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Polo ML, Russell-White K, Vaillard SE, Ríos L, Meira GR, Estenoz DA, Spontón ME. Bio-based polyester-polyurethane foams: synthesis and degradability by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus. Biodegradation 2024; 35:315-327. [PMID: 37987936 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the degradability by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus of three bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams is compared to previous degradability studies involving a Pseudomonas sp. bacterium and similar initial materials (Spontón et al. in Int. Biodet. Biodeg. 85:85-94, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.05.019 ). First, three new polyester-polyurethane foams were prepared from mixtures of castor oil (CO), maleated castor oil (MACO), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and water. Then, their degradation tests were carried out in an aqueous medium, and employing the two mentioned fungi, after their isolation from the environment. From the degradation tests, the following was observed: (a) the insoluble (and slightly collapsed) foams exhibited free hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine moieties; and (b) the water soluble (and low molar mass) compounds contained amines, carboxylic acids, and glycerol. The most degraded foam contained the highest amount of MACO, and therefore the highest concentration of hydrolytic bonds. A basic biodegradation mechanism was proposed that involves hydrolysis and oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Polo
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET, Ruta Nacional 168, Km. 0 - Paraje "El Pozo", 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Karen Russell-White
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago E Vaillard
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET, Ruta Nacional 168, Km. 0 - Paraje "El Pozo", 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis Ríos
- Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 #52-59, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gregorio R Meira
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET, Ruta Nacional 168, Km. 0 - Paraje "El Pozo", 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diana A Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET, Ruta Nacional 168, Km. 0 - Paraje "El Pozo", 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marisa E Spontón
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), UNL-CONICET, Ruta Nacional 168, Km. 0 - Paraje "El Pozo", 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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2
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De Carvalho AP, Dos Santos HF, Ribeiro GD, Hiranobe CT, Goveia D, Gennaro EM, Paim LL, Dos Santos RJ. Sustainable Composites: Analysis of Filler-Rubber Interaction in Natural Rubber-Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Polyurethane Composites Using the Lorenz-Park Method and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:471. [PMID: 38399849 PMCID: PMC10893311 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined micronized polyurethane residues as a reinforcing filler in elastomeric composites made from natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Due to growing environmental concerns, this research aimed to find sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials. The results indicated that adding micronized polyurethane improved the mechanical properties of the composites, reinforcing the polymer matrix and increasing the cross-link density as a barrier against solvents. The composites met the requirements for industrial applications, though; at 40 phr of polyurethane filler, material deformation was reduced, indicating saturation. FTIR analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the materials without chemical reactions, while electron microscopy revealed an increase in the number of particles and irregularities with the filler. The composite with 10 phr showed a lower volume loss in abrasion resistance, meeting the standards for soles. The composite with 30 phr of polyurethane achieved the best results without the filler's saturation and met the footwear industry's requirements. The results show the potential for sustainable practices in industry using this elastomeric blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pimentel De Carvalho
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Harison Franca Dos Santos
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Gabriel Deltrejo Ribeiro
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Danielle Goveia
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Sciences and Engineering, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Itapeva 18409-010, SP, Brazil;
| | - Elmer Mateus Gennaro
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Engineering School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista 13876-750, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo Lataro Paim
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Renivaldo José Dos Santos
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
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Hiranobe CT, Tolosa GR, Santos GTDA, de Oliveira JPJ, Budemberg ER, Silva MJD, Cabrera FC, Job AE, Paim LL, Torres GB, Santos RJD. Recycling waste polyurethane from the refrigeration industry as filler in
SBR
/
NR
composites for industrial applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Gabrieli Roefero Tolosa
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Gleyson Tadeu de Almeida Santos
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Roque Budemberg
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Michael Jones da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Flávio Camargo Cabrera
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Aldo Eloizo Job
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lataro Paim
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
| | - Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Diseño Industrial Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM) Medellín Colombia
| | - Renivaldo José dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rosana Rosana Brazil
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Vaitkus S, Vėjelis S, Šeputytė-Jucikė J, Członka S, Strzelec K, Kairytė A. Analysis of Active and Passive Deformation of Expanded Polystyrene Foam under Short-Term Compression. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7548. [PMID: 36363139 PMCID: PMC9654952 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we undertake a detailed analysis of the active and passive deformation of expanded polystyrene (EPS), which is used as a thermal insulating layer in building partitions, under short-term compressive loading. The values of residual strain in 10-40 kg/m3 density EPS after monotonically increasing loading under active deformations of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% with the following complete removal are determined. These values are a physical sign of the elastic-plastic state of EPS. It has been shown that the final destruction of cells takes place in EPS when the active strain reaches 50%. Empirical equations are proposed to estimate the residual strain of EPS based on density with determination coefficients varying from 0.744 to 0.986 at a confidence level of 90%. Moreover, graphical interpretations with regression equations for residual strain dependence on density and compressive strength, as well as density and active strain, were proposed with determination coefficients equal to 0.779 and 0.717, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Vaitkus
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Vėjelis
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Šeputytė-Jucikė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzystof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
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A Comparative Study on Bio-Based PU Foam Reinforced with Nanoparticles for EMI-Shielding Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163344. [PMID: 36015601 PMCID: PMC9413289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, most commercial polyols used to make polyurethane (PU) foam are produced from petrochemicals. A renewable resource, castor oil (CO), was employed in this study to alleviate concerns about environmental contamination. This study intends to fabricate a bio-based and low-density EMI-defending material for communication, aerospace, electronics, and military appliances. The mechanical stirrer produces the flexible bio-based polyurethane foam and combines it with nanoparticles using absorption and hydrothermal reduction processes. The nanoparticles used in this research are graphite nanoplates (GNP), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and bamboo charcoal (BC). Following fabrication, the samples underwent EMI testing using an EMI test setup with model number N5230A PNA-L. The EMI experimental results were compared with computational simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 and an optimization tool using response surface methodology. A statistical design of the experimental approach is used to design and evaluate the experiments systematically. An experimental study reveals that a 0.3 weight percentage of GNP, a 0.3 weight percentage of ZrO2, and a 2.5 weight percentage of BC depict a maximum EMI SE of 28.03 dB in the 8–12 GHz frequency band.
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Moawed EA, Kiwaan HA, El-Zakzouk SK, El-Sonbati MA, El-Zahed MM. Chemical recycling of polyurethane foam waste and application for antibacterial and removal of anionic and cationic dyes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-022-00258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe large amounts of polyurethane foam wastes (PUFWs) produced in the automobiles, buildings, and furniture industries cause many environmental problems. Therefore, the recycling of PUFWs has acquired great interest worldwide. In this study, the PUFWs were converted to new nanocomposite. The chemical modification of PUFWs was conducted through reflux with potassium permanganate in 0.1 M H2SO4. The produced PUF-COO@MnO2 nanocomposites was characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and Magnetic susceptibility. PUF-COO@MnO2 has been used for the removal of cationic (Methylene blue) and anionic (Trypan blue) dyes from industrial wastewater. The antibacterial effect of PUF-COO@MnO2 was also examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The adsorption capacities of PUF-COO@MnO2 for tested dyes were 277 and 269 mg/g. Moreover, PUF-COO@MnO2 showed a potent antibacterial action against B. cereus (8.8 mm) followed by S. aureus (7.5 mm) and E. coli (7.1 mm). It was concluded that PUF-COO@MnO2 can be employed as antibacterial low-cost material and for the removal of synthetic dyes from industrial effluents.
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7
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Yusrizal AA, Abdullah TK, Ali ES, Ahmad S, Ahmad Zubir S. Enhanced thermal and tensile behaviour of MWCNT reinforced palm oil polyol based shape memory polyurethane. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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8
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Hydration and glass transition of hybrid non-isocyanate polyurethanes with POSS inclusions. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Morici E, Carroccio SC, Bruno E, Scarfato P, Filippone G, Dintcheva NT. Recycled (Bio)Plastics and (Bio)Plastic Composites: A Trade Opportunity in a Green Future. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102038. [PMID: 35631920 PMCID: PMC9148040 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s world is at the point where almost everyone realizes the usefulness of going green. Due to so-called global warming, there is an urgent need to find solutions to help the Earth and move towards a green future. Many worldwide events are focusing on the global technologies in plastics, bioplastic production, the recycling industry, and waste management where the goal is to turn plastic waste into a trade opportunity among the industrialists and manufacturers. The present work aims to review the recycling process via analyzing the recycling of thermoplastic, thermoset polymers, biopolymers, and their complex composite systems, such as fiber-reinforced polymers and nanocomposites. Moreover, it will be highlighted how the frame of the waste management, increasing the materials specificity, cleanliness, and a low level of collected material contamination will increase the potential recycling of plastics and bioplastics-based materials. At the same time, to have a real and approachable trade opportunity in recycling, it needs to implement an integrated single market for secondary raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Morici
- Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (N.T.D.); Tel.: +39-0912-386-3704 (N.T.D.)
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Elena Bruno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM), Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (N.T.D.); Tel.: +39-0912-386-3704 (N.T.D.)
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Santucci V, Fiore S. Recovery of Waste Polyurethane from E-Waste. Part II. Investigation of the Adsorption Potential for Wastewater Treatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247587. [PMID: 34947183 PMCID: PMC8704397 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the performances of waste polyurethane foam (PUF) derived from the shredding of end-of-life refrigerators as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The waste PUF underwent a basic pre-treatment (e.g., sieving and washing) prior the adsorption tests. Three target pollutants were considered: methylene blue, phenol, and mercury. Adsorption batch tests were performed putting in contact waste PUF with aqueous solutions of the three pollutants at a solid/liquid ratio equal to 25 g/L. A commercial activated carbon (AC) was considered for comparison. The contact time necessary to reach the adsorption equilibrium was in the range of 60–140 min for waste PUF, while AC needed about 30 min. The results of the adsorption tests showed a better fit of the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.93 for all pollutants) compared to the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity of waste PUF was limited for methylene blue and mercury (Kf = 0.02), and much lower for phenol (Kf = 0.001). The removal efficiency achieved by waste PUF was lower (phenol 12% and methylene blue and mercury 37–38%) compared to AC (64–99%). The preliminary results obtained in this study can support the application of additional pre-treatments aimed to overcome the adsorption limits of the waste PUF, and it could be applied for “rough-cut” wastewater treatment.
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11
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Santucci V, Fiore S. Recovery of Waste Polyurethane from E-Waste-Part I: Investigation of the Oil Sorption Potential. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6230. [PMID: 34771760 PMCID: PMC8584342 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The shredding of end-of-life refrigerators produces every year in Italy 15,000 tons of waste polyurethane foam (PUF), usually destined for energy recovery. This work presents the results of the investigation of the oil sorption potential of waste PUF according to ASTM F726-17 standard. Three oils (diesel fuel and two commercial motor oils) having different densities (respectively, 0.83, 0.87, and 0.88 kg/dm3) and viscosities (respectively, 3, 95, and 140 mm2/s at 40 °C) were considered. The waste PUF was sampled in an Italian e-waste treatment plant, and its characterization showed 16.5 wt% particles below 0.71 mm and 13 wt% impurities (paper, plastic, aluminum foil), mostly having dimensions (d) above 5 mm. Sieving at 0.071 mm was applied to the waste PUF to obtain a "coarse" (d > 0.71 mm) and a "fine" fraction (d < 0.71 mm). Second sieving at 5 mm allowed an "intermediate" fraction to be obtained, with dimensions between 0.71 and 5 mm. The oil sorption tests involved the three fractions of waste PUF, and their performances were compared with two commercial oil sorbents (sepiolite and OKO-PUR). The results of the tests showed that the "fine" PUF was able to retain 7.1-10.3 g oil/g, the "intermediate" PUF, 4.2-7.4 g oil/g, and the "coarse" PUF, 4.5-7.0 g oil/g, while sepiolite and OKO-PUR performed worse (respectively, 1.3-1.6 and 3.3-5.3 g oil/g). In conclusion, compared with the actual management of waste PUF (100 wt% sent to energy recovery), the amount destined directly to energy recovery could be limited to 13 wt% (i.e., the impurities). The remaining 87 wt% could be diverted to reuse for oil sorption, and afterward directed to energy recovery, considered as a secondary option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Fiore
- Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
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12
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Liang C, Gracida-Alvarez UR, Gallant ET, Gillis PA, Marques YA, Abramo GP, Hawkins TR, Dunn JB. Material Flows of Polyurethane in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14215-14224. [PMID: 34618441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Today, polyurethanes are effectively not recycled and are made principally from nonrenewable, fossil-fuel-derived resources. This study provides the first high-resolution material flow analysis of polyurethane flows through the U.S. economy, tracking back to fossil fuels and covering polyurethane-relevant raw materials, trade, production, manufacturing, uses, historical stocks, and waste management. According to our analysis, in 2016, 2900 thousand tonnes (kt) of polyurethane were produced in the United States and 920 kt were imported for consumption, 2000 kt entered the postconsumer waste streams, and 390 kt were recycled and returned to the market in the form of carpet underlayment. The domestic production of polyurethane consumed 1100 kt of crude oil and 1100 kt of natural gas. With the developed polyurethane flow map, we point out the limitation of the existing mechanical recycling methods and identify that glycolysis, a chemical recycling method, can be used to recycle the main components of postconsumer polyurethane waste. We also explore how targeting biobased pathways could influence the supply chain and downstream markets of polyurethane and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and the exposure to toxic precursors in polyurethane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ulises R Gracida-Alvarez
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ethan T Gallant
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paul A Gillis
- The Dow Chemical Company, Polyurethane R&D, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Yuri A Marques
- The Dow Chemical Company, Polyurethane R&D, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Graham P Abramo
- The Dow Chemical Company, Core Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Troy R Hawkins
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jennifer B Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Northwestern-Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Vidales-Barriguete A, Santa-Cruz-Astorqui J, Piña-Ramírez C, Kosior-Kazberuk M, Kalinowska-Wichrowska K, Atanes-Sánchez E. Study of the Mechanical and Physical Behavior of Gypsum Boards with Plastic Cable Waste Aggregates and Their Application to Construction Panels. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092255. [PMID: 33925550 PMCID: PMC8123852 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the physico-mechanical properties of gypsum boards including plastic waste aggregates from cable recycling. The plastic cable waste is incorporated into the gypsum matrix without going through any type of selection and/or treatment, as it is obtained after the cable recycling process. In the experimental process, gypsum boards of different dimensions were manufactured and tested for their Young’s modulus, shock-impact resistance, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal comfort. The results obtained show a significant increase in the elasticity of the boards with plastic waste (limited cracking), compliance with the minimum value of flexural strength, and a slight improvement in the thermal conductivity coefficient (lower energy demand) and surface comfort (reduced condensation and greater adherence). Therefore, the analyzed material could provide a suitable alternative to currently marketed gypsum boards, contributing to sustainable construction not only in new constructions, but also in building renovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vidales-Barriguete
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaime Santa-Cruz-Astorqui
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carolina Piña-Ramírez
- Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas y su Control, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Kosior-Kazberuk
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.K.-K.); (K.K.-W.)
| | - Katarzyna Kalinowska-Wichrowska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.K.-K.); (K.K.-W.)
| | - Evangelina Atanes-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Química y de Diseño Industrial, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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14
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Akdogan E, Erdem M. Improvement in physico-mechanical and structural properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites by the addition of sugar beet pulp as a reactive filler. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Ali S, Hassanin HA. Adsorptive removal of vitamin
B
6
and ciprofloxacin using polyurethane foam in pure and pharmaceutical preparations: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Ali
- Chemistry Department, College of Science Taibah University Al‐Madinah Al‐Munawarah Saudi Arabia
- The National Organization for Drug Control and Research Giza Egypt
| | - Hanaa A. Hassanin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Faisal University Al‐Ahsa Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
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16
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Jones BH, Staiger C, Powers J, Herman JA, Román-Kustas J. Selectively Depolymerizable Polyurethanes from Unsaturated Polyols Cleavable by Olefin Metathesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000571. [PMID: 33300207 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes a novel series of linear and crosslinked polyurethanes (PUs) and their selective depolymerization under mild conditions. Two unique polyols are synthesized bearing unsaturated units in a configuration designed to favor ring-closing metathesis (RCM) to five- and six-membered cycloalkenes. These polyols are co-polymerized with toluene diisocyanate to generate linear PUs and trifunctional hexamethylene- and diphenylmethane-based isocyanates to generate crosslinked PUs. The polyol design is such that the RCM reaction cleaves the backbone of the polymer chain. Upon exposure to dilute solutions of Grubbs' catalyst under ambient conditions, the PUs are rapidly depolymerized to low molecular weight, soluble products bearing vinyl and cycloalkene functionalities. These functionalities enable further re-polymerization by traditional strategies for polymerization of double bonds. It is anticipated that this general approach can be expanded to develop a range of chemically recyclable condensation polymers that are readily depolymerized by orthogonal metathesis chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad H Jones
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Chad Staiger
- Department of Photovoltaics and Materials Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Jackson Powers
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Jeremy A Herman
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Jessica Román-Kustas
- Department of Materials Reliability, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
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17
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Energy Utilization of Building Insulation Waste Expanded Polystyrene: Pyrolysis Kinetic Estimation by a New Comprehensive Method. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081744. [PMID: 32764279 PMCID: PMC7463628 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) has excellent thermal insulation properties and is widely applied in building energy conservation. However, these thermal insulation materials have caused numerous fires because of flammability. Pyrolysis is necessary to support combustion, and more attention should be paid to the pyrolysis characteristics of EPS. Moreover, pyrolysis is considered to be an effective method for recycling solid waste. Pyrolysis kinetics of EPS were analyzed by thermogravimetric experiments, both in nitrogen and air atmospheres. A new method was proposed to couple the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa model-free method and the model-fitting method called the Coats–Redfern as well as the particle swarm optimization (PSO) global algorithm to establish reaction mechanisms and their corresponding kinetic parameters. It was found that the pyrolysis temperature of EPS was concentrated at 525–800 K. The activation energy of EPS in nitrogen was about 163 kJ/mol, which was higher than that in air (109.63 kJ/mol). Furthermore, coupled with Coats–Redfern method, reaction functions g(α) = 1 − (1 − α)3 and g(α) = 1 − (1 − α)1/4 should be responsible for nitrogen and air reactions, respectively. The PSO algorithm was applied to compute detailed pyrolysis kinetic parameters. Kinetic parameters could be used in further large-scale fire simulation and provide guidance for reactor design.
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18
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Muñoz-Ruiperez C, Fiol Oliván F, Calderón Carpintero V, Santamaría-Vicario I, Rodríguez Sáiz Á. Mechanical Behavior of a Composite Lightweight Slab, Consisting of a Laminated Wooden Joist and Ecological Mortar. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112575. [PMID: 32516926 PMCID: PMC7321609 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The investigation reported in this paper is an evaluation of the mechanical behavior of full-scale ecological mortar slabs manufactured with a mixture of expanded clay and recycled concrete aggregates. The composite mortars form a compressive layer over laminated wooden joists to form a single construction unit. To do so, full-scale flexural tests are conducted of the composite laminated wood-ecological mortar slabs with different types of mortar designs: reference mortar (MR), lightweight mortar dosed with recycled concrete aggregates (MLC), and lightweight mortar dosed with recycled mixed aggregates (MLM). The test results showed that the mortar forming the compression layer and the laminated wooden joists worked in unison and withstood a higher maximum failure load under flexion than the failure load of the wooden joists in isolation. Moreover, the laboratory test results were compared with the simulated values of the theoretical model, generated in accordance with the technical specifications for structural calculations contained in the Spanish building code, and with the results calculated by a computer software package. From the analysis of the results of the calculation methods and the full-scale laboratory test results, it was concluded that the safety margin yielded by the calculations validated the use of those methods on this type of composite slab. In this way, a strong mixed wood-mortar slab was designed, contributing little dead-load to the building structure and its manufacture with recycled aggregate, also contributes to the circular economy of construction materials.
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19
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Design and Characterization of Gypsum Mortars Dosed with Polyurethane Foam Waste PFW. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071497. [PMID: 32218266 PMCID: PMC7177929 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The properties and the behaviour of plaster mortars designed with Polyurethane Foam Waste (PFW) are studied in this investigation. A characterization of the mixtures is completed, in accordance with the technical specifications of European Norms. The incorporation of polyurethane waste foam can yield porous and lighter mortars, with better resistance to water-vapour permeability, although with weaker mechanical strength and higher levels of absorbency. Nevertheless, suitable mechanical strengths were achieved, resulting in a new material that is compliant with the requirements of the construction industry. The use of PFW in the the manufacture of gypsum mortars for construction reduces the consumption of natural resources and, at the same time, recovers an industrial waste that is otherwise difficult to recycle.
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Kairytė A, Kremensas A, Balčiūnas G, Członka S, Strąkowska A. Closed Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Low Functionality Polyols: Research of Dimensional Stability and Standardised Performance Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061438. [PMID: 32245242 PMCID: PMC7143543 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, polyurethane foam producers come across the several problems when petroleum-based polyols are replaced with low functionality biomass, or waste-based, polyols. In addition, the dilemma is intensified with regulations that require full or partial replacement of blowing agents that can cause high ozone depletion with alternatives like water, which causes the formation of CO2. Therefore, these gases diffuse out of the foam so quickly that the polymeric cell walls cannot withstand the pressure, consequently causing huge dimensional changes at ambient temperature and humidity. Even though the theoretical stoichiometric balance is correct, the reality shows that it is not enough. Therefore, polyethylene terephthalate waste-based polyol was chosen as a low functionality polyol which was modified with high functionality sucrose-based polyol in order to obtain dimensionally stable polyurethane foams in the density range of 30-40 kg/m3. These more stable foams are characterized by linear changes no higher than 0.5%, short-term water absorption by partial immersion no higher than 0.35 kg/m2, and water vapor resistance factors up to 50. In order to obtain thermally efficient polyurethane foams, conventional blowing agents and water systems were implemented, thus, assuring thermal conductivity values in the range of 0.0198-0.0204 W/(m·K) and obtaining products which conform to all the requirements for performance of sprayed and factory-made polyurethane foam standards EN 14315-1 and EN 13165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-25-12301
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
| | - Giedrius Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (A.S.)
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21
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Fortman DJ, Sheppard DT, Dichtel WR. Reprocessing Cross-Linked Polyurethanes by Catalyzing Carbamate Exchange. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Fortman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853 United States
| | - Daylan T. Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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22
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Antunes M, Velasco JI. Polymeric Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071179. [PMID: 31336996 PMCID: PMC6680933 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have boosted the development of more efficient materials, with emerging sectors (electronics, energy, aerospace, among others) demanding novel materials to fulfill the complex technical requirements of their products [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Antunes
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC·Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC·Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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