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Mayekar PC, Auras R. Accelerating Biodegradation: Enhancing Poly(lactic acid) Breakdown at Mesophilic Environmental Conditions with Biostimulants. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300641. [PMID: 38206571 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has garnered interest due to its low environmental footprint and ability to replace conventional polymers and be disposed of in industrial composting environments. Although PLA is compostable when subjected to a suitable set of conditions, its broader acceptance in industrial composting facilities has been affected adversely due to longer degradation timeframes than the readily biodegradable organic waste fraction. PLA must be fully exposed to thermophilic conditions for prolonged periods to biodegrade, which has restricted its adoption and hindered its acceptance in industrial composting facilities, negating its home composting potential. Thus, enhancing PLA biodegradation is crucial to expand its acceptance. PLA's biodegradability is investigated in a compost matrix under mesophilic conditions at 37 °C for 180 days by biostimulating the compost environment with skim milk, gelatin, and ethyl lactate to enhance the different stages of PLA biodegradation. The evolved CO2, number average molecular weight (Mn), and crystallinity evolution are tracked. To achieve a Mn ≲ 10 kDa for PLA, the biodegradation rate is accelerated by 15% by adding skim milk, 25% by adding gelatin, and 22% by adding ethyl lactate. This work shows potential techniques to help biodegrade PLA in home composting setting by adding biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja C Mayekar
- The School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 157 Packaging Building, 448 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rafael Auras
- The School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 157 Packaging Building, 448 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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2
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Mayekar PC, Auras R. Speeding it up: dual effects of biostimulants and iron on the biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) at mesophilic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:530-539. [PMID: 38345085 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution presents a growing concern, and various solutions have been proposed to address it. One such solution involves the development of new plastics that match the properties of traditional polymers while exhibiting enhanced biodegradability when disposed of in a suitable environment. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biobased, compostable polymer known for its low environmental impact and ability to break down into harmless components within a specified timeframe. However, its degradation in industrial composting facilities poses challenges, and it cannot degrade in home composting. In this study, we investigated the biodegradability of PLA within a biostimulated compost matrix at mesophilic conditions (37 °C) over 180 days. The compost environment was enhanced with Fe3O4 nanopowder, skim milk, gelatin, and ethyl lactate, individually and in combination, to target different stages of the PLA biodegradation process. We monitored key indicators, CO2 evolution, number average molecular weight, and crystallinity, to assess the impact of the various biostimulants and iron. The results demonstrated that the most effective treatment for degrading PLA at mesophilic conditions was adding gelatin and Fe3O4. Gelatin accelerated PLA biodegradation by 25%, Fe3O4 by 17%, and a combination of gelatin and Fe3O4 by 30%. The effect of skim milk and ethyl lactate is also reported. This research introduces novel pathways to enhance PLA biodegradation in home composting scenarios, offering promising solutions to address the plastic pollution challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja C Mayekar
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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3
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Rajeshkumar L, Kumar PS, Ramesh M, Sanjay MR, Siengchin S. Assessment of biodegradation of lignocellulosic fiber-based composites - A systematic review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127237. [PMID: 37804890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced polymer composites are the most extensively used modern-day materials with low density and better specific strength specifically developed to render better physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Synthetic fiber-reinforced composites face some serious issues like low biodegradability, non-environmentally friendly, and low disposability. Lignocellulosic or natural fiber-reinforced composites, which are developed from various plant-based fibers and animal-based fibers are considered potential substitutes for synthetic fiber composites because they are characterized by lightweight, better biodegradability, and are available at low cost. It is very much essential to study end-of-life (EoL) conditions like biodegradability for the biocomposites which occur commonly after their service life. During biodegradation, the physicochemical arrangement of the natural fibers, the environmental conditions, and the microbial populations, to which the natural fiber composites are exposed, play the most influential factors. The current review focuses on a comprehensive discussion of the standards and assessment methods of biodegradation in aerobic and anaerobic conditions on a laboratory scale. This review is expected to serve the materialists and technologists who work on the EoL behaviour of various materials, particularly in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites to apply these standards and test methods to various classes of biocomposites for developing sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rajeshkumar
- Centre for Machining and Materials Testing, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sathish Kumar
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M R Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Bikiaris ND, Koumentakou I, Samiotaki C, Meimaroglou D, Varytimidou D, Karatza A, Kalantzis Z, Roussou M, Bikiaris RD, Papageorgiou GZ. Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051196. [PMID: 36904437 PMCID: PMC10007491 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered the most promising biobased substitute for fossil-derived polymers due to its compostability, biocompatibility, renewability, and good thermomechanical properties. However, PLA suffers from several shortcomings, such as low heat distortion temperature, thermal resistance, and rate of crystallization, whereas some other specific properties, i.e., flame retardancy, anti-UV, antibacterial or barrier properties, antistatic to conductive electrical characteristics, etc., are required by different end-use sectors. The addition of different nanofillers represents an attractive way to develop and enhance the properties of neat PLA. Numerous nanofillers with different architectures and properties have been investigated, with satisfactory achievements, in the design of PLA nanocomposites. This review paper overviews the current advances in the synthetic routes of PLA nanocomposites, the imparted properties of each nano-additive, as well as the numerous applications of PLA nanocomposites in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Samiotaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Meimaroglou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Varytimidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Karatza
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zisimos Kalantzis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magdalini Roussou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rizos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Study on the Extrusion Molding Process of Polylactic Acid Micro Tubes for Biodegradable Vascular Stents. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224790. [PMID: 36432917 PMCID: PMC9695583 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in the field of medical devices. However, few studies have been conducted on the extrusion molding of PLA micro tubes for the preparation of biodegradable vascular stents. In this paper, the extrusion die for PLA single-cavity micro tubes was designed and manufactured by micro-extrusion theory. Taking the outer diameter, wall thickness, wall thickness uniformity and ovality of micro tubes as the evaluation index, the influence of the main extrusion process parameters on the evaluation index was studied. The experimental results show that the outer diameter and wall thickness are significantly affected by screw speed, pulling speed and gas flow rate; extrusion process parameters have little influence on wall thickness uniformity and ovality within a certain range, which mainly depends on the processing accuracy and assembly accuracy of the extrusion die. However, excessively high screw speed and low gas flow rate have significant effects on ovality. Finally, according to the influence of extrusion process parameters on the evaluation index, a series of micro tubes that meet the design requirements are extruded and carved into vascular stent structures.
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6
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Li D, Li F, Liu J, Liu C, Su G, Yang H, Yu X. Synthesis and properties of
PAM
/
PLA
composite degradable particle temporary plugging agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing China
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing China
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing China
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing China
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Gaoshen Su
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Xiaorong Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
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7
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Salazar R, Salas-Gomez V, Alvarado AA, Baykara H. Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Polylactide-Polyethylene Glycol-Chitosan Active Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112266. [PMID: 35683938 PMCID: PMC9183075 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a natural biopolymer obtained from the exoskeleton of crustaceans. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, which has antimicrobial properties and potential applications in several industries. Moreover, the composites of chitosan with other biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA) as packaging film, have shown promising results. In this study, chitosan was obtained and characterized from shrimp shells. Then, polylactide-chitosan composite films were prepared by a solvent casting technique using various amounts of chitosan (0.5–2% w/w) and polyethylene glycol as plasticizer (10% w/w). Thermal, mechanical properties, Fourier-transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, as well as antibacterial properties of composite films were determined. It was found that adding chitosan (CH) into PLA films has a significant effect on tensile strength and no effect on thermal properties. The results showed a reduction on average of 1 log of colony-forming units against Staphylococcus aureus, while there is no antibacterial effect against Salmonella typhimurium. The study proved the antibacterial effect of CH in films of PLA against Gram-positive bacteria and appropriate mechanical properties. These films could be used for the development of biodegradable/eco-friendly food packaging prototypes, as a potential solution to replace conventional non-degradable packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rómulo Salazar
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. BOX 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Veronica Salas-Gomez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. BOX 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador;
| | - Adriana A. Alvarado
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Química y Ciencias Ambientales, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador;
| | - Haci Baykara
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. BOX 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador;
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Center of Nanotechnology Research and Development (CIDNA), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. BOX 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (H.B.)
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8
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PLLA/Graphene Nanocomposites Membranes with Improved Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, nanocomposite membranes based on graphene and polylactide were evaluated for mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Single-layer graphene (SLG), graphene nanosheets (GNS), and poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) were prepared through layer-by-layer deposition and homogeneous mixing. The results revealed that PLLA/SLG nanocomposites and PLLA/GNS nanocomposites could show enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The addition of a tiny amount of SLG significantly improved Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PLLA matrix by 15.9% and 32.8% respectively, while the addition of the same mass ratio of GNS boosted the elongation at break of the PLLA matrix by 79.7%. These results were ascribed to the crystallinity and interfacial interaction differences resulting from graphene incorporation. Also, improved biocompatibility was observed with graphene incorporation. Such nanocomposites membranes showed a lot of potential as environment-friendly and biomedical materials.
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9
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Nath D, R S, Pal K, Sarkar P. Nanoclay-based active food packaging systems: A review. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Behera AK, Srivastava R, Das AB. Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Thermoplastic Starch Reinforced Nanocomposites. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Behera
- Department of Chemistry Utkal University Bhubaneswar Odisha 751004 India
| | | | - Anath B. Das
- Department of Botany Utkal University Bhubaneswar Odisha 751004 India
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11
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Ahmed J, Mulla MZ, Vahora A, Bher A, Auras R. Morphological, barrier and thermo-mechanical properties of high-pressure treated polylactide graphene oxide reinforced composite films. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Camani PH, Souza AG, Barbosa RFS, Zanini NC, Mulinari DR, Rosa DS. Comprehensive insight into surfactant modified-PBAT physico-chemical and biodegradability properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128708. [PMID: 33168282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to prepare surfactant modified-PBAT (poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)) sheets with superior properties to increase the PBAT applicability and be a possible solution for plastic disposal environmental problems. Three different surfactant contents (0, 1, 5, and 10 wt%) were investigated, and their effects on PBAT chemical structure, mechanical and morphological properties, wettability, and water absorption were investigated. Modified-PBAT samples showed high hydrogen bond coefficients (0.57) than the pristine PBAT (0.54), indicating an excellent electrostatic interaction between both components and the formation of a rigid hydrogen-bonded network, as confirmed by mechanical tests, where the elastic modulus values for PBAT and PBAT+10% surfactant were 44 and 60 MPa. SEM images and roughness measurements showed changes in PBAT morphology after surfactant addition, improving the roughness and wettability by the voids and polar groups presence, altering the water absorption (WA) behavior. The higher water affinity resulted in high water absorption for PBAT-10%S (17%) compared to the pristine PBAT (2%), which improves hydrolysis tendency, which is the initial step to biodegradation. Biodegradation results indicated that the roughness and WA behavior influenced the biodegradation rate, facilitating hydrolysis and microbial attack, and accelerating modified samples weight loss. Our results suggested developing a material with superior mechanical properties, mainly for PBAT-10%S, that can be applied in several applications, such as packaging and furniture. After discharge, it is not an environmental problem, being a biodegradable material with a green character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H Camani
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Alana G Souza
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Rennan F S Barbosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Noelle C Zanini
- Department of Mechanic and Energy, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, CEP 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Daniella R Mulinari
- Department of Mechanic and Energy, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, CEP 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Derval S Rosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil.
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Structure-Property Relationships in Bionanocomposites for Pipe Extrusion Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050782. [PMID: 33806333 PMCID: PMC7961334 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, bionanocomposites based on different biodegradable polymers and two types of nanofillers, namely a nanosized calcium carbonate and an organomodified nanoclay, were produced through melt extrusion, with the aim to evaluate the possible applications of these materials as a potential alternative to traditional fossil fuel-derived polyolefins, for the production of irrigation pipes. The rheological behavior of the formulated systems was thoroughly evaluated by exploiting different flow regimes, and the obtained results indicated a remarkable effect of the introduced nanofillers on the low-frequency rheological response, especially in nanoclay-based bionanocomposites. Conversely, the shear viscosity at a high shear rate was almost unaffected by the presence of both types of nanofillers, as well as the rheological response under nonisothermal elongational flow. In addition, the analysis of the mechanical properties of the formulated materials indicated that the embedded nanofillers increased the elastic modulus when compared to the unfilled counterparts, notwithstanding a slight decrease of the material ductility. Finally, the processing behavior of unfilled biopolymers and bionanocomposites was evaluated, allowing for selecting the most suitable material and thus fulfilling the processability requirements for pipe extrusion applications.
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14
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Naseem R, Tzivelekis C, German MJ, Gentile P, Ferreira AM, Dalgarno K. Strategies for Enhancing Polyester-Based Materials for Bone Fixation Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040992. [PMID: 33668466 PMCID: PMC7917714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester-based materials are established options, regarding the manufacturing of bone fixation devices and devices in routine clinical use. This paper reviews the approaches researchers have taken to develop these materials to improve their mechanical and biological performances. Polymer blending, copolymerisation, and the use of particulates and fibre bioceramic materials to make composite materials and surface modifications have all been studied. Polymer blending, copolymerisation, and particulate composite approaches have been adopted commercially, with the primary focus on influencing the in vivo degradation rate. There are emerging opportunities in novel polymer blends and nanoscale particulate systems, to tune bulk properties, and, in terms of surface functionalisation, to optimise the initial interaction of devices with the implanted environment, offering the potential to improve the clinical performances of fracture fixation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raasti Naseem
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Charalampos Tzivelekis
- School of Dental Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (C.T.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Matthew J. German
- School of Dental Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (C.T.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Ana M. Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
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15
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Ramos M, Fortunati E, Beltrán A, Peltzer M, Cristofaro F, Visai L, Valente AJ, Jiménez A, Kenny JM, Garrigós MC. Controlled Release, Disintegration, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Thymol/Nanoclay Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1878. [PMID: 32825481 PMCID: PMC7565000 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-biocomposite films based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared by adding thymol (8 wt.%) and a commercial montmorillonite (D43B) at different concentrations (2.5 and 5 wt.%). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and disintegration properties of all films were determined. A kinetic study was carried out to evaluate the thymol release from the polymer matrix into ethanol 10% (v/v) as food simulant. The nanostructured networks formed in binary and ternary systems were of interest in controlling the release of thymol into the food simulant. The results indicated that the diffusion of thymol through the PLA matrix was influenced by the presence of the nanoclay. Disintegration tests demonstrated that the incorporation of both additives promoted the breakdown of the polymer matrix due to the presence of the reactive hydroxyl group in the thymol structure and ammonium groups in D43B. Active films containing thymol and D43B efficiently enhanced the antioxidant activity (inhibition values higher than 77%) of the nano-biocomposites. Finally, the addition of 8 wt.% thymol and 2.5 wt.% D43B significantly increased the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4, resulting in a clear advantage to improve the shelf-life of perishable packaged food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Elena Fortunati
- Civil Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy; (E.F.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Ana Beltrán
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Mercedes Peltzer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires B1876BXD, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Francesco Cristofaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.C.); (L.V.)
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri, Società Benefit S.p.A IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Artur J.M. Valente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
| | - José María Kenny
- Civil Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy; (E.F.); (J.M.K.)
| | - María Carmen Garrigós
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
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16
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Cao X, Chi X, Deng X, Sun Q, Gong X, Yu B, Yuen ACY, Wu W, Li RKY. Facile Synthesis of Phosphorus and Cobalt Co-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Fire and Smoke Suppressions of Polylactide Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051106. [PMID: 32408685 PMCID: PMC7285335 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique two-dimensional structure and features of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), such as high thermal stability and superior catalytic property, it is considered to be a promising flame retardant nano-additive for polymers. Here, we reported a facile strategy to prepare cobalt/phosphorus co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Co/P-C3N4) by a simple and scalable thermal decomposition method. The structure of Co/P-C3N4 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The carbon atoms in g-C3N4 were most likely substituted by phosphorous atoms. The thermal stability of polylactide (PLA) composites was increased continuously with increasing the content of Co/P-C3N4. In contrast to the g-C3N4, the Polylactide (PLA) composites containing Co/P-C3N4 exhibited better flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression. With the addition of 10 wt % Co/P-C3N4, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), carbon dioxide (CO2) production (PCO2P) and carbon oxide (CO) production (PCOP) values of PLA composites decreased by 22.4%, 16.2%, and 38.5%, respectively, compared to those of pure PLA, although the tensile strength of PLA composites had a slightly decrease. The char residues of Co/P-C3N4 composites had a more compact and continuous structure with few cracks. These improvements are ascribed to the physical barrier effect, as well as catalytic effects of Co/P-C3N4, which inhibit the rapid release of combustible gaseous products and suppression of toxic gases, i.e., CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoning Chi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xueqin Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Qijun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
| | - Xianjing Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia;
| | - Wei Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Robert Kwow Yiu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
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