1
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Ma YS, Kuo FM, Liu TH, Lin YT, Yu J, Wei Y. Exploring keratin composition variability for sustainable thermal insulator design. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133690. [PMID: 38971280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In pursuing sustainable thermal insulation solutions, this study explores the integration of human hair and feather keratin with alginate. The aim is to assess its potential in thermal insulation materials, focusing on the resultant composites' thermal and mechanical characteristics. The investigation uncovers that the type and proportion of keratin significantly influence the composites' porosity and thermal conductivity. Specifically, higher feather keratin content is associated with lesser sulfur and reduced crosslinking due to shorter amino acids, leading to increased porosity and pore sizes. This, in turn, results in a decrease in β-structured hydrogen bond networks, raising non-ordered protein structures and diminishing thermal conductivity from 0.044 W/(m·K) for pure alginate matrices to between 0.033 and 0.038 W/(m·K) for keratin-alginate composites, contingent upon the specific ratio of feather to hair keratin used. Mechanical evaluations further indicate that composites with a higher ratio of hair keratin exhibit an enhanced compressive modulus, ranging from 60 to 77 kPa, demonstrating the potential for tailored mechanical properties to suit various applications. The research underscores the critical role of sulfur content and the crosslinking index within keratin's structures, significantly impacting the thermal and mechanical properties of the matrices. The findings position keratin-based composites as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional insulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuan Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yang Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 106, Taiwan; High-value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
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2
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Li M, Wang F, Ouyang S, Liu Y, Hu Z, Wu Y, Qian J, Li Z, Wang L, Ma S. A comprehensive review on preparation and functional application of the wood aerogel with natural cellulose framework. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133340. [PMID: 38925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As the traditional aerogel has defects such as poor mechanical properties, complicated preparation process, high energy consumption and non-renewable, wood aerogel as a new generation of aerogel shows unique advantages. With a natural cellulose framework, wood aerogel is a novel nano-porous material exhibiting exceptional properties such as light weight, high porosity, large specific surface area, and low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, its adaptability to further functionalization enables versatile applications across diverse fields. Driven by the imperative for sustainable development, wood aerogel as a renewable and eco-friendly material, has garnered significant attention from researchers. This review introduces preparation methods of wood aerogel based on the top-down strategy and analyzes the factors influencing their key properties intending to obtain wood aerogels with desirable properties. Avenues for realizing its functionality are also explored, and research progress across various domains are surveyed, including oil-water separation, conductivity and energy storage, as well as photothermal conversion. Finally, potential challenges associated with wood aerogel exploitation and utilization are addressed, alongside discussions on future prospects and research directions. The results emphasize the broad research value and future prospects of wood aerogels, which are poised to drive high-value utilization of wood and foster the development of green multifunctional aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feijie Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shiqiang Ouyang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yichi Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zihan Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Advanced Manufacturing Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Shufeng Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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3
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Lin M, Guo X, Xu Y, Zhang X, Hu D. A Top-Down Approach to the Fabrication of Flame-Retardant Wood Aerogel with In Situ-Synthesized Borax and Zinc Borate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2638. [PMID: 38893902 PMCID: PMC11173988 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a top-down approach was employed for the fabrication of flame-retardant wood aerogels. The process involved the removal of lignin and the removal of hemicellulose utilizing NaOH concomitantly with the incorporation of ZnO and urea. Subsequently, an in situ reaction with boric acid was conducted to prepare flame-retardant wood aerogels. The morphology, chemical composition, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of the samples were studied. The results show that the NaOH treatment transformed the wood into a layered structure, and flame-retardant particles were uniformly distributed on the surface of the aerogel. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the flame-retardant aerogel were significantly reduced compared with the control samples. Meanwhile, its vertical burning test (UL-94) rating reached the V-0 level, and the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) could exceed 90%. The flame-retardant wood aerogel exhibited excellent flame retardancy and self-extinguishing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Lin
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangkun Guo
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yinchao Xu
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Donghao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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4
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Du Y, Liu S, Li Y, Chen X, Ho TC, Chao LC, Tso CY. Perovskite-Coated Thermochromic Transparent Wood: A Novel Material for Smart Windows in Energy-Efficient and Sustainable Buildings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49665-49677. [PMID: 37847175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Transparent wood (TW) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional glass as an energy-efficient window glazing material owing to its exceptional optical transparency and superior mechanical and thermal performances. However, it is challenging to develop the TW-based color-switching smart windows with both high optical performance and mechanical strengths. In this work, an optically switchable and mechanically robust perovskite-coated thermochromic transparent wood (PTTW) is developed for use as smart windows to achieve an effective solar modulation and thermal management. PTTW exhibits a substantial solar modulation ability Δτsol of 21.6% and a high clear-state luminous transmittance τlum of 78.0%, which enable an efficient thermal regulation while ensuring high visual clarity. PTTW also offers enhanced mechanical properties (i.e., tensile strength σtens = 71.4 MPa and flexural strength σflex = 93.1 MPa) and improved thermal properties [i.e., thermal conductivity K = 0.247 W/(m·K) and heat capacity C = 1.69 J/(g·°C)] compared to glass-based smart windows, as well as excellent performance stability (i.e., 200 heating-cooling cycles), manifesting its applicability in real building scenarios. In addition, PTTW also demonstrates a remarkable thermal-regulating performance (i.e., 5.44 °C indoor air temperature regulation) and an energy-saving potential (i.e., 12.9% heating, ventilation, and air conditioning energy savings) in Hong Kong. Overall, this study contributes to the progression toward energy-efficient and sustainable buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Du
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Chung Ho
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luke Christopher Chao
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Yan Tso
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Wu Y, Wang X, Yao L, Chang S, Wang X. Thermal Insulation Mechanism, Preparation, and Modification of Nanocellulose Aerogels: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5836. [PMID: 37570806 PMCID: PMC10421090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy problems have become increasingly prominent. The use of thermal insulation materials is an effective measure to save energy. As an efficient energy-saving material, nanocellulose aerogels have broad application prospects. However, nanocellulose aerogels have problems such as poor mechanical properties, high flammability, and they easily absorbs water from the environment. These defects restrict their thermal insulation performance and severely limit their application. This review analyzes the thermal insulation mechanism of nanocellulose aerogels and summarizes the methods of preparing them from biomass raw materials. In addition, aiming at the inherent defects of nanocellulose aerogels, this review focuses on the methods used to improve their mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and hydrophobicity in order to prepare high-performance thermal insulation materials in line with the concept of sustainable development, thereby promoting energy conservation, rational use, and expanding the application of nanocellulose aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihong Yao
- College of Materials Science and Art Design, Wood Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Y.W.); (X.W.); (S.C.); (X.W.)
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Garemark J, Perea-Buceta JE, Felhofer M, Chen B, Cortes Ruiz MF, Sapouna I, Gierlinger N, Kilpeläinen IA, Berglund LA, Li Y. Strong, Shape-Memory Lignocellulosic Aerogel via Wood Cell Wall Nanoscale Reassembly. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4775-4789. [PMID: 36716432 PMCID: PMC10018770 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer shape-memory aerogels (PSMAs) are prospects in various fields of application ranging from aerospace to biomedicine, as advanced thermal insulators, actuators, or sensors. However, the fabrication of PSMAs with good mechanical performance is challenging and is currently dominated by fossil-based polymers. In this work, strong, shape-memory bio-aerogels with high specific surface areas (up to 220 m2/g) and low radial thermal conductivity (0.042 W/mK) were prepared through a one-step treatment of native wood using an ionic liquid mixture of [MTBD]+[MMP]-/DMSO. The aerogel showed similar chemical composition similar to native wood. Nanoscale spatial rearrangement of wood biopolymers in the cell wall and lumen was achieved, resulting in flexible hydrogels, offering design freedom for subsequent aerogels with intricate geometries. Shape-memory function under stimuli of water was reported. The chemical composition and distribution, morphology, and mechanical performance of the aerogel were carefully studied using confocal Raman spectroscopy, AFM, SAXS/WAXS, NMR, digital image correlation, etc. With its simplicity, sustainability, and the broad range of applicability, the methodology developed for nanoscale reassembly of wood is an advancement for the design of biobased shape-memory aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Garemark
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesús E. Perea-Buceta
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00560Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Felhofer
- Department
of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Bin Chen
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Cortes Ruiz
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Sapouna
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova
University Centre, 106 91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department
of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilkka Antero Kilpeläinen
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00560Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion and Thermomechanical Properties of PLA Based Composites with Wheat/Rice Bran. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163389. [PMID: 36015647 PMCID: PMC9413742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to enhance the use of agricultural byproducts for the production of bio-composites by melt extrusion. It is well known that in the production of such bio-composites, the weak point is the filler-matrix interface, for this reason the adhesion between a polylactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate)(PBSA) blend and rice and wheat bran platelets was enhanced by a treatment method applied on the fillers using a suitable beeswax. Moreover, the coupling action of beeswax and inorganic fillers (such as talc and calcium carbonate) were investigated to improve the thermo-mechanical properties of the final composites. Through rheological (MFI), morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA, DSC), mechanical (Tensile, Impact), thermomechanical (HDT) characterizations and the application of analytical models, the optimum among the tested formulations was then selected.
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8
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Robust Silica–Agarose Composite Aerogels with Interpenetrating Network Structure by In Situ Sol–Gel Process. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050303. [PMID: 35621601 PMCID: PMC9141877 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerogels are three-dimensional nanoporous materials with outstanding properties, especially great thermal insulation. Nevertheless, their extremely high brittleness restricts their practical application. Recently, although the mechanical properties of silica aerogels have been improved by regulating the precursor or introducing a polymer reinforcer, these preparation processes are usually tedious and time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to simplify the preparation process of these composite aerogels. A silicic acid solution treated with cation exchange resin was mixed with agarose (AG) to gel in situ, and then composite aerogels (CAs) with an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure were obtained by aging and supercritical CO2 fluid (SCF) drying. Compared to previous works, the presented CAs preparation process is briefer and more environmentally friendly. Moreover, the CAs exhibit a high specific surface area (420.5 m2/g), low thermal conductivity (28.9 mW m−1 K−1), excellent thermal insulation properties, and thermal stability. These results show that these CAs can be better used in thermal insulation.
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Dong H, Zhang L, Shao L, Wu Z, Zhan P, Zhou X, Chen J. Versatile Strategy for the Preparation of Woody Biochar with Oxygen-Rich Groups and Enhanced Porosity for Highly Efficient Cr(VI) Removal. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:863-874. [PMID: 35036752 PMCID: PMC8756790 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is widely used to remove hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from wastewater through adsorption, which is recognized as a facile, cost-efficient, and high-selectivity approach. In this study, a versatile strategy that combines delignification with subsequent carbonization and KOH activation is proposed to prepare a novel woody biochar from waste poplar sawdust. By virtue of the unique multilayered and honeycomb porous structure induced by delignification and activation processes, the resultant activated carbonized delignified wood (ACDW) exhibits a high specific surface area of 970.52 m2 g-1 with increasing meso- and micropores and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. As a benign adsorbent for the uptake of Cr(VI) in wastewater, ACDW delivers a remarkable adsorption capacity of 294.86 mg g-1 in maximum, which is significantly superior to that of unmodified counterparts and other reported biochars. Besides, the adsorption behaviors fit better with the Langmuir isotherm, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption diffusion model in batch experiments. Based on the results, we put forward the conceivable adsorption mechanism that the synergistic contributions of the capillary force, electrostatic attraction, chemical complexation, and reduction action facilitate the Cr(VI) capture by ACDW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Dong
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central
South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Ministry
of Forestry Bioethanol Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan
International Joint Laboratory of Woody Biomass Conversion, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central
South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Ministry
of Forestry Bioethanol Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan
International Joint Laboratory of Woody Biomass Conversion, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lishu Shao
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central
South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Ministry
of Forestry Bioethanol Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan
International Joint Laboratory of Woody Biomass Conversion, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central
South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Ministry
of Forestry Bioethanol Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan
International Joint Laboratory of Woody Biomass Conversion, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central
South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Ministry
of Forestry Bioethanol Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan
International Joint Laboratory of Woody Biomass Conversion, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaoxun Zhou
- College
of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jienan Chen
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central
South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Ministry
of Forestry Bioethanol Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan
International Joint Laboratory of Woody Biomass Conversion, Changsha 410004, China
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Siddiqui MN, Redhwi HH, Younas M, Al-Arfaj AA, Hussain S, Naim M. Durability study of asphaltene-reinforced HDPE and LDPE composites under UV irradiation and local weathering exposure. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Muhammad A, Lee D, Shin Y, Park J. Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1347. [PMID: 33924110 PMCID: PMC8074296 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous polysaccharides have recently attracted attention due to their porosity, abundance, and excellent properties such as sustainability and biocompatibility, thereby resulting in their numerous applications. Recent years have seen a rise in the number of studies on the utilization of polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, chitin, and starch as aerogels due to their unique performance for the fabrication of porous structures. The present review explores recent progress in porous polysaccharides, particularly cellulose and chitosan, including their synthesis, application, and future outlook. Since the synthetic process is an important aspect of aerogel formation, particularly during the drying step, the process is reviewed in some detail, and a comparison is drawn between the supercritical CO2 and freeze drying processes in order to understand the aerogel formation of porous polysaccharides. Finally, the current applications of polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery, wastewater, wound dressing, and air filtration are explored, and the limitations and outlook of the porous aerogels are discussed with respect to their future commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (A.M.); (D.L.); (Y.S.)
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