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Hornak J, Černohous J, Prosr P, Rous P, Trnka P, Baran A, Hardoň Š. A Comprehensive Study of Polyurethane Potting Compounds Doped with Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061532. [PMID: 36987311 PMCID: PMC10059885 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, polyurethanes (PURs) have become a very promising group of materials with considerable utilization and innovation potential. This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the changes in material properties important for PUR applications in the electrical industry due to the incorporation of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles at different weight ratios. From the results of the investigations carried out, it is evident that the incorporation of MgO improves the volume (by up to +0.5 order of magnitude) and surface (+1 order of magnitude) resistivities, reduces the dielectric losses at higher temperatures (-62%), improves the thermal stability of the material, and slows the decomposition reaction of polyurethane at specific temperatures (+30 °C). In contrast, the incorporation of MgO results in a slight decrease in the dielectric strength (-15%) and a significant decrease in the mechanical strength (-37%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hornak
- Department of Materials and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Černohous
- Department of Materials and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Prosr
- Department of Materials and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rous
- Department of Materials and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trnka
- Department of Materials and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Baran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 2, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Hardoň
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Žilina, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
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Multilayered Composites with Carbon Nanotubes for Electromagnetic Shielding Application. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041053. [PMID: 36850335 PMCID: PMC9963311 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bulk polylactic acid (PLA)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared and investigated in wide frequency ranges (20 Hz-1 MHz and 24-40 GHz). It was determined that the percolation threshold in bulk PLA/MWCNT composites is close to 0.2 vol.% MWCNT. However, the best microwave dielectric properties and absorption were observed in composites with 3.0-5.0 vol.% MWCNT. Therefore, for future investigations, we selected layered (laminate) polymeric structures with gradual changes in MWCNT concentration from 0.2 to 8.0 vol.% MWCNT. Two approaches to laminate structure designs were examined and compared: a five-layer composite and a nine-layer composite that included four pure PLA middle layers. The addition of MWCNT enhanced the elastic modulus by up to 1.4-fold and tensile strength by up to 1.2-fold, with the best performance achieved at 5.0 vol.% loading. High microwave shielding was observed for these layered PLA/MWCNT structures with a gradient change in MWCNT concentration (up to 26 dB in both transmission and absorption coefficients) in the broad frequency range (from 24 to 40 GHz). Obtained structures are highly anisotropic, and the absorption coefficient is 2-5 dB higher in the direction of MWCNT concentration increase; however, the transmission coefficient is the same in both directions. The properties of microwave absorption are mainly unaffected by the additional polymeric layers. The absorption of the layered structure is greater than the absorption of single-layer composites with an optimal MWCNT concentration of the same thickness. The proposed laminate structure design is promising in the field of efficient electromagnetic shielding.
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Zhao L, Feng Y, Zou J, Zhang P. High resistivity‐temperature effect of resistivity for economical and facile conductive polymer composites with low percolation threshold via self‐constructed dual continuous structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhu Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
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Polyimide Nanodielectrics Doped with Ultralow Content of MgO Nanoparticles for High-Temperature Energy Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142918. [PMID: 35890694 PMCID: PMC9321189 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced polymer dielectrics with high energy density at elevated temperatures are highly desired to meet the requirements of modern electronic and electrical systems under harsh conditions. Herein, we report a novel polyimide/magnesium oxide (PI/MgO) nanodielectric that exhibits high energy storage density (Ue) and charge–discharge efficiency (η) along with excellent cycling stability at elevated temperatures. Benefiting from the large bandgap of MgO and the extended interchain spacing of PI, the composite films can simultaneously achieve high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength, leading to enhanced energy storage density. The nanocomposite film doped with 0.1 vol% MgO can achieve a maximum Ue of 2.6 J cm−3 and a η of 89% at 450 MV m−1 and 150 °C, which is three times that of the PI film under the same conditions. In addition, embedding ultralow content of inorganic fillers can avoid aggregation and facilitate its large-scale production. This work may provide a new paradigm for exploring polymer nanocomposites with excellent energy storage performance at high temperatures and under a high electric field.
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Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Polyethylene Composites Containing Cobalt Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051876. [PMID: 35269106 PMCID: PMC8912063 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites with electrically conductive inclusions are intensively developed for microwave shielding applications, where lightweight and elastic coatings are necessary. In this paper, dielectric properties of hybrid polyethylene composites containing cobalt nanoparticles and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated in the wide frequency range of 20–40 GHz for electromagnetic shielding applications. The percolation threshold in the hybrid system is close to 6.95 wt% MWCNT and 0.56 Co wt%. Cobalt nanoparticles (up to highest investigated concentration 4.8 wt%) had no impact on the percolation threshold, and for the fixed total concentration of fillers, the complex dielectric permittivity is higher for composites with bigger MWCNT concentrations. Moreover, the microwave complex dielectric permittivity of composites with high concentration of fillers is quite high (for composites with 13.4 wt% MWCNT and 1.1 wt% Co ε′ ≈ ε″ ≈ 20 at 30 GHz, it corresponds to microwave absorption 50% of 1 mm thickness plate); therefore, these composites are suitable for electromagnetic shielding applications.
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Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy and Synergy Effects in Epoxy/MWCNT/Ni@C Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020555. [PMID: 33672334 PMCID: PMC7926998 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dielectric/electric properties of the Ni@C (carbon-coated Ni)/epoxy composites and Ni@C/MWCNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)/epoxy composites loaded with fixed MWCNTs amount just below the percolation threshold (0.09 vol.%) and Ni@C at different concentrations up to 1 vol.% were investigated in broad frequency (20 Hz–40 GHz) and temperature (30 K–500 K) regions. In composites with the only Ni@C nanoparticles, the electrical percolation threshold was determined between 10 and 15 vol.%. Above the percolation threshold the dielectric permittivity (ε’) and the electrical conductivity (σ) of the composites loaded with Ni@C only are high enough, i.e., ε’ = 105 and σ = 0.6 S/m at 100 Hz for composites with 30 vol.% Ni@C, to be used for electromagnetic shielding applications. The annealing to 500 K was proved to be an effective and simple tool to decrease the percolation threshold in epoxy/Ni@C composites. For hybrid composites series an optimal concentration of Ni@C (0.2 vol.%) was determined, leading to the conductivity absolute values several orders of magnitude higher than that of a composite filled with MWCNTs only. The synergy effects of using both fillers have been discussed. Below room temperature the electrical transport is mainly governed by epoxy resin compression in all composites, while the electron tunnelling was observed only in hybrid composites below 200 K. At higher temperatures (above 400 K), in addition to the nanoparticles redistribution effects, the electrical conductivity of epoxy resin makes a significant contribution to the total composite conductivity. The dielectric relaxation spectroscopy allows estimating the nanoparticles distributions in polymer matrix and could be used as the non-destructive and fast alternate to microscopy techniques for general polymer composite fabrication control.
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Gorokhov G, Bychanok D, Gayduchenko I, Rogov Y, Zhukova E, Zhukov S, Kadyrov L, Fedorov G, Ivanov E, Kotsilkova R, Macutkevic J, Kuzhir P. THz Spectroscopy as a Versatile Tool for Filler Distribution Diagnostics in Polymer Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3037. [PMID: 33353036 PMCID: PMC7767186 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites containing nanocarbon fillers are under intensive investigation worldwide due to their remarkable electromagnetic properties distinguished not only by components as such, but the distribution and interaction of the fillers inside the polymer matrix. The theory herein reveals that a particular effect connected with the homogeneity of a composite manifests itself in the terahertz range. Transmission time-domain terahertz spectroscopy was applied to the investigation of nanocomposites obtained by co-extrusion of PLA polymer with additions of graphene nanoplatelets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The THz peak of permittivity's imaginary part predicted by the applied model was experimentally shown for GNP-containing composites both below and above the percolation threshold. The physical nature of the peak was explained by the impact on filler particles excluded from the percolation network due to the peculiarities of filler distribution. Terahertz spectroscopy as a versatile instrument of filler distribution diagnostics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Gorokhov
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str., 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (D.B.); (P.K.)
- Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Dzmitry Bychanok
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str., 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (D.B.); (P.K.)
- Radiophysics Department, Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Igor Gayduchenko
- Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str., 1/1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yuriy Rogov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Y.R.); (E.Z.); (S.Z.); (L.K.); (G.F.)
| | - Elena Zhukova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Y.R.); (E.Z.); (S.Z.); (L.K.); (G.F.)
| | - Sergei Zhukov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Y.R.); (E.Z.); (S.Z.); (L.K.); (G.F.)
| | - Lenar Kadyrov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Y.R.); (E.Z.); (S.Z.); (L.K.); (G.F.)
| | - Georgy Fedorov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Y.R.); (E.Z.); (S.Z.); (L.K.); (G.F.)
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- OLEM, Institute of Mechanics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (R.K.)
- Research and Development of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies (NanoTech Lab Ltd.), Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Block 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Kotsilkova
- OLEM, Institute of Mechanics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (R.K.)
| | - Jan Macutkevic
- Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya Str., 11, 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (D.B.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Zhao L, Xia W, Zhang P. Economical conductive graphite‐filled polymer composites via adjustable segregated structures: Construction, low percolation threshold, and positive temperature coefficient effect. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
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Relationship between Viscosity, Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity in Copolyamide Hot Melt Adhesives Containing Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204469. [PMID: 33050247 PMCID: PMC7599605 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polymeric adhesive used for the bonding of thermoplastic and thermoset composites forms an insulating layer which causes a real problem for lightning strike protection. In order to make that interlayer electrically conductive, we studied a new group of electrically conductive adhesives based on hot melt copolyamides and multi-walled carbon nanotubes fabricated by the extrusion method. The purpose of this work was to test four types of hot melts to determine the effect of their viscosity on the dispersion of 7 wt % multi-walled carbon nanotubes and electrical conductivity. It was found that the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, understood as the amount of the agglomerates in the copolyamide matrix, is not dependent on the level of the viscosity of the polymer. However, the electrical conductivity, analyzed by four-probe method and dielectric spectroscopy, increases when the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates decreases, with the highest value achieved being 0.67 S/m. The inclusion of 7 wt % multi-walled carbon nanotubes into each copolyamide improved their thermal stability and changed their melting points by only a few degrees. The addition of carbon nanotubes makes the adhesive's surface more hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on the type of copolyamide used.
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High positive temperature coefficient effect of resistivity in conductive polystyrene/polyurethane composites with ultralow percolation threshold of MWCNTs via interpenetrating structure. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Meisak D, Macutkevic J, Plyushch A, Kuzhir P, Selskis A, Banys J. Dielectric Relaxation in the Hybrid Epoxy/MWCNT/MnFe 2O 4 Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030697. [PMID: 32245162 PMCID: PMC7183270 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical properties of epoxy/MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)/MnFe2O4 hybrid composites loaded with MWCNTs (below, 0.09 vol.%, and above, 0.58 vol.%, percolation threshold) and varying concentrations of MnFe2O4 up to 10 vol.% were studied in a wide frequency range (20 Hz-40 GHz) at different temperatures (20 K-500 K). At low frequencies, the dielectric permittivity and the electrical conductivity of composites with fixed amounts of MWCNT are strongly dependent on MnFe2O4 content. For MWCNT concentrations above the percolation threshold (i.e., 0.58 vol.%), the electrical conductivity highly decreases with the increase of the MnFe2O4 fraction. In contrast, for the epoxy/MWCNT just below the onset of electrical conductivity (0.09 vol.% of MWCNTs), there exists an optimal concentration of MnFe2O4 inclusions (i.e., 0.025 vol.%), leading to a dramatic increase of the electrical conductivity by three orders of magnitude. The electrical transport in composites is mainly governed by electron tunneling at lower temperatures (below 200 K), and it is highly impacted by the matrix conductivity at higher temperatures (above 400 K). The electrical properties were discussed in terms of the Maxwell-Wagner relaxation and distributions of relaxation times. A non-invasive platform based on dielectric relaxation spectroscopy was proposed for enhancing the synergetic effect coursed by using multiple nanoinclusions in polymer composites just below the percolation threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Meisak
- Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-001222 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.M.); (A.P.); (J.B.)
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Jan Macutkevic
- Center for Physical Science and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-001222 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Artyom Plyushch
- Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-001222 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.M.); (A.P.); (J.B.)
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220006, Belarus
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Algirdas Selskis
- Center for Physical Science and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-001222 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Juras Banys
- Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-001222 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.M.); (A.P.); (J.B.)
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Vovchenko L, Matzui L, Oliynyk V, Milovanov Y, Mamunya Y, Volynets N, Plyushch A, Kuzhir P. Polyethylene Composites with Segregated Carbon Nanotubes Network: Low Frequency Plasmons and High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Efficiency. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051118. [PMID: 32138185 PMCID: PMC7084993 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) based composites with segregated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) network was successfully prepared by hot compressing of a mechanical mixture of PE and CNT powders. Through comparison with a composite comprising randomly distributed carbon nanotubes of the same concentration, we prove that namely the segregated CNT network is responsible for the excellent electrical properties, i.e., 10−1 S/m at 0.5–1% and 10 S/m at 6–12% of CNT. The investigation of the complex impedance in the frequency range 1 kHz–2 MHz shows that the sign of real part of the dielectric permittivity εr′ changes from positive to negative in electrically percolated composites indicating metal-like behavior of CNT segregated network. The obtained negative permittivity and AC conductivity behavior versus frequency for high CNT content (3–12%) are described by the Drude model. At the same time, in contrast to reflective metals, high electromagnetic shielding efficiency of fabricated PE composites in the frequency range 40–60 GHz, i.e., close to 100% at 1 mm thick sample, was due to absorption coursed by multiple reflection on every PE-CNT segregated network interface followed by electromagnetic radiation absorbed in each isolated PE granule surrounded by conductive CNT shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Vovchenko
- Department of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (L.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Ludmila Matzui
- Department of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (L.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Viktor Oliynyk
- Department of Radiophysics, Electronics, and Computer Systems, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Yurii Milovanov
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Yevgen Mamunya
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine48 Kharkivske Chaussee, 02160 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Nadezhda Volynets
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Str., 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (N.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Artyom Plyushch
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Str., 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (N.V.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Str., 220006 Minsk, Belarus; (N.V.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Correspondence:
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