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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Chen Z, Yin X, Chen H, Fu X, Sun Y, Chen Q, Liu W, Shen X. Mechanical, Crystallization, Rheological, and Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Properties of Polybutylene Succinate Nanocomposites: Impact of Carbon Nanofiber Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 38201693 PMCID: PMC10780851 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As a substitute for conventional polymers for the preparation of biodegradable microcellular polymeric foams, polybutylene succinate (PBS) presents one of the most promising alternatives. However, the low melt strength of PBS makes it difficult to produce high-performance microcellular foams. This study aimed to improve the melt strength of PBS and explore the mechanical, thermal, crystalline, rheological, and supercritical CO2 foaming properties of PBS nanocomposites by using carbon nanofibers (CNFs). This study found that nanocomposites containing 7 wt% CNF exhibited the highest tensile strength, Young's modulus, and bending strength. Moreover, the CNF nanofillers were well dispersed in the PBS matrix without significant agglomeration, even at high filler concentrations. Furthermore, the nanocomposites demonstrated improved melting temperature and crystallinity compared with pure PBS. The rheological analysis showed that the addition of CNFs significantly increased PBS viscosity at low frequencies due to the interaction between the PBS molecular chains and CNFs and the entanglement of CNFs, resulting in a more complete physical network formation when the CNF content reached above 3 wt%. During the supercritical CO2 foaming process, the addition of CNFs resulted in increased cell density, smaller cells, and thicker cell walls, with good laps formed between the fibers on the cell walls of nanocomposite foams. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of the foamed material were studied, and a nanocomposite foam containing 7 wt% CNF showed good electrical conductivity (4.5 × 10-3 S/m) and specific EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) (34.7 dB/g·cm-1). Additionally, the nanocomposite foam with 7 wt% CNF also exhibited good compression properties (21.7 MPa). Overall, this work has successfully developed a high-performance, multifunctional PBS-based nanocomposite foam, making it suitable for applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xichen Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China; (H.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Xuguang Fu
- Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China; (H.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Yuyue Sun
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Weidong Liu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
- Wuhu Innovation New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241080, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
- Wuhu Innovation New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241080, China
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Li P, Jiang Y, Chen J, Min J, Fu Q, Zhang J. Preparation of high-performance PLA / PBAT blends with hierarchical structure by controlling distribution of oriented region. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Long H, Xu H, Shaoyu J, Jiang T, Zhuang W, Li M, Jin J, Ji L, Ying H, Zhu C. High-Strength Bio-Degradable Polymer Foams with Stable High Volume-Expansion Ratio Using Chain Extension and Green Supercritical Mixed-Gas Foaming. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040895. [PMID: 36850179 PMCID: PMC9963428 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of biodegradable polymer foams with a stable high volume-expansion ratio (VER) is challenging. For example, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams have a low melt strength and high shrinkage. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA), which has a high VER and crystallinity, was added to PBAT to reduce shrinkage during the supercritical molded-bead foaming process. The epoxy chain extender ADR4368 was used both as a chain extender and a compatibilizer to mitigate the linear chain structure and incompatibility and improve the foamability of PBAT. The branched-chain structure increased the energy-storage modulus (G') and complex viscosity (η*), which are the key factors for the growth of cells, by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Subsequently, we innovatively used the CO2 and N2 composite gas method. The foam-shrinkage performance was further inhibited; the final foam had a VER of 23.39 and a stable cell was obtained. Finally, after steam forming, the results showed that the mechanical strength of the PBAT/PLA blended composite foam was considerably improved by the addition of PLA. The compressive strength (50%), bending strength, and fracture load by bending reached 270.23 kPa, 0.36 MPa, and 23.32 N, respectively. This study provides a potential strategy for the development of PBAT-based foam packaging materials with stable cell structure, high VER, and excellent mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Long
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongsen Xu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingwen Shaoyu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tianchen Jiang
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ming Li
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junyang Jin
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lei Ji
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (C.Z.)
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Production and Application of Polymer Foams Employing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams have characteristics that make them attractive for different applications. However, some foaming methods rely on chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. One of the possibilities to tackle the environmental issue is to utilize supercritical carbon dioxide ScCO2 since it is a “green” solvent, thus facilitating a sustainable method of producing foams. ScCO2 is nontoxic, chemically inert, and soluble in molten plastic. It can act as a plasticizer, decreasing the viscosity of polymers according to temperature and pressure. Most foam processes can benefit from ScCO2 since the methods rely on nucleation, growth, and expansion mechanisms. Process considerations such as pretreatment, temperature, pressure, pressure drop, and diffusion time are relevant parameters for foaming. Other variables such as additives, fillers, and chain extenders also play a role in the foaming process. This review highlights the morphology, performance, and features of the foam produced with ScCO2, considering relevant aspects of replacing or introducing a novel foam. Recent findings related to foaming assisted by ScCO2 and how processing parameters influence the foam product are addressed. In addition, we discuss possible applications where foams have significant benefits. This review shows the recent progress and possibilities of ScCO2 in processing polymer foams.
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Jia S, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Yan Z, Zhang G, Zhao Z, Ding L. A low seepage threshold and super‐toughness of polybutylene succinate‐based composites with double percolation structure: Synergy of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl butyral. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikui Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Zongying Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Guizhen Zhang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zhongguo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Liu Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
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7
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Xia B, Wang Y, Jiang J, Zhang X, Li T, Ma P, Chen M, Dong W. Effects of dicumyl peroxide on cross‐linking pure poly(butylene succinate) foaming materials for high expansion and high mechanical strength. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jie Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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Luo J, Yin D, Yu K, Zhou H, Wen B, Wang X. Facile fabrication of PBS/CNTs nanocomposite foam for electromagnetic interference shielding. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100778. [PMID: 34973043 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the pollutants of environment and electromagnetic waves, environment friendly polymer foams with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding are imminently required. In this paper, a kind of electromagnetic shielding, biodegradable nanocomposite foam was fabricated by blending PBS with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) followed by foaming with supercritical CO2. The crystallization temperature and melting temperature of PBS/CNTs nanocomposites with 4 wt % of CNTs increased remarkably by 6 °C and 3.1 °C compared with that of pure PBS and a double crystal melting peak of various PBS samples appeared in DSC curves. Clearly, an increase of approximately 3 orders of magnitude was improved for storage modulus and near 9 orders of magnitude was enhanced for electrical properties with CNTs content from 0 to 4 wt %. Furthermore, CNTs endowed PBS nanocomposite foam with adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding property, giving a specific EMI shielding effectiveness of 28.5 dB cm3/g. This study provided a promising methodology for preparing biodegradable, lightweight PBS/CNTs foam with outstanding electromagnetic shielding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Luo
- Beijing Technology and Business University, college of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fucheng road 33, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Dexian Yin
- Beijing Technology and Business University, College of chemistry and materials engineering, Fucheng road 33, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Kejing Yu
- jiangnan university, jiangnan university, Jiangsu 214122, jiangsu, CHINA
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Bianying Wen
- Business and Technology University, college of chemistry and material engineering, Fucheng road 33, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, college chemistry and materials engineering, Fucheng road 33, Beijing, CHINA
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Yin Y, Yang J, Meng L. Preparation of poly(butylene succinate) vitrimer with thermal shape stability via transesterification reaction. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Polymer Materials and Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Jian Yang
- Polymer Materials and Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Linghui Meng
- Polymer Materials and Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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A Review on Green Composites Based on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polybutylene Succinate (PBS). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081200. [PMID: 33917740 PMCID: PMC8068185 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for utilization of environmentally friendly materials has emerged due to environmental pollution that is caused by non-biodegradable materials. The usage of non-biodegradable plastics has increased in the past decades in many industries, and, as a result, the generation of non-biodegradable plastic wastes has also increased. To solve the problem of non-biodegradable plastic wastes, there is need for fabrication of bio-based polymers to replace petroleum-based polymers and provide strategic plans to reduce the production cost of bioplastics. One of the emerging bioplastics in the market is poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and it has been the biopolymer of choice due to its biodegradability and environmental friendliness. However, there are some disadvantages associated with PBS such as high cost, low gas barrier properties, and softness. To lower the cost of PBS and enhance its properties, natural lignocellulosic fibers are incorporated into the PBS matrix, to form environmentally friendly composites. Natural fiber-based biocomposites have emerged as materials of interest in important industries such as packaging, automobile, and construction. The bonding between the PBS and natural fibers is weak, which is a major problem for advanced applications of this system. As a result, this review paper discusses various methods that are employed for surface modification of the Fibers The paper provides an in-depth discussion on the preparation, modification, and morphology of the natural fiber-reinforced polybutylene succinate biocomposites. Furthermore, because the preparation as well as the modification of the fiber-reinforced biocomposites have an influence on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites, mechanical properties of the biocomposites are also discussed. The applications of the natural fiber/PBS biocomposites for different systems are also reported.
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The effect of polytetrafluoroethylene particle size on the properties of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)-based composites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6802. [PMID: 33762666 PMCID: PMC7991650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites, including three types of PTFE powders, were prepared by melt blending using a HAAKE torque rheometer. Microcellular foams were successfully fabricated by batch foaming with supercritical fluids (scCO2). The effects of PTFE powder type on crystallization, rheological properties and foaming behavior were studied. PTFE L-5 and PTFE JH-220 powders showed good dispersion in the PBS matrix, and PTFE FA-500 powder underwent fibrillation during the melt blending process. All three PTFE powders gradually increased the crystallization temperature of PBS from 78.2 to 91.8 ℃ and the crystallinity from 45.6 to 61.7% without apparent changes in the crystal structure. Rheological results revealed that PBS/PTFE composites had a higher storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity than those of pure PBS. In particular, the complex viscosity of the PBS/P500 composite increased by an order of magnitude in the low-frequency region. The foamed structure of PBS was obviously improved by adding PTFE powder, and the effect of fibrillated PTFE FA-500 was the most remarkable, with a pore mean diameter of 5.46 μm and a pore density of 1.86 × 109 cells/cm3 (neat PBS foam: 32.49 μm and 1.95 × 107 cells/cm3). Moreover, PBS/P500 foam always guarantees hydrophobicity.
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Mort R, Vorst K, Curtzwiler G, Jiang S. Biobased foams for thermal insulation: material selection, processing, modelling, and performance. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4375-4394. [PMID: 35424381 PMCID: PMC8694562 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the urgent need for the development of sustainable materials and a circular economy, a surge of research regarding biobased materials and associated processing methods has resulted in many experimental biobased foams. Although several biobased foams are already shown to have thermal and mechanical properties competitive with expanded polystyrene, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap leading to limited understanding of the principles that determine performance. This review outlines the progress in this burgeoning field, introducing materials selection and processing, comparing performance, examining efforts in modelling physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real biobased systems. The focus is on low thermal conductivity, which is a critical property for temperature-controlled applications such as packaging for refrigerated/frozen foods, medications, and vaccines as well as building materials. Currently, the trend in the field is moving towards fully biobased and compostable foams, though partially biobased polyurethane foams remain the most consistent performers. To illustrate the foam structure–property relationship, thermal conductivity, cell size, and density data were compiled. Given the complexity of biobased foams, heat transfer models aid in identifying crucial variables. However, data relevant to the insulation capability of biobased foams is not fully reported in many references. To address this issue, we employed a dimensional analysis to fill the gaps, revealing a power law correlation between thermal conductivity and relative density. Our approach is not intended as a robust prediction technique, but rather a simple demonstration of how biobased foams data could be utilized to predict the most promising materials and methods. This review outlines the progress in biobased foams with a focus on low thermal conductivity. It introduces materials selection and processing, compares performance, examines modelling of physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mort
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Greg Curtzwiler
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
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Quattrosoldi S, Soccio M, Gazzano M, Lotti N, Munari A. Fully biobased, elastomeric and compostable random copolyesters of poly(butylene succinate) containing Pripol 1009 moieties: Structure-property relationship. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bio-Based Poly(butylene succinate)/Microcrystalline Cellulose/Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Based Sustainable Polymer Composites: Thermo-Mechanical and Biodegradation Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071472. [PMID: 32630121 PMCID: PMC7408463 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymer composites from renewable resources are the next-generation of wood-like materials and are crucial for the development of various industries to meet sustainability goals. Functional applications like packaging, medicine, automotive, construction and sustainable housing are just some that would greatly benefit. Some of the existing industries, like wood plastic composites, already encompass given examples but are dominated by fossil-based polymers that are unsustainable. Thus, there is a background to bring a new perspective approach for the combination of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) fillers in bio-based poly (butylene succinate) matrix (PBS). MCC, NFC and MCC/NFC filler total loading at 40 wt % was used to obtain more insights for wood-like composite applications. The ability to tailor the biodegradable characteristics and the mechanical properties of PBS composites is indispensable for extended applications. Five compositions have been prepared with MCC and NFC fillers using melt blending approach. Young’s modulus in tensile test mode and storage modulus at 20 °C in thermo-mechanical analysis have increased about two-fold. Thermal degradation temperature was increased by approximately 60 °C compared to MCC and NFC. Additionally, to estimate the compatibility of the components and morphology of the composite’s SEM analysis was performed for fractured surfaces. The contact angle measurements testified the developed matrix interphase. Differential scanning calorimetry evidenced the trans-crystallization of the polymer after filler incorporation; the crystallization temperature shifted to the higher temperature region. The MCC has a stronger effect on the crystallinity degree than NFC filler. PBS disintegrated under composting conditions in a period of 75 days. The NFC/MCC addition facilitated the specimens’ decomposition rate up to 60 days
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Liu T, Lian X, Li L, Peng X, Kuang T. Facile fabrication of fully biodegradable and biorenewable poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) in-situ nanofibrillar composites with high strength, good toughness and excellent heat resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Multi-Fold Enhancement in Compressive Properties of Polystyrene Foam Using Pre-delaminated Stearate Functionalized Layer Double Hydroxides. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010008. [PMID: 31861578 PMCID: PMC7023627 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing an environmentally benign styrene foam is a critical environmental need. Supercritical CO2 use in foams has proven to be a valuable path. Adding fillers to increase bubble nucleation has been pursued concurrently. A prominent filler used is high surface area fillers, such as smectic clays. However, all studies to date show a limit of 152% in compressive moduli and 260% in the compressive stress. The values, even with such gains, limit structural application. A seminal work in 1987 by Suh and Cotton proved that carbonyl linkages in calcium carbonates and CO2 interact and impact nucleation efficiency and performance in supercritical CO2 foams. In this paper, a high surface area clay (layer double hydroxides) which begins in an exfoliated state, then functionalized with a long chain alkyl carboxylate (stearic acid) is synthesized. The result is a remarkable multi-fold improvement to the compressive properties in comparison to polystyrene (PS); a 268% and 512% increase in compressive modulus and strength, respectively. Using a pre-delaminated approach, the higher surface area was achieved in the clays. The presence of the stearate improved the interactions between the clay galleries and PS through hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions. The glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites was observed to shift to higher values after foaming. The results point to a new path to increase performance using a pre-delaminated clay with functional groups for environmentally benign foams.
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