet (UV) curing. First, thiol-ene UV curing of squalene was performed to introduce thiol functional groups. Then, hexathiolated squalene was used as a crosslinker in click UV curing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil. Two photoinitiators, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone and ethylphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate, were tested in different quantities. Rheological properties of the resins were monitored by real-time photorheometry. The characterization of obtained polymers was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and Shore A hardness measurements. Polymers possessed higher storage modulus, thermal characteristics, Shore A hardness, and lower swelling value when ethylphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate was used as photoinitiator.
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21
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Barkane A, Platnieks O, Jurinovs M, Kasetaite S, Ostrauskaite J, Gaidukovs S, Habibi Y. UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1195. [PMID: 33917193 PMCID: PMC8068002 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical resins for UV-assisted additive manufacturing (AM) are prepared from petroleum-based materials and therefore do not contribute to the growing AM industry trend of converting to sustainable bio-based materials. To satisfy society and industry's demand for sustainability, renewable feedstocks must be explored; unfortunately, there are not many options that are applicable to photopolymerization. Nevertheless, some vegetable oils can be modified to be suitable for UV-assisted AM technologies. In this work, extended study, through FTIR and photorheology measurements, of the UV-curing of epoxidized acrylate from soybean oil (AESO)-based formulations has been performed to better understand the photopolymerization process. The study demonstrates that the addition of appropriate functional comonomers like trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and the adjusting of the concentration of photoinitiator from 1% to 7% decrease the needed UV-irradiation time by up to 25%. Under optimized conditions, the optimal curing time was about 4 s, leading to a double bond conversion rate (DBC%) up to 80% and higher crosslinking density determined by the Flory-Rehner empirical approach. Thermal and mechanical properties were also investigated via TGA and DMA measurements that showed significant improvements of mechanical performances for all formulations. The properties were improved further upon the addition of the reactive diluents. After the thorough investigations, the prepared vegetable oil-based resin ink formulations containing reactive diluents were deemed suitable inks for UV-assisted AM, giving their appropriate viscosity. The validation was done by printing different objects with complex structures using a laser based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Sigita Kasetaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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22
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Vegetable Oil-Based Thiol-Ene/Thiol-Epoxy Resins for Laser Direct Writing 3D Micro-/Nano-Lithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060872. [PMID: 33809044 PMCID: PMC8000864 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of renewable sources for optical 3D printing instead of petroleum-based materials is increasingly growing. Combinations of photo- and thermal polymerization in dual curing processes can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the synthesized thermosets. Consequently, thiol-ene/thiol-epoxy polymers were obtained by combining UV and thermal curing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and epoxidized linseed oil with thiols, benzene-1,3-dithiol and pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate). Thiol-epoxy reaction was studied by calorimetry. The changes of rheological properties were examined during UV, thermal and dual curing to select the most suitable formulations for laser direct writing (LDW). The obtained polymers were characterized by dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, and mechanical testing. The selected dual curable mixture was tested in LDW 3D lithography for validating its potential in optical micro- and nano-additive manufacturing. The obtained results demonstrated the suitability of epoxidized linseed oil as a biobased alternative to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in thiol-epoxy thermal curing reactions. Dual cured thermosets showed higher rigidity, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus values compared with UV-cured thiol-ene polymers and the highest thermal stability from all prepared polymers. LDW results proved their suitability for high resolution 3D printing—individual features reaching an unprecedented 100 nm for plant-based materials. Finally, the biobased resin was tested for thermal post-treatment and 50% feature downscaling was achieved.
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23
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Tzeng JJ, Yang TS, Lee WF, Chen H, Chang HM. Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Urethane Acrylate-Based 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050822. [PMID: 33800210 PMCID: PMC7962539 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, five urethane acrylates (UAs), namely aliphatic urethane hexa-acrylate (87A), aromatic urethane hexa-acrylate (88A), aliphatic UA (588), aliphatic urethane triacrylate diluted in 15% HDD (594), and high-functional aliphatic UA (5812), were selected to formulate five UA-based photopolymer resins for digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing. Each UA (40 wt%) was added and blended homogenously with ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (40 wt%), isobornyl acrylate (12 wt%), diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (3 wt%), and a pink acrylic (5 wt%). Each UA-based resin specimen was designed using CAD software and fabricated using a DLP 3D printer to specific dimensions. Characteristics, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity levels of these designed UA-based resins were investigated and compared with a commercial 3D printing denture base acrylic resin (BB base) control group at different UV exposure times. Shore hardness-measurement data and MTT assays were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni's post hoc test, whereas viscosity, maximum strength, and modulus were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). UA-based photopolymer resins with tunable mechanical properties were successfully prepared by replacing the UA materials and the UV exposure times. After 15 min of UV exposure, the 5812 and 594 groups exhibited higher viscosities, whereas the 88A and 87A groups exhibited lower viscosities compared with the BB base group. Maximum flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Shore hardness values also revealed significant differences among materials (p < 0.001). Based on MTT assay results, the UA-based photopolymer resins were nontoxic. In the present study, mechanical properties of the designed photopolymer resins could be adjusted by changing the UA or UV exposure time, suggesting that aliphatic urethane acrylate has good potential for use in the design of printable resins for DLP-type 3D printing in dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jy-Jiunn Tzeng
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Fang Lee
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Hsuan Chen
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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25
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Navaruckiene A, Bridziuviene D, Raudoniene V, Rainosalo E, Ostrauskaite J. Influence of Vanillin Acrylate-Based Resin Composition on Resin Photocuring Kinetics and Antimicrobial Properties of the Resulting Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:653. [PMID: 33572575 PMCID: PMC7866989 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the influence of vanillin acrylate-based resin composition on photocuring kinetics and antimicrobial properties of the resulting polymers was performed in order to find efficient photocurable systems for optical 3D printing of bio-based polymers with tunable rigidity, as well as with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Two vanillin derivatives, vanillin diacrylate and vanillin dimethacrylate, were tested in photocurable systems using phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide as a photoinitiator. The influence of vanillin acrylate monomer, amount of photoinitiator, presence and amount of dithiol, and presence of solvent on photocuring kinetics was investigated by real-time photoreometry. Polymers of different rigidity were obtained by changing the photocurable resin composition. The photocuring kinetics of the selected vanillin acrylate-based resins was comparable with that of commercial petroleum-based acrylate resins for optical 3D printing. Polymers based on both vanillin acrylates showed a significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Vanillin diacrylate-based polymer films also demonstrated an antifungal activity in direct contact with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Vanillin diacrylate-based dual curing systems were selected as the most promising for optical 3D printing of bio-based polymers with antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aukse Navaruckiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Danguole Bridziuviene
- Biodeterioration Research Laboratory, Nature Research Center, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.B.); (V.R.)
| | - Vita Raudoniene
- Biodeterioration Research Laboratory, Nature Research Center, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.B.); (V.R.)
| | - Egidija Rainosalo
- Chemistry and Bioeconomy Team, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Talonpojankatu 2, FI-67100 Kokkola, Finland;
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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26
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Noirbent G, Dumur F. Photoinitiators of polymerization with reduced environmental impact: Nature as an unlimited and renewable source of dyes. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Voet VSD, Guit J, Loos K. Sustainable Photopolymers in 3D Printing: A Review on Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Alternatives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000475. [PMID: 33205556 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global market for 3D printing materials has grown exponentially in the last decade. Today, photopolymers claim almost half of the material sales worldwide. The lack of sustainable resins, applicable in vat photopolymerization that can compete with commercial materials, however, limits the widespread adoption of this technology. The development of "green" alternatives is of great importance in order to reduce the environmental impact of additive manufacturing. This paper reviews the recent evolutions in the field of sustainable photopolymers for 3D printing. It highlights the synthesis and application of biobased resin components, such as photocurable monomers and oligomers, as well as reinforcing agents derived from natural resources. In addition, the design of biologically degradable and recyclable thermoset products in vat photopolymerization is discussed. Together, those strategies will promote the accurate and waste-free production of a new generation of 3D materials for a sustainable plastics economy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Van Schaikweg 94, Emmen, 7811 KL, The Netherlands
| | - Jarno Guit
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Van Schaikweg 94, Emmen, 7811 KL, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, 9747, The Netherlands
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28
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Lebedevaite M, Talacka V, Ostrauskaite J. High biorenewable content acrylate photocurable resins for
DLP 3D
printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas Lithuania
| | | | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas Lithuania
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29
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Barkane A, Platnieks O, Jurinovs M, Gaidukovs S. Thermal stability of UV-cured vegetable oil epoxidized acrylate-based polymer system for 3D printing application. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mondal D, Srinivasan A, Comeau P, Toh YC, Willett TL. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil/hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposite scaffolds prepared by additive manufacturing for bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111400. [PMID: 33255003 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of nanocomposites composed of Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO), nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHA) rods and either 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate (HEA) or Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate (PEGDA) and 3D printed using extrusion-based additive manufacturing methods were investigated. The effects of addition of HEA or PEGDA on the rheological, mechanical properties and cell-biomaterial interactions were studied. AESO, PEGDA (or HEA), and nHA were composited using an ultrasonic homogenizer and scaffolds were 3D printed using a metal syringe on an extrusion-based 3D printer while simultaneously UV cured during layer-by-layer deposition. Nanocomposite inks were characterized for their viscosity before curing, and dispersion of the nHA particles and tensile mechanical properties after curing. Proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were studied by seeding cells onto the scaffolds and culturing in osteogenic differentiation medium for 7, 14 and 21 days. Overall, each of the scaffolds types demonstrated controlled morphology resulting from the printability of nanocomposite inks, well-dispersed nHA particles within the polymer matrices, and were shown to support cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation after 14 and 21 days of culture. However, the nature of the functional groups present in each ink detectably affected the mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of the scaffolds. For example, while the incorporation of HEA reduced nHA dispersion and tensile strength of the final nanocomposite, it successfully enhanced shear yield strength, and printability, as well as cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, establishing a positive effect perhaps due to additional hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibakar Mondal
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Akshaya Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, 117583, Singapore
| | - Patricia Comeau
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, #04-10, 117583, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Skliutas E, Lebedevaite M, Kasetaite S, Rekštytė S, Lileikis S, Ostrauskaite J, Malinauskas M. A Bio-Based Resin for a Multi-Scale Optical 3D Printing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9758. [PMID: 32546754 PMCID: PMC7297778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials obtained from renewable sources are emerging to replace the starting materials of petroleum-derived plastics. They offer easy processing, fulfill technological, functional and durability requirements at the same time ensuring increased bio-compatibility, recycling, and eventually lower cost. On the other hand, optical 3D printing (O3DP) is a rapid prototyping tool (and an additive manufacturing technique) being developed as a choice for efficient and low waste production method, yet currently associated with mainly petroleum-derived resins. Here we employ a single bio-based resin derived from soy beans, suitable for O3DP in the scales from nano- to macro-dimensions, which can be processed even without the addition of photoinitiator. The approach is validated using both state-of-the art laser nanolithography setup as well as a widespread table-top 3D printer - sub-micrometer accuracy 3D objects are fabricated reproducibly. Additionally, chess-like figures are made in an industrial line commercially delivering small batch production services. Such concept is believed to make a breakthrough in rapid prototyping by switching the focus of O3DP to bio-based resins instead of being restricted to conventional petroleum-derived photopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvinas Skliutas
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Kasetaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sima Rekštytė
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Lileikis
- 3D Creative Ltd., Mokslininku St. 2a, Vilnius, LT-08412, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania.
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Cui Y, Yang J, Lei D, Su J. 3D Printing of a Dual-Curing Resin with Cationic Curable Vegetable Oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cui
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junlai Yang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Lei
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Su
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Vanillin Acrylate-Based Resins for Optical 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020397. [PMID: 32050639 PMCID: PMC7077679 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of biobased systems as photocurable resins for optical 3D printing has attracted great attention in recent years; therefore, novel vanillin acrylate-based resins were designed and investigated. Cross-linked polymers were prepared by radical photopolymerization of vanillin derivatives (vanillin dimethacrylate and vanillin diacrylate) using ethyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate as photoinitiator. The changes of rheological properties were examined during the curing with ultraviolet/visible irradiation to detect the influences of solvent, photoinitiator, and vanillin derivative on cross-linking rate and network formation. Vanillin diacrylate-based polymers had higher values of yield of insoluble fraction, thermal stability, and better mechanical properties in comparison to vanillin dimethacrylate-based polymers. Moreover, the vanillin diacrylate polymer film showed a significant antimicrobial effect, only a bit weaker than that of chitosan film. Thermal and mechanical properties of vanillin acrylate-based polymers were comparable with those of commercial petroleum-derived materials used in optical 3D printing. Also, vanillin diacrylate proved to be well-suited for optical printing as was demonstrated by employing direct laser writing 3D lithography and microtransfer molding techniques.
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Jonušauskas L, Baravykas T, Andrijec D, Gadišauskas T, Purlys V. Stitchless support-free 3D printing of free-form micromechanical structures with feature size on-demand. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17533. [PMID: 31772272 PMCID: PMC6879563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Femtosecond laser based 3D nanolithography is a powerful tool for fabricating various functional micro- and nano-objects. In this work we present several advances needed to push it from the laboratory level use to the industrial production lines. First, linear stage and galvo-scanners synchronization is employed to produce stitch-free mm-sized structures. Furthermore, it is shown that by varying objective numerical apertures (NA) from 1.4 NA to 0.45 NA, voxel size can be tuned in the range from sub μm to tens of mm, resulting in structuring rates between 1809 μm3/s and 313312 μm3/s at 1 cm/s translation velocity achieved via simultaneous movement of linear stages and scanners. Discovered voxel/throughput scaling peculiarities show good agreement to ones acquired with numerical modeling. Furthermore, support-free 3D printing of complex structures is demonstrated. It is achieved by choosing pre-polymer that is in hard gel form during laser writing and acts as a dissolvable support during manufacturing. All of this is combined to fabricate micromechanical structures. First, 1:40 aspect ratio cantilever and 1.5 mm diameter single-helix spring capable of sustaining extreme deformations for prolonged movement times (up to 10000 deformation cycles) are shown. Then, free-movable highly articulated intertwined micromechanical spider and squids (overall size up to 10 mm) are printed and their movement is tested. The presented results are discussed in the broader sense, touching on the stitching/throughput dilemma and comparing it to the standard microstereolithography. It is shown where multiphoton polymerization can outpace standard stereolithography in terms of throughput while still maintaining superior resolution and higher degree of freedom in terms of printable geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania.
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania.
| | - Tomas Baravykas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Andrijec
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Gadišauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- The General Jonas Žemaitis Miltitary Academy of Lithuania, Šilo Str. 5A, LT-10322, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Purlys
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
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Lebedevaite M, Ostrauskaite J, Skliutas E, Malinauskas M. Photocross‐linked polymers based on plant‐derived monomers for potential application in optical 3D printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and TechnologyKaunas University of Technology Radvilenu Road 19 Kaunas LT‐50254 Lithuania
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and TechnologyKaunas University of Technology Radvilenu Road 19 Kaunas LT‐50254 Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Skliutas
- Laser Research CenterVilnius University Sauletekio Avenue 10 Vilnius LT‐10223 Lithuania
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research CenterVilnius University Sauletekio Avenue 10 Vilnius LT‐10223 Lithuania
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Jonušauskas L, Gailevičius D, Rekštytė S, Baldacchini T, Juodkazis S, Malinauskas M. Mesoscale laser 3D printing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15205-15221. [PMID: 31163720 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D meso scale structures that can reach up to centimeters in overall size but retain micro- or nano-features, proved to be promising in various science fields ranging from micro-mechanical metamaterials to photonics and bio-medical scaffolds. In this work, we present synchronization of the linear and galvanometric scanners for efficient femtosecond 3D optical printing of objects at the meso-scale (from sub-μm to sub-cm spanning five orders of magnitude). In such configuration, the linear stages provide stitch-free structuring at nearly limitless (up to tens-of-cm) working area, while galvo-scanners allow to achieve translation velocities in the range of mm/s-cm/s without sacrificing nano-scale positioning accuracy and preserving the undistorted shape of the final print. The principle behind this approach is demonstrated, proving its inherent advantages in comparison to separate use of only linear stages or scanners. The printing rate is calculated in terms of voxels/s, showcasing the capability to maintain an optimal feature size while increasing throughput. Full capabilities of this approach are demonstrated by fabricating structures that reach millimeters in size but still retain sub-μm features: scaffolds for cell growth, microlenses, and photonic crystals. All this is combined into a benchmark structure: a meso-butterfly. Provided results show that synchronization of two scan modes is crucial for the end goal of industrial-scale implementation of this technology and makes the laser printing well aligned with similar approaches in nanofabrication by electron and ion beams.
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