1
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Aarsen C, Liguori A, Mattsson R, Sipponen MH, Hakkarainen M. Designed to Degrade: Tailoring Polyesters for Circularity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8473-8515. [PMID: 38936815 PMCID: PMC11240263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A powerful toolbox is needed to turn the linear plastic economy into circular. Development of materials designed for mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and/or biodegradation in targeted end-of-life environment are all necessary puzzle pieces in this process. Polyesters, with reversible ester bonds, are already forerunners in plastic circularity: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most recycled plastic material suitable for mechanical and chemical recycling, while common aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable under favorable conditions, such as industrial compost. However, this circular design needs to be further tailored for different end-of-life options to enable chemical recycling under greener conditions and/or rapid enough biodegradation even under less favorable environmental conditions. Here, we discuss molecular design of the polyester chain targeting enhancement of circularity by incorporation of more easily hydrolyzable ester bonds, additional dynamic bonds, or degradation catalyzing functional groups as part of the polyester chain. The utilization of polyester circularity to design replacement materials for current volume plastics is also reviewed as well as embedment of green catalysts, such as enzymes in biodegradable polyester matrices to facilitate the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine
V. Aarsen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Liguori
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rebecca Mattsson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika H. Sipponen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Wang Y, Xu C, Liu Q, Guo C, Zhang S. The Synthesis of Narrowly Dispersed Poly(ε-caprolactone) Microspheres by Dispersion Polymerization Using a Homopolymer Poly(dodecyl acrylate) as the Stabilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1911. [PMID: 39000766 PMCID: PMC11243806 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Using dodecyl acrylate as a raw material and 2-Cyanoprop-2-yl-dithiobenzoate as a chain transfer agent, poly(dodecyl acrylate) is synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Using poly(dodecyl acrylate) as stabilizers, narrowly dispersed poly(ε-caprolactone) microspheres with particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 μm are successfully synthesized by ring-opening dispersion polymerization. The effects of the molecular weight of poly(dodecyl acrylate), the volume proportion of mixed solvent (i.e., 1,4-dioxane/heptane), and the reaction temperature on the particle size and its distribution are investigated. With careful control of the synthesis condition, microspheres can be obtained with a particle size distribution of 1.09 (Dw/Dn). The average particle size of poly(ε-caprolactone) microspheres decreased with the increase in the molecular weight of poly(dodecyl acrylate) and increased with the increase in the relative content of 1,4-dioxane. The uniformity of microspheres decreased with the increase in the polymerization temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shengmiao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.W.); (C.X.); (Q.L.); (C.G.)
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3
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Jiang T, Han Y, Esmaeilizadeh N, Barkhordari A, Jalil AT, Saleh MM, Talaei S, Pilehvar Y. Epidural Administration of Curcumin-Loaded Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Electrospun Nanofibers for Extended Analgesia After Laminectomy in Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6557-6571. [PMID: 36881321 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Several clinical studies have reported the analgesic effect of curcumin (Curc) in various situations such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and postsurgical pain. Therefore, in this work, Curc-loaded electrospun nanofibers (NFs) are designed to evaluate their sustained release on analgesic effect duration in rats after epidural placement via repeated formalin and tail-flick tests. The Curc-loaded polycaprolactone/gelatin NFs (Curc-PCL/GEL NFs) are prepared through an electrospinning technique and introduced to the rat's epidural space after laminectomy. The physicochemical and morphology features of the prepared Curc-PCL/GEL NFs were characterized via FE-SEM, FTIR, and degradation assay. The in vitro and in vivo concentrations of Curc were measured to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of the drug-loaded NFs. Rat nociceptive responses are investigated through repeated formalin and tail-flick tests for 5 weeks after the placement of NFs. Curc had a sustained release from the NFs for 5 weeks, and its local pharmaceutical concentrations were much greater than plasma concentrations. Rat's pain scores in both early and late phases of the formalin test were remarkably decreased in the experimental period. Rat's tail-flick latency was remarkably enhanced and remained constant for up to 4 weeks. Our findings show that the Curc-PCL/GEL NFs can supply controlled release of Curc to induce extended analgesia after laminectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | | | - Amin Barkhordari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Marwan Mahmood Saleh
- Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Sona Talaei
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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4
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Fakhri V, Su CH, Tavakoli Dare M, Bazmi M, Jafari A, Pirouzfar V. Harnessing the power of polyol-based polyesters for biomedical innovations: synthesis, properties, and biodegradation. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9597-9629. [PMID: 37740402 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01186k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters based on polyols have emerged as promising biomaterials for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatile physicochemical properties. This review article provides an overview of the synthesis methods, performance, and biodegradation mechanisms of polyol-based polyesters, highlighting their potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications. The synthesis techniques, such as simple polycondensation and enzymatic polymerization, allow for the fine-tuning of polyester structure and molecular weight, thereby enabling the tailoring of material properties to specific application requirements. The physicochemical properties of polyol-based polyesters, such as hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties, can be altered by incorporating different polyols. The article highlights the influence of various factors, such as molecular weight, crosslinking density, and degradation medium, on the biodegradation behavior of these materials, and the importance of understanding these factors for controlling degradation rates. Future research directions include the development of novel polyesters with improved properties, optimization of degradation rates, and exploration of advanced processing techniques for fabricating scaffolds and drug delivery systems. Overall, polyol-based polyesters hold significant potential in the field of biomedical applications, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements and innovative solutions that could revolutionize patient care and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Masoud Tavakoli Dare
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Bazmi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Pirouzfar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Abdulrhman M, Kaniyoor A, Fernández-Posada CM, Acosta-Mora P, McLean I, Weston N, Desmulliez MPY, Marques-Hueso J. Low-power laser manufacturing of copper tracks on 3D printed geometry using liquid polyimide coating. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2280-2287. [PMID: 37056619 PMCID: PMC10089081 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle photoreduction synthesis by direct laser writing is a process that enables copper micro-track production on very specific polymers. However, some important 3D printing polymers, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and acrylates, do not accept this treatment on their surface. This work presents an approach to produce copper microcircuitry on 3D substrates from these materials by using direct laser writing at low power (32 mW CW diode laser). We show that by coating a thin layer of polyimide (PI) on a 3D-printed geometry, followed by a sequence of chemical treatments and low-power laser-induced photoreduction, copper tracks can be produced using silver as catalyst. The surface chemistry of the layer through the different stages of the process is monitored by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The copper tracks are selectively grown on the laser-patterned areas by electroless copper deposition, with conductivity (1.2 ± 0.7) × 107 S m-1 and a width as small as 28 μm. The patterns can be written on 3D structures and even inside cavities. The technique is demonstrated by integrating different circuits, including a LED circuit on 3D printed photopolymer acrylate and a perovskite solar cell on an ABS 3D curved geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Abdulrhman
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | - Adarsh Kaniyoor
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Pablo Acosta-Mora
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | - Ian McLean
- Renishaw plc. Research Avenue, Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AP UK
| | - Nick Weston
- Renishaw plc. Research Avenue, Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AP UK
| | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | - Jose Marques-Hueso
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
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6
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Ghosh S, Yadav A, Rani S, Takkar S, Kulshreshtha R, Nandan B, Srivastava RK. 3D Printed Hierarchical Porous Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds from Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsion Templating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1927-1946. [PMID: 36701663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of biomaterials, particularly bone tissue engineering, there has been a great increase in interest in scaffolds with hierarchical porosity and customizable multifunctionality. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) printing of biopolymer-based inks (solutions or emulsions) has gained high popularity for fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds, which optimally satisfies the desired properties and performances. Herein, therefore, we explore the fabrication of 3D printed hierarchical porous scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) using the water-in-oil (w/o) Pickering PCL high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as the ink in 3D printer. The Pickering PCL HIPEs stabilized using hydrophobically modified nanoclay comprised of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the dispersed phase. Rheological measurements suggested the shear thinning behavior of Pickering HIPEs having a dispersed droplet diameter of 3-25 μm. The pore morphology resembling the natural extracellular matrix and the mechanical properties of scaffolds were customized by tuning the emulsion composition and 3D printing parameters. In vitro biomineralization and drug release studies proved the scaffolds' potential in developing the apatite-rich bioactive interphase and controlled drug delivery, respectively. During in vitro osteoblast (MG63) growth experiments for up to 7 days, good adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds confirmed their cytocompatibility, assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis. This study suggests that the assembly of HIPE templates and 3D printing is a promising approach to creating hierarchical porous scaffolds potentially suitable for bone tissue engineering and can be stretched to other biopolymers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Anilkumar Yadav
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Sweety Rani
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Sonam Takkar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Rajiv K Srivastava
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
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8
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Daskalakis E, Hassan MH, Omar AM, Acar AA, Fallah A, Cooper G, Weightman A, Blunn G, Koc B, Bartolo P. Accelerated Degradation of Poly-ε-caprolactone Composite Scaffolds for Large Bone Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030670. [PMID: 36771970 PMCID: PMC9921763 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the accelerated hydrolytic degradation process of both anatomically designed bone scaffolds with a pore size gradient and a rectangular shape (biomimetically designed scaffolds or bone bricks). The effect of material composition is investigated considering poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the main scaffold material, reinforced with ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and bioglass at a concentration of 20 wt%. In the case of rectangular scaffolds, the effect of pore size (200 μm, 300 μm and 500 μm) is also investigated. The degradation process (accelerated degradation) was investigated during a period of 5 days in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) medium. Degraded bone bricks and rectangular scaffolds were measured each day to evaluate the weight loss of the samples, which were also morphologically, thermally, chemically and mechanically assessed. The results show that the PCL/bioglass bone brick scaffolds exhibited faster degradation kinetics in comparison with the PCL, PCL/HA and PCL/TCP bone bricks. Furthermore, the degradation kinetics of rectangular scaffolds increased by increasing the pore size from 500 μm to 200 μm. The results also indicate that, for the same material composition, bone bricks degrade slower compared with rectangular scaffolds. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the degradation process was faster on the external regions of the bone brick scaffolds (600 μm pore size) compared with the internal regions (200 μm pore size). The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the ceramic concentration remained constant throughout the degradation process, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that all scaffolds exhibited a reduction in crystallinity (Xc), enthalpy (Δm) and melting temperature (Tm) throughout the degradation process, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) slightly increased. Finally, the compression results show that the mechanical properties decreased during the degradation process, with PCL/bioglass bone bricks and rectangular scaffolds presenting higher mechanical properties with the same design in comparison with the other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Daskalakis
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohamed H Hassan
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Abdalla M Omar
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anil A Acar
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Fallah
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Glen Cooper
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Andrew Weightman
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paulo Bartolo
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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9
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Nie Y, Li C, Zhan H, Kou L, Gu Y. Effect of nonaffine displacement on the mechanical performance of degraded PCL and its graphene composites: an atomistic investigation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14082-14096. [PMID: 36056646 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03084e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the mechanical properties of biodegradable implants can be challenging for in situ experiments and time-consuming for materials with a slow degradation rate, such as polycaprolactone (PCL). In this work, the effects of chain scission and water erosion on the mechanical properties of degraded PCL are investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The decrease of the mechanical performance is correlated with the increase of the nonaffine displacement during the degradation. The nonaffine squared displacements (NSD) during the tensile deformation are calculated by subtracting the affine squared displacements from the mean squared displacements. After chain scission, short polymer chains increase the NSD of the system and weaken the modulus of the polymer matrix. The effect of the NSD is also observed in a water erosion model. When the bond break ratio is less than 5%, PCL still maintains a well-entangled network, which constrains the diffusion of the water molecules, resulting in a higher modulus of the erosion model than the chain scission model at a low degradation rate. The effect of NSD is also found in the PCL/graphene composites. For the degraded polymer chains, the diffusion of PCL is constrained by the graphene network, and such an effect increases during the degradation. As a result, the addition of graphene nanosheets slows down the decreasing trend of Young's modulus. Such findings can also explain the size effect of the graphene reinforcement on the mechanical properties of the polymer composites. This work provides atomistic insights into the mechanical property evolution during polymer degradation, revealing the possibility of tuning the mechanical performance by controlling the diffusion, which could be beneficial for the design and lifetime prediction of degradable implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Nie
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Chengkai Li
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Haifei Zhan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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10
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Andersson R, Hernández G, Mindemark J. Quantifying the ion coordination strength in polymer electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16343-16352. [PMID: 35762165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01904c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the progress of implementing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) into batteries, fundamental understanding of the processes occurring within and in the vicinity of the SPE are required. An important but so far relatively unexplored parameter influencing the ion transport properties is the ion coordination strength. Our understanding of the coordination chemistry and its role for the ion transport is partly hampered by the scarcity of suitable methods to measure this phenomenon. Herein, two qualitative methods and one quantitative method to assess the ion coordination strength are presented, contrasted and discussed for TFSI-based salts of Li+, Na+ and Mg2+ in polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC). For the qualitative methods, the coordination strength is probed by studying the equilibrium between cation coordination to polymer ligands or solvent molecules, whereas the quantitative method studies the ion dissociation equilibrium of salts in solvent-free polymers. All methods are in agreement that regardless of cation, the strongest coordination strength is observed for PEO, while PTMC exhibits the weakest coordination strength. Considering the cations, the weakest coordination is observed for Mg2+ in all polymers, indicative of the strong ion-ion interactions in Mg(TFSI)2, whilst the coordination strength for Li+ and Na+ seems to be more influenced by the interplay between the cation charge/radius and the polymer structure. The trends observed are in excellent agreement with previously observed transference numbers, confirming the importance and its connection to the ion transport in SPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassmus Andersson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Titanium(IV) Oxo-Complex with Acetylsalicylic Acid Ligand and Its Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134408. [PMID: 35806533 PMCID: PMC9267303 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The titanium oxo complexes are widely studied, due to their potential applications in photocatalytic processes, environmental protection, and also in the biomedical field. The presented results concern the oxo complex synthesized in the reaction of titanium(IV) isobutoxide and acetylsalicylic acid (Hasp), in a 4:1 molar ratio. The structure of isolated crystals was solved using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The analysis of these data proves that [Ti4O2(OiBu)10(asp)2]·H2O (1) complex is formed. Moreover, the molecular structure of (1) was characterized using vibrational spectroscopic techniques (IR and Raman), 13C NMR, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized complex was determined with the use of composite foils produced by the dispersion of (1) micrograins, as the inorganic blocks, in a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix (PCL + (1)). The introduction of (1) micrograins to the PCL matrix caused the absorption maximum shift up to 425–450 nm. The studied PCL + (1) composite samples reveal good activity toward photodecolorization of methylene blue after visible light irradiation.
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β-Sheet to Random Coil Transition in Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds Promotes Proteolytic Degradation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030411. [PMID: 35327603 PMCID: PMC8945919 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most desirable properties that biomaterials designed for tissue engineering or drug delivery applications should fulfill is biodegradation and resorption without toxicity. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the development of biomaterials able to be enzymatically degraded once implanted at the injury site or once delivered to the target organ. In this paper, we demonstrate the protease sensitivity of self-assembling amphiphilic peptides, in particular, RAD16-I (AcN-RADARADARADARADA-CONH2), which contains four potential cleavage sites for trypsin. We detected that when subjected to thermal denaturation, the peptide secondary structure suffers a transition from β-sheet to random coil. We also used Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) to detect the proteolytic breakdown products of samples subjected to incubation with trypsin as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the effect of the degradation on the nanofiber scaffold. Interestingly, thermally treated samples had a higher extent of degradation than non-denatured samples, suggesting that the transition from β-sheet to random coil leaves the cleavage sites accessible and susceptible to protease degradation. These results indicate that the self-assembling peptide can be reduced to short peptide sequences and, subsequently, degraded to single amino acids, constituting a group of naturally biodegradable materials optimal for their application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Yadav A, Ghosh S, Samanta A, Pal J, Srivastava RK. Emulsion templated scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone) - a review. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1468-1480. [PMID: 35014993 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04941k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and its 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering has already been established due to its ease of processing into long-term degradable implants and approval from the FDA. This review presents the role of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating in the fabrication of PCL scaffolds, and the versatility of the technique along with challenges associated with it. Considering the huge potential of HIPE templating, which so far has mainly been focused on free radical polymerization of aqueous HIPEs, we provide a summary of how the technique has been expanded to non-aqueous HIPEs and other modes of polymerization such as ring-opening. The scope of coupling of HIPE templating with some of the advanced fabrication methods such as 3D printing or electrospinning is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 1100016, India.
| | - Sagnik Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 1100016, India.
| | - Archana Samanta
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 1100016, India.
| | - Jit Pal
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 1100016, India.
| | - Rajiv K Srivastava
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 1100016, India.
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Cheng K, Lu S, Wang K, Luo G. Green and sustainable synthesis of poly(δ-valerolactone) with a TBD catalyzed ring-opening polymerization reaction. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and sustainable method is proposed for the TBD catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyao Lu
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Gun'ko VM. Polymer Adsorbents vs. Functionalized Oxides and Carbons: Particulate Morphology and Textural and SurfaceCharacteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1249. [PMID: 33921494 PMCID: PMC8069040 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Various methods for morphological, textural, and structural characterization of polymeric, carbon, and oxide adsorbents have been developed and well described. However, there are ways to improve the quantitative information extraction from experimental data for describing complex sorbents and polymer fillers. This could be based not only on probe adsorption and electron microscopies (TEM, SEM) but also on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryoporometry, relaxometry, thermoporometry, quasi-elastic light scattering, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, and other methods. To effectively extract information on complex materials, it is important to use appropriate methods to treat the data with adequate physicomathematical models that accurately describe the dependences of these data on pressure, concentration, temperature, and other parameters, and effective computational programs. It is shown that maximum accurate characterization of complex materials is possible if several complemented methods are used in parallel, e.g., adsorption and SAXS with self-consistent regularization procedures (giving pore size (PSD), pore wall thickness (PWTD) or chord length (CLD), and particle size (PaSD) distribution functions, the specific surface area of open and closed pores, etc.), TEM/SEM images with quantitative treatments (giving the PaSD, PSD, and PWTD functions), as well as cryo- and thermoporometry, relaxometry, X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopies (giving information on the behavior of the materials under different conditions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr M Gun'ko
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, 17 General Naumov Street, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine
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