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Eren S, Özyurt İ. Waterless Dyeing of Polyamide 6.6. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1472. [PMID: 38891419 PMCID: PMC11175004 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Waterless dyeing of polyamide 6.6 using scCO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) was investigated. PA (polyamide) fibers can be dyed with various dyes, including disperse dyes. The conventional aqueous dyeing process uses large amounts of water and produces polluted water. Considering these environmental issues, waterless dyeing of fibers is a forefront issue, and utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is a commercially viable technology for waterless dyeing. This study tested PA6.6 (polyamide 6.6) dyeing in scCO2 at 100 °C 220 bar pressure for 45 min. Color measurements and color fastness tests were performed, as well as tensile strength, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. PA6.6 fabrics yielded higher K/S (color strength, the Kubelka-Munk equation) values with larger molecular weight dye and almost the same color strength with medium and small-sized dyes, demonstrating the ability of dyeing in a supercritical environment without water as a more environmentally friendly dyeing option compared to conventional dyeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semiha Eren
- Textile Engineering Department, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Türkiye
| | - İrem Özyurt
- Karesi Polyester Company, R&D Center, Bursa 16370, Türkiye;
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2
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Grachev V, Deschaume O, Lang PR, Lettinga MP, Bartic C, Thielemans W. Dimensions of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Cotton and Bacterial Cellulose: Comparison of Microscopy and Scattering Techniques. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:455. [PMID: 38470785 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Different microscopy and scattering methods used in the literature to determine the dimensions of cellulose nanocrystals derived from cotton and bacterial cellulose were compared to investigate potential bias and discrepancies. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), depolarized dynamic light scattering (DDLS), and static light scattering (SLS) were compared. The lengths, widths, and heights of the particles and their respective distributions were determined by AFM. In agreement with previous work, the CNCs were found to have a ribbon-like shape, regardless of the source of cellulose or the surface functional groups. Tip broadening and agglomeration of the particles during deposition cause AFM-derived lateral dimensions to be systematically larger those obtained from SAXS measurements. The radius of gyration determined by SLS showed a good correlation with the dimensions obtained by AFM. The hydrodynamic lateral dimensions determined by DDLS were found to have the same magnitude as either the width or height obtained from the other techniques; however, the precision of DDLS was limited due to the mismatch between the cylindrical model and the actual shape of the CNCs, and to constraints in the fitting procedure. Therefore, the combination of AFM and SAXS, or microscopy and small-angle scattering, is recommended for the most accurate determination of CNC dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grachev
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Olivier Deschaume
- Laboratory for Soft Matter Physics and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R Lang
- Institute for Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes Group (IBI-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Minne Paul Lettinga
- Laboratory for Soft Matter Physics and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes Group (IBI-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carmen Bartic
- Laboratory for Soft Matter Physics and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D Box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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3
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Camillo MDO, Gonçalves BMM, Candido VS, Dias LDC, Moulin JC, Monteiro SN, Oliveira MP. Assessment of Hydrothermal Treatment Effects on Coir Fibers for Incorporation into Polyurethane Matrix Biocomposites Derived from Castor Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4614. [PMID: 38232049 PMCID: PMC10708770 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites has witnessed significant growth due to their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate castor-oil-based polyurethane (COPU), incorporating different contents of coconut coir fibers, 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The investigation includes analysis of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of these composites. Additionally, this study evaluates the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the fibers, conducted at 120 °C and 98 kPa for 30 min, on the biocomposites' properties. Both coir fibers (CFs) and hydrothermal-treated coir fibers (HTCFs) were subjected to comprehensive characterization, including lignocellulosic composition analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biocomposites were subjected to water absorption analysis, bending tests, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The results indicate that the 30 min hydrothermal treatment reduces the extractive content, enhancing the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix, as evidenced by SEM. Notably, the composite containing 5 wt% CF exhibits a reduced water absorption, approaching the level observed in pure COPU. The inclusion of 15 wt% HTCF results in a remarkable improvement in the composite's flexural strength (100%), elastic modulus (98%), and toughness (280%) compared to neat COPU. TGA highlights that incorporating CFs into the COPU matrix enhances the material's thermal stability, allowing it to withstand temperatures of up to 500 °C. These findings underscore the potential of CFs as a ductile, lightweight, and cost-effective reinforcement in COPU matrix biocomposites, particularly for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Bárbara Maria Mateus Gonçalves
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Veronica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará, Ananindeua 67140-709, PA, Brazil;
| | - Luciano Da Costa Dias
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Jordão Cabral Moulin
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
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4
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Embirsh HSA, Stajčić I, Gržetić J, Mladenović IO, Anđelković B, Marinković A, Vuksanović MM. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced with Unmodified/Modified Biosilica Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3756. [PMID: 37765610 PMCID: PMC10536958 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents sustainable technology for environmentally friendly composite production. Biobased unsaturated polyester resin (b-UPR), synthesized from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) glycosylate and renewable origin maleic anhydride (MAnh) and propylene glycol (PG), was reinforced with unmodified and vinyl-modified biosilica nanoparticles obtained from rice husk. The structural and morphological properties of the obtained particles, b-UPR, as well as composites, were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The study of the influence of biosilica modification on the mechanical properties of composites was supported by hardness modeling. Improvement of the tensile strength of the b-UPR-based composite at 2.5 wt.% addition of biosilica modified with vinyl silane, named "b-UPR/SiO2-V" composite, has been achieved with 88% increase. The thermal aging process applied to the b-UPR/SiO2-V composite, which simulates use over the product's lifetime, leads to the deterioration of composites that were used as fillers in commercial unsaturated polyester resin (c-UPR). The grinded artificially aged b-UPR composites were used as filler in c-UPR for the production of a table top layer with outstanding mechanical properties, i.e., impact resistance and microhardness, as well as fire resistance rated in the V-0 category according to the UL-94 test. Developing sustainable composites that are chemically synthesized from renewable sources is important from the aspect of preserving the environment and existing resources as well as the extending their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Stajčić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ivana O Mladenović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Boban Anđelković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg, 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Marinković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija M Vuksanović
- Department of Chemical Dynamics and Permanent Education, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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de Melo ECR, Camillo MDO, Marcelino PRC, Barbosa dos Santos da Silva R, Colares Firmino T, Ferreira de Oliveira B, Profeti D, Camposo Pereira A, Neves Monteiro S, Picanço Oliveira M. Influence of Silanization Treatment of Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) Fibers on the Reinforcement of Polyester Composites: A Brief Report. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163311. [PMID: 36015569 PMCID: PMC9415829 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been extensively investigated and applied as reinforcements for polymers composites owing to improved properties associated with their cost-effectiveness and their sustainable characteristics as compared to synthetic fibers. However, an intrinsic difficulty of the hydrophilic NFL adhesion to a hydrophobic polymer matrix is still a major limitation, which might be overcome via fiber surface treatments. Among the less-known NLFs, sponge gourd (Lufta cylindrica) is a promising reinforcement for polymer composites owing to its natural network of intertwined fibers. The present work investigated for the first time the influence of a chemical treatment using silane as a coupling agent for 30 wt.% sponge gourd incorporated into a polyester matrix composite. The novel composite performance was compared with that of an untreated fiber composite via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Charpy impact tests, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The XRD results revealed that the silanization increased the crystallinity index by 37%, which attests to the effective fiber–matrix interaction stretching of the C-H bond, as observed in its FTIR band. The silanization also increased the mean impact resistance by 10%. Although the temperatures associated with the beginning of the thermal degradation by the TGA were not affected, both the silane-treated fibers and composite displayed less thermal degradation compared with the untreated fibers. The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) results disclosed an improved sponge gourd fiber morphology after the silanization, which caused greater adherence to the polyester matrix. These results revealed a promising novel composite compared with other NLF polymer composites in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thierry Colares Firmino
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil
| | | | - Demetrius Profeti
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Porto Alegre 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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6
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Huang X, Guo Y, Yan X, Yin G, Feng G. A new type of unsaturated polyester resin with epoxy functionalized nano‐silica and dimer fatty acid: Preparation and property. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Yan‐ting Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Xu‐ming Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Guo‐qiang Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Guang‐zhu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
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7
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De-la-Torre GE, Dioses-Salinas DC, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Fernández Severini MD, Forero López AD, Mansilla R, Ayala F, Castillo LMJ, Castillo-Paico E, Torres DA, Mendoza-Castilla LM, Meza-Chuquizuta C, Vizcarra JK, Mejía M, De La Gala JJV, Ninaja EAS, Calisaya DLS, Flores-Miranda WE, Rosillo JLE, Espinoza-Morriberón D, Gonzales KN, Torres FG, Rimondino GN, Ben-Haddad M, Dobaradaran S, Aragaw TA, Santillán L. Binational survey of personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution driven by the COVID-19 pandemic in coastal environments: Abundance, distribution, and analytical characterization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128070. [PMID: 34922133 PMCID: PMC8672681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present contribution, two nationwide surveys of personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution were conducted in Peru and Argentina aiming to provide valuable information regarding the abundance and distribution of PPE in coastal sites. Additionally, PPE items were recovered from the environment and analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and compared to brand-new PPE in order to investigate the chemical and structural degradation of PPE in the environment. PPE density (PPE m-2) found in both countries were comparable to previous studies. FTIR analysis revealed multiple polymer types comprising common PPE, mainly polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyester. SEM micrographs showed clear weathering signs, such as cracks, cavities, and rough surfaces in face masks and gloves. EDX elemental mapping revealed the presence of elemental additives, such as Ca in gloves and face masks and AgNPs as an antimicrobial agent. Other metals found on the surface of PPE were Mo, P, Ti, and Zn. XRD patterns displayed a notorious decrease in the crystallinity of polypropylene face masks, which could alter its interaction with external contaminants and stability. The next steps in this line of research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melisa D Fernández Severini
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, B8000FWB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana D Forero López
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, B8000FWB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Mansilla
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC)-CONICET, Ushuaia, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Félix Ayala
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15074, Peru
| | - Luzby María Jimenez Castillo
- Laboratorio de oceanografía y acidificación costera, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Calle Juan XXIII 391, 14013 Lambayeque, Peru
| | - Elizabeth Castillo-Paico
- Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Pje. Mercedes Indacochea 609, Huacho 15136, Peru
| | - Daniel A Torres
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15074, Peru
| | | | - Carolina Meza-Chuquizuta
- Unidad de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos-Grupo Aves Marinas, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Jhonson K Vizcarra
- Administración Técnica Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre Moquegua-Tacna, Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Tacna, Peru
| | - Melissa Mejía
- Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dante Espinoza-Morriberón
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional del Callao (UNAC), Av. Juan Pablo II 306, Bellavista 07011, Provincia Constitucional del Callao, Peru; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica del Peru (UTP), Jirón Hernán Velarde 260, Cercado de Lima, 15046 Lima, Peru
| | - Karen N Gonzales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Fernando G Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Guido Noé Rimondino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mohamed Ben-Haddad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Morocco
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
| | - Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Luis Santillán
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Av. La Fontana 501, Lima 12, Lima, Peru
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Gonçalves BMM, Camillo MDO, Oliveira MP, Carreira LG, Moulin JC, Fantuzzi Neto H, de Oliveira BF, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN. Surface Treatments of Coffee Husk Fiber Waste for Effective Incorporation into Polymer Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193428. [PMID: 34641246 PMCID: PMC8512342 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulose fibers have been extensively investigated and applied as a reinforcement of polymer composites in industrial applications from food packing to automotive parts. Among the advantages of natural fibers stands their relatively low cost and sustainable characteristics. These are accentuated in the case of residual fibers such as those obtained from coffee husks, an agribusiness waste, usually burnt or disposed into the environment. As composite reinforcement, hydrophilic natural fibers display adhesion problems to the most hydrophobic polymer matrices. This adhesion might be improved with distinct types of fibers surface treatments. In the present work, the effectiveness of three surface treatments applied to coffee husk fiber wastes (CHFW) were investigated, aiming to improve the tensile performance of castor oil-based polyurethane (COPU) biocomposites. The effects of treatments associated with (i) chemical with sodium hydroxide, (ii) physical by temperature and pressure and hydrothermic treatment, and (iii) biological by fermentation with Phanerochaete Chrysosporium fungus were evaluated by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses and morphology by scanning electron microscopy for different concentration of NaOH, different hydrothermic times at 121 °C/98 kPa and exposition to P. chrysosporium. The most effective treatment was the hydrothermal one at 121 °C and 98.06 kPa for 30 min. Preliminary tensile tests were performed in COPU biocomposites reinforced with 20% CHFWs subjected to the optimized conditions for each distinct type of treatment. The results indicated that the hydrothermal treatment promoted significant enhancement in the fiber/matrix interfacial bond, increasing the tensile strength up to 60% compared to COPU reinforced with in natura CHFWs fibers. It is important to mention that these composites can be applied as plastic wood for household items’ internal parts and in the automobile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Maria Mateus Gonçalves
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Lilian Gasparelli Carreira
- Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil;
| | - Jordão Cabral Moulin
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Humberto Fantuzzi Neto
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Bárbara Ferreira de Oliveira
- Advanced Materials Department, Darcy Ribeiro Northern Fluminense State University, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: or
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9
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Maradini GDS, Oliveira MP, Carreira LG, Guimarães D, Profeti D, Dias Júnior AF, Boschetti WTN, de Oliveira BF, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN. Impact and Tensile Properties of Polyester Nanocomposites Reinforced with Conifer Fiber Cellulose Nanocrystal: A Previous Study Extension. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111878. [PMID: 34198848 PMCID: PMC8201277 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent paper, novel polyester nanocomposites reinforced with up to 3 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from conifer fiber were characterized for their crystallinity index, water absorption, and flexural and thermal resistance. The use of this novel class of nanocomposites as a possible substitute for conventional glass fiber composites (fiberglass) was then suggested, especially for the 1 and 2 wt% CNC composites due to promising bending, density, and water absorption results. However, for effective engineering applications requiring impact and tensile performance, the corresponding properties need to be evaluated. Therefore, this extension of the previous work presents additional results on Izod and tensile tests of 1 and 2 wt% CNC-reinforced polyester composites, together with a comparative cost analysis with fiberglass. The chemical effect caused by incorporation of CNCs into polyester was also investigated by FTIR. In comparison to the neat polyester, the Izod impact energy increased 50% and 16% for the 1 and 2 wt% composites, respectively. On the other hand, the tensile strength and Young's modulus remained constant within the ANOVA statistical analysis. FTIR analysis failed to reveal any chemical modification caused by up to 2 wt% CNC incorporation. The present impact and tensile results corroborate the promising substitution of a polyester composite reinforced with very low amount of CNCs for common fiberglass in engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle da Silva Maradini
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (A.F.D.J.)
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (A.F.D.J.)
| | - Lilian Gasparelli Carreira
- Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil; (L.G.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Damaris Guimarães
- Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil; (L.G.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Demetrius Profeti
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil;
| | - Ananias Francisco Dias Júnior
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (A.F.D.J.)
| | | | - Bárbara Ferreira de Oliveira
- Advanced Materials Department, Northern Fluminense State University Campos dos Goytacazes, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: or
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