1
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Satoh Y, Ishizuka S, Hiradate S, Atarashi-Andoh M, Nagano H, Koarashi J. Sequential loss-on-ignition as a simple method for evaluating the stability of soil organic matter under actual environmental conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117224. [PMID: 37788758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the largest carbon (C) reservoirs on Earth, and therefore its stability attracts a great deal of interest from the perspective of the global C cycle. This study examined the applicability of loss-on-ignition with a stepwise increase in temperature (SIT-LOI) of soil to evaluate the stability of SOM using soil samples having different organic matter (OM) and mineral contents and different mean residence times (MRTs) for SOM. The responses of SOM to the SIT-LOI varied depending on the samples but were all successfully approximated by a liner regression model as a function of the temperature of LOI. The slope value in the liner model that determines the residual potential of carbon during the SIT-LOI highly correlated with MRT of SOM, suggesting that this value reflects the overall stability of SOM over a range of soil properties. This hypothesis was consistent with the observation that Δ14C values of SOM decreased with increasing LOI temperature and thus, older, slower-cycling SOM was preferentially left in the soil samples by SIT-LOI. Additionally, the hypothesis was also supported by the significant correlations (p < 0.01) between the slope value and OM and mineral contents in the samples because these components are considered to regulate SOM stability. In addition to the regression analysis of the SIT-LOI data, changes in carbon to nitrogen (C/N) and carbon to hydrogen (C/H) ratios and stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) of the samples were investigated. The results suggest that the mineral association of SOM is an important factor characterizing the response of SOM to LOI. Hence, it was concluded that SIT-LOI is a simple and useful method for evaluating the stability of SOM under actual environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Satoh
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), Aomori, 039-3212, Japan.
| | - Shigehiro Ishizuka
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Research Institute (FFPRI), Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | | | - Mariko Atarashi-Andoh
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Nagano
- Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Jun Koarashi
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
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2
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Mutlu A, Erdem A, Dogan M. Potential Use of Melamine Phytate as a Flame-Retardant Additive in Chicken Feather-Containing Thermoplastic Polyurethane Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25081-25089. [PMID: 37483238 PMCID: PMC10357521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Using waste materials such as chicken feathers (CF) and biobased flame-retardant additives including melamine phytate (MPht) has become an effective approach for environmentally friendly and sustainable production in recent years. This study explores the flame retardant effectiveness of MPht in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based biocomposites containing CF. The characterizations of the composites are performed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), and mass loss calorimetry (MLC) tests. According to the test results, the highest UL-94 V rating of V0, a LOI value of 29.4%, and the lowest peak heat release rate (pHRR) (110 Kw/m2) and total heat evolved (THE) (39 MJ/m2) values are obtained with the use of 20 wt % MPht. It is demonstrated that MPht acts as an effective flame-retardant filler through the formation of intumescent char in the condensed phase and flame dilution in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Mutlu
- Department
of Textile, Apparel and Leather Van Vocational School of Higher Education, Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Erdem
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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3
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Yang XM, Qiu S, Yusuf A, Sun J, Zhai Z, Zhao J, Yin GZ. Recent advances in flame retardant and mechanical properties of polylactic acid: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125050. [PMID: 37257540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale application of ecofriendly polymeric materials has become a key focus of scientific research with the trend toward sustainable development. Mechanical properties and fire safety are two critical considerations of biopolymers for large-scale applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a flammable, melt-drop carrying, and strong but brittle polymer. Hence, it is essential to achieve both flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement to improve safety and broaden its application. This study reviews the recent research on the flame retardant functionalization and mechanical reinforcement of PLA. It classifies PLA according to the type of the flame retardant strategy employed, such as surface-modified fibers, modified nano/micro fillers, small-molecule and macromolecular flame retardants, flame retardants with fibers or polymers, and chain extension or crosslinking with other flame retardants. The functionalization strategies and main parameters of the modified PLA systems are summarized and analyzed. This study summarizes the latest advances in the fields of flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Abdulmalik Yusuf
- E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongjie Zhai
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junhuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Guo Y, Zuo C, Tan W, Liu Y, Jiang L, Yu D, Ren Y, Liu X. Fabricating flame retardant polyacrylonitrile fibers modified by sodium lignosulfonate and copper ions. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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6
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
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7
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Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
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8
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Reynolds KJ, Zagho MM, Robertson M, Qiang Z, Nazarenko S. Environmental, Health, and Legislation Considerations for Rational Design of Nonreactive Flame-Retardant Additives for Polymeric Materials: Future Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200472. [PMID: 35835732 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing polymer usage has demanded functional additives that decrease fire hazards for end users. While traditional flame-retardant (FR) additives, such as halogenated, phosphorus, and metal hydroxides, greatly reduce flammability and associated fire hazards, research has continually exposed a litany of health and environmental safety concerns. This perspective aims to identify the key components of a successful FR additive and address material, environmental, and health concerns of existing additives. Legislation surrounding FRs and persistent organic pollutants is also discussed to highlight political perception that has resulted in the increased chemical regulations and subsequent banning of FR additives. Finally, future directions of this field regarding nonreactive additives, focusing on the use of bioinspired materials and transition metal chemistries to produce alternatives for polymers with efficacies surpassing traditional additives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Reynolds
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Moustafa M Zagho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Sergei Nazarenko
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shelby F. Thames Polymer Science Research Center, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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9
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Wang X, Li Y, Meng D, Gu X, Sun J, Hu Y, Bourbigot S, Zhang S. A Review on Flame-Retardant Polyvinyl Alcohol: Additives and Technologies. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2076694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille Institut, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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10
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Azman Mohammad Taib MN, Hamidon TS, Garba ZN, Trache D, Uyama H, Hussin MH. Recent progress in cellulose-based composites towards flame retardancy applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Cho W, Shields JR, Dubrulle L, Wakeman K, Bhattarai A, Zammarano M, Fox DM. Ion – complexed chitosan formulations as effective fire-retardant coatings for wood substrates. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Kulkarni S, Xia Z, Yu S, Kiratitanavit W, Morgan AB, Kumar J, Mosurkal R, Nagarajan R. Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on the Synergistic Combination of Tannic Acid and Phytic Acid for Nylon-Cotton Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61620-61628. [PMID: 34908405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic polymeric fibers are used extensively in making fabrics for a variety of civilian and military applications. Due to the durability and comfort, nyco, a 50-50% blend of nylon 66 and cotton, is used as the material of choice in many applications including military uniforms. This fabric is flammable due to the presence of cotton and nylon but has good mechanical properties and is comfortable to wear. Here, we report a novel surface functionalization method that utilizes a synergistic combination of bio-based materials, tannic acid (TA) and phytic acid (PA), to impart flame-retardant (FR) properties to the nyco fabric. TA and PA were sequentially attached to nylon and cotton fibers through hydrogen bonding interactions and phosphorylation, respectively. The surface functionalization of the treated fabrics was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis, microscale combustion calorimetry, cone calorimetry, and vertical flame testing were employed to study the effect of the functionalization on the thermal stability and flammability of the nyco fabric. Though reasonable durable functionalization is observed from elemental analysis, it is not enough to impart wash-durable FR treatment. These results indicate that flame retardancy is enabled through the enhanced char formation provided by the combination of TA and PA. The TA-PA system applied to nyco shows great promise as a bio-based FR system. This study for the first time also provides evidence for the selectivity of TA in imparting FR characteristics for nylon and PA in imparting FR properties for cotton. The combination of TA and PA provides promising FR characteristics to nyco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Kulkarni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Shiran Yu
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Weeradech Kiratitanavit
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Alexander B Morgan
- Center for Flame Retardant Materials Science, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Physics & Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ravi Mosurkal
- Protection Materials Division, U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ramaswamy Nagarajan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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13
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Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:82. [PMID: 35012105 PMCID: PMC8747271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Building Office, Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning & Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xinfeng Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongjian Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shifang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
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14
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Satoh Y, Wada S. Characterizing Behavior of Fatty Acids in Natural Organic Samples during Loss on Ignition (LOI) at Each Temperature. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Satoh
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 1-7 Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 422-0015, Japan
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15
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Machado I, Shaer C, Hurdle K, Calado V, Ishida H. Towards the Development of Green Flame Retardancy by Polybenzoxazines. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Basak S, Raja A, Saxena S, Patil P. Tannin based polyphenolic bio-macromolecules: Creating a new era towards sustainable flame retardancy of polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Xu YJ, Qu LY, Liu Y, Zhu P. An overview of alginates as flame-retardant materials: Pyrolysis behaviors, flame retardancy, and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Matta S, Bartoli M, Frache A, Malucelli G. Investigation of Different Types of Biochar on the Thermal Stability and Fire Retardance of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1256. [PMID: 33924477 PMCID: PMC8070515 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, three biochars, deriving from soft wood, oil seed rape, and rice husk and differing as far as the ash content is considered (2.3, 23.4, and 47.8 wt.%, respectively), were compounded in an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (vinyl acetate content: 19 wt.%), using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder; three loadings for each biochar were selected, namely 15, 20, and 40 wt.%. The thermal and mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated, as well as the flame retardance of the resulting compounds. In particular, biochar, irrespective of the type, slowed down the crystallization of the copolymer: this effect increased with increasing the filler loading. Besides, despite a very limited effect in flammability tests, the incorporation of biochar at increasing loadings turned out to enhance the forced-combustion behavior of the compounds, as revealed by the remarkable decrease of peak of heat release rate and of total heat release, notwithstanding a significant increase of the residues at the end of the tests. Finally, increasing the biochar loadings promoted an increase of the stiffness of the resulting compounds, as well as a decrease of their ductility with respect to unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), without impacting too much on the overall mechanical behavior of the copolymer. The obtained results seem to indicate that biochar may represent a possible low environmental impact alternative to the already used flame retardants for EVA, providing a good compromise between enhanced fire resistance and acceptable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Matta
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Alberto Frache
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.)
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20
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Yang Y, Wang X, Fei B, Li H, Gu X, Sun J, Zhang S. Preparation of phytic acid‐based green intumescent flame retardant and its application in
PLA
nonwovens. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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21
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Satoh Y, Wada S. Characterization of Organic Biomolecules (Monosaccharide, Fatty Acid, and Amino Acid) by Losses on Ignition under Stepwise Increases in Temperature. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Satoh
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 1-7 Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 422-0015, Japan
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22
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Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050741. [PMID: 33673607 PMCID: PMC7957674 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.
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23
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Kim Y, Lee S, Yoon H. Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:540. [PMID: 33673106 PMCID: PMC7918670 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Kim
- R&D Laboratory: Korea Fire Institute, 331 Jisam-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17088, Korea;
| | - Sanghyuck Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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24
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Machado I, Hsieh I, Calado V, Chapin T, Ishida H. Nacre-Mimetic Green Flame Retardant: Ultra-High Nanofiller Content, Thin Nanocomposite as an Effective Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2351. [PMID: 33066458 PMCID: PMC7602158 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A nacre-mimetic brick-and-mortar structure was used to develop a new flame-retardant technology. A second biomimetic approach was utilized to develop a non-flammable elastomeric benzoxazine for use as a polymer matrix that effectively adheres to the hydrophilic laponite nanofiller. A combination of laponite and benzoxazine is used to apply an ultra-high nanofiller content, thin nanocomposite coating on a polyurethane foam. The technology used is made environmentally friendly by eliminating the need to add any undesirable flame retardants, such as phosphorus additives or halogenated compounds. The very-thin coating on the polyurethane foam (PUF) is obtained through a single dip-coating. The structure of the polymer has been confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The flammability of the polymer and nanocomposite was evaluated by heat release capacity using microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). A material with heat release capacity (HRC) lower than 100 J/Kg is considered non-ignitable. The nanocomposite developed exhibits HRC of 22 J/Kg, which is well within the classification of a non-ignitable material. The cone calorimeter test was also used to investigate the flame retardancy of the nanocomposite's thin film on polyurethane foam. This test confirms that the second peak of the heat release rate (HRR) decreased 62% or completely disappeared for the coated PUF with different loadings. Compression tests show an increase in the modulus of the PUF by 88% for the 4 wt% coating concentration. Upon repeated modulus tests, the rigidity decreases, approaching the modulus of the uncoated PUF. However, the effect of this repeated mechanical loading does not significantly affect the flame retarding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlaine Machado
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA;
| | - Isabel Hsieh
- Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA;
| | - Veronica Calado
- School of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Horácio Macedo 2030, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil;
| | - Thomas Chapin
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), 2500 Dundee Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062S, USA;
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA;
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25
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Tomiak F, Schartel B, Wolf M, Drummer D. Particle Size Related Effects of Multi-Component Flame-Retardant Systems in Poly(Butadiene Terephthalate). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061315. [PMID: 32526893 PMCID: PMC7361971 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum tris-(diethylphosphinate) (AlPi) is known to have an efficient flame-retardant effect when used in poly(butadiene terephthalates) (PBT). Additionally, better flame-retardant effects can be achieved through the partial substitution of AlPi by boehmite in multi-component systems, which have been shown to be an effective synergist due to cooling effects and residue formation. Although the potential of beneficial effects is generally well known, the influence of particle sizes and behavior in synergistic compositions are still unknown. Within this paper, it is shown that the synergistic effects in flammability measured by limiting oxygen index (LOI) can vary depending on the particle size distribution used in PBT. In conducting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements, it was observed that smaller boehmite particles result in slightly increased char yields, most probably due to increased reactivity of the metal oxides formed, and they react slightly earlier than larger boehmite particles. This leads to an earlier release of water into the system enhancing the hydrolysis of PBT. Supported by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we propose that the later reactions of the larger boehmite particles decrease the portion of highly flammable tetrahydrofuran in the gas phase within early burning stages. Therefore, the LOI index increased by 4 vol.% when lager boehmite particles were used for the synergistic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fürth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 11205 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael Wolf
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (D.D.)
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fürth, Germany
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