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Przekop RE, Sztorch B, Głowacka J, Martyła A, Romańczuk-Ruszuk E, Jałbrzykowski M, Derpeński Ł. OH End-Capped Silicone as an Effective Nucleating Agent for Polylactide-A Robotizing Method for Evaluating the Mechanical Characteristics of PLA/Silicone Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1142. [PMID: 38675061 PMCID: PMC11053881 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Current research on materials engineering focuses mainly on bio-based materials. One of the most frequently studied materials in this group is polylactide (PLA), which is a polymer derived from starch. PLA does not have a negative impact on the natural environment and additionally, it possesses properties comparable to those of industrial polymers. The aim of the work was to investigate the potential of organosilicon compounds as modifiers of the mechanical and rheological properties of PLA, as well as to develop a new method for conducting mechanical property tests through innovative high-throughput technologies. Precise dosing methods were utilized to create PLA/silicone polymer blends with varying mass contents, allowing for continuous characterization of the produced blends. To automate bending tests and achieve comprehensive characterization of the blends, a self-created workstation setup has been used. The tensile properties of selected blend compositions were tested, and their ability to withstand dynamic loads was studied. The blends were characterized through various methods, including rheological (MFI), X-ray (XRD), spectroscopic (FTIR), and thermal properties analysis (TG, DSC, HDT), and they were evaluated using microscopic methods (MO, SEM) to examine their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.E.P.); (J.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.E.P.); (J.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Julia Głowacka
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.E.P.); (J.G.); (A.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Martyła
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.E.P.); (J.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eliza Romańczuk-Ruszuk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Marek Jałbrzykowski
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Derpeński
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
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Hipulan LA, Dingcong RG, Estrada DJE, Dumancas GG, Bondaug JC, Alguno AC, Bacosa HP, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Development of High-Performance Coconut Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Urea Foam: A Novel Sequential Amidation and Prepolymerization Process. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13112-13124. [PMID: 38524448 PMCID: PMC10956093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of coconut diethanolamide (p-CDEA) as a substitute polyol for petroleum-based polyol in fully biobased rigid polyurethane-urea foam (RPUAF) faces challenges due to its short chain and limited cross-linking capability. This leads to compromised cell wall resistance during foam expansion, resulting in significant ruptured cells and adverse effects on mechanical and thermal properties. To address this, a novel sequential amidation-prepolymerization route was employed on coconut oil, yielding a hydroxyl-terminated poly(urethane-urea) prepolymer polyol (COPUAP). Compared to p-CDEA, COPUAP exhibited a decreased hydroxyl value (496.3-473.2 mg KOH/g), an increase in amine value (13.464-24.561 mg KOH/g), and an increase in viscosity (472.4-755.8 mPa·s), indicating enhanced functionality of 34.3 mgKOH/g and chain lengthening. Further, COPUAP was utilized as the sole B-side polyol in the production of RPUAF (PU-COPUAP). The improved functionality of COPUAP and its improved cross-linking capability during foaming have significantly improved cell morphology, resulting in a remarkable 4.7-fold increase in compressive strength (132-628 kPa), a 3.5-fold increase in flexural strength (232-828 kPa), and improved insulation properties with a notable decrease in thermal conductivity (48.02-34.52 mW/m·K) compared to PU-CDEA in the literature. Additionally, PU-COPUAP exhibited a 16.5% increase in the water contact angle (114.93° to 133.87°), attributing to the formation of hydrophobic biuret segments and a tightly packed, highly cross-linked structure inhibiting water penetration. This innovative approach sets a new benchmark for fully biobased rigid foam production, delivering high load-bearing capacity, exceptional insulation, and significantly improved hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louell
Nikki A. Hipulan
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
- Environmental
Science Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute
of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan 9200, Philippines
- Chemical
Engineering Program, College of Technology, University of San Agustin, General Luna St., Iloilo 5000, Philippines
| | - Roger G. Dingcong
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
| | - Dave Joseph E. Estrada
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
| | - Gerard G. Dumancas
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510, United States
| | - John Christian
S. Bondaug
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
- Environmental
Science Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute
of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold C. Alguno
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
- Department
of Physics, Mindanao State University −
Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan 9200, Philippines
| | - Hernando P. Bacosa
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
- Environmental
Science Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute
of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan 9200, Philippines
| | - Roberto M. Malaluan
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold A. Lubguban
- Center
for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State
University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan9200, Philippines
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University − Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan 9200, Philippines
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3
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Perin D, Dorigato A, Bertoldi E, Fambri L, Fredi G. A Green Treatment Mitigates the Limitations of Coffee Silver Skin as a Filler for PLA/PBSA Compatibilized Biocomposites. Molecules 2023; 29:226. [PMID: 38202809 PMCID: PMC10780561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of fully renewable and biodegradable composites for short-term applications was pursued by combining a compatibilized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) (60:40 wt:wt) blend with coffee silver skin (CSS), an industrial byproduct from coffee processing. An epoxy-based reactive agent (Joncryl ADR-4468) was added as a compatibilizer. CSS was incorporated at 5, 10, and 20 wt% in the blend both in the as-received state and after a simple thermal treatment in boiling water, which was performed to mitigate the negative impact of this filler on the rheological and mechanical properties of the blend. The CSS treatment effectively increased the filler degradation temperature of 30-40 °C, enabling stable melt processing of the composites. It also improved filler-matrix adhesion, resulting in enhanced impact properties (up to +172% increase in impact energy compared to the untreated filler). Therefore, treated CSS demonstrated potential as an effective green reinforcement for PLA/PBSA blends for rigid packaging applications. Future works will focus on studying suitable surface modification of CSS to further increase the interfacial interaction and the tensile quasi-static properties, to fully exploit the capabilities of this renewable material toward the development of eco-friendly composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (D.P.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (L.F.)
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Mastalygina EE, Aleksanyan KV. Recent Approaches to the Plasticization of Poly(lactic Acid) (PLA) (A Review). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 38201752 PMCID: PMC10781029 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a polyester attracting growing interest every year in different application fields, such as packaging, cosmetics, food, medicine, etc. Despite its significant advantages, it has low elasticity that may hinder further development and a corresponding rise in volume of consumption. This review opens a discussion of basic approaches to PLA plasticization. These considerations include copolymerization and blending with flexible polymers, introducing oligomers and low-molecular additives, as well as structural modification. It was demonstrated that each approach has its advantages, such as simplicity and low cost, but with disadvantages, including complex processing and the need for additional reagents. According to the analysis of different approaches, it was concluded that the optimal option is the application of copolymers as the additives obtained via reactive mixing to PLA and its blends with other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E. Mastalygina
- Scientific Laboratory “Advanced Composite Materials and Technologies”, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Ln., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kristine V. Aleksanyan
- Engineering Center, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Ln., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin St, Moscow 119991, Russia
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5
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Barandiaran A, Lascano D, Montanes N, Balart R, Selles MA, Moreno V. Improvement of the Ductility of Environmentally Friendly Poly(lactide) Composites with Posidonia oceanica Wastes Plasticized with an Ester of Cinnamic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4534. [PMID: 38231960 PMCID: PMC10708467 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
New composite materials were developed with poly(lactide) (PLA) and Posidonia oceanica fibers through reactive extrusion in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and subsequent injection molding. The effect of different amounts of methyl trans-cinnamate (MTC) on the mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and wettability properties was studied. The results showed that the presence of Posidonia oceanica fibers generated disruptions in the PLA matrix, causing a decrease in the tensile mechanical properties and causing an impact on the strength due to the stress concentration phenomenon. Reactive extrusion with DCP improved the PO/PLA interaction, diminishing the gap between the fibers and the surrounding matrix, as corroborated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). It was observed that 20 phr (parts by weight of the MTC, per one hundred parts by weight of the PO/PLA composite) led to a noticeable plasticizing effect, significantly increasing the elongation at break from 7.1% of neat PLA to 31.1%, which means an improvement of 338%. A considerable decrease in the glass transition temperature, from 61.1 °C of neat PLA to 41.6 °C, was also observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a loss of thermal stability of the plasticized composites, mainly due to the volatility of the cinnamate ester, leading to a decrease in the onset degradation temperature above 10 phr MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Lascano
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.B.); (N.M.); (R.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Moreno
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.B.); (N.M.); (R.B.); (M.A.S.)
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6
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Cicogna F, Passaglia E, Telleschi A, Oberhauser W, Coltelli MB, Panariello L, Gigante V, Coiai S. New Functional Bionanocomposites by Combining Hybrid Host-Guest Systems with a Fully Biobased Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) Binary Blend. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:549. [PMID: 37998118 PMCID: PMC10672472 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have developed innovative polymer nanocomposites by integrating magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based nanocarriers modified with functional molecules into a fully biobased poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) matrix. These LDH-based hybrid host-guest systems contain bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid, known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactive molecules can be gradually released from the nanocarriers over time, allowing for sustained and controlled delivery in various applications, such as active packaging or cosmetics. The morphological analysis of the polymer composites, prepared using a discontinuous mechanical mixer, revealed the presence of macroaggregates and nano-lamellae at the polymer interface. This resulted in an enhanced water vapor permeability compared to the original blend. Furthermore, the migration kinetics of active molecules from the thin films confirmed a controlled release mechanism based on their immobilization within the lamellar system. Scaling-up experiments evaluated the materials' morphology and mechanical and thermal properties. Remarkably, stretching deformation and a higher shear rate during the mixing process enhanced the dispersion and distribution of the nanocarriers, as confirmed by the favorable mechanical properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cicogna
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Alice Telleschi
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Werner Oberhauser
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.-B.C.); (L.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.-B.C.); (L.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.-B.C.); (L.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Serena Coiai
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
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7
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Yoksan R, Dang KM. The effect of polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate on the morphological characteristics and performance of thermoplastic starch/biodegradable polyester blend films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123332. [PMID: 36681227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although thermoplastic starch (TPS) has been developed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and environmental and health-related impacts from plastics, high moisture sensitivity and poor mechanical properties limited its practical applications. Blending TPS with biodegradable polyesters, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA), is an alternative approach; however, the compatibility among polymer phases needs to be improved. Here, polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60), an amphiphilic surfactant, was proposed to improve the compatibility and performance of the TPS/PLA/PBSA 40/30/30 blend. The concentration of Tween 60 varied in the range of 0.5-2.5 wt%. The blends were fabricated using an extruder through two different melt-mixing routes, i.e., direct mixing and masterbatch mixing, and then converted to film using a blown film extrusion line. Tween 60 could improve compatibility between TPS dispersed phase and PLA/PBSA matrix, resulting in increased tensile strength, extensibility, impact strength, thermal stability, and water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of the ternary blend. In addition, better performance of the blend was obtained from the direct mixing route. Tween 60 could thus be considered a potential compatibilizer for the TPS/PLA/PBSA blend film, which can be further used as a biodegradable packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Khanh Minh Dang
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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8
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Gang M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Shi Y. The Relationship between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PBST Two-Component Crystalline Random Copolymers with Different BT Contents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020383. [PMID: 36679263 PMCID: PMC9867047 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of two-component crystalline random copolymers are primarily based on their microstructure. At the same time, the influence of the composition on the crystallization behavior and crystal structure of these materials is also well known. Thus, in this study, a poly (butylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate) random copolymer (PBST) with different molar ratios of butylene terephthalate (BT) was prepared. A systematic analysis of the crystallization behavior, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of PBST with different BT contents was carried out using WAXD, SAXS, and DSC analyses. The investigations showed that PBST-37.5 containing 37.5 mol% of BT content had the lowest strength and highest elasticity among the different compositions. This was because the two-component crystallization of poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) was greatly inhibited at the corresponding BT composition and the crystal growth was the least perfect, imparting poor strength to the PBT-37.5. Alternately, when the content of BT was 32.5 mol% in the PBST, the PBS segment could crystallize, and both PBT and PBS crystals were formed in the PBST-32.5. Thus, PBST-32.5 showed a higher material hardness than PBST-37.5. In contrast, when the BT content was greater than 37.5 mol% in the PBST, only PBT crystals existed in the PBST copolymer. Further, as the BT content increased, the crystal size of PBT gradually increased, which led to a closer packing of the crystal arrangement, increasing the crystallinity. This led to a gradual increase in the strength of the PBST material and a gradual decrease in its elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Gang
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lizhi Liu
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ilangovan M, Gan H, Kabe T, Iwata T. Preparation and properties of binary green blends from poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) and β-(1,3)-d-glucan ester derivative. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Frone AN, Popa MS, Uşurelu CD, Panaitescu DM, Gabor AR, Nicolae CA, Raduly MF, Zaharia A, Alexandrescu E. Bio-Based Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene sebacate) Blends with Improved Toughness. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193998. [PMID: 36235947 PMCID: PMC9572606 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of poly(butylene sebacate) (PBSe) aliphatic polyesters were successfully synthesized by the melt polycondensation of sebacic acid (Se) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO), two monomers manufactured on an industrial scale from biomass. The number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range from 6116 to 10,779 g/mol and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PBSe polyesters were tuned by adjusting the feed ratio between the two monomers. Polylactic acid (PLA)/PBSe blends with PBSe concentrations between 2.5 to 20 wt% were obtained by melt compounding. For the first time, PBSe’s effect on the flexibility and toughness of PLA was studied. As shown by the torque and melt flow index (MFI) values, the addition of PBSe endowed PLA with both enhanced melt processability and flexibility. The tensile tests and thermogravimetric analysis showed that PLA/PBSe blends containing 20 wt% PBSe obtained using a BDO molar excess of 50% reached an increase in elongation at break from 2.9 to 108%, with a negligible decrease in Young’s modulus from 2186 MPa to 1843 MPa, and a slight decrease in thermal performances. These results demonstrated the plasticizing efficiency of the synthesized bio-derived polyesters in overcoming PLA’s brittleness. Moreover, the tunable properties of the resulting PBSe can be of great industrial interest in the context of circular bioeconomy.
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Barletta M, Aversa C, Ayyoob M, Gisario A, Hamad K, Mehrpouya M, Vahabi H. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS): Materials, processing, and industrial applications. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion and Thermomechanical Properties of PLA Based Composites with Wheat/Rice Bran. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163389. [PMID: 36015647 PMCID: PMC9413742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to enhance the use of agricultural byproducts for the production of bio-composites by melt extrusion. It is well known that in the production of such bio-composites, the weak point is the filler-matrix interface, for this reason the adhesion between a polylactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate)(PBSA) blend and rice and wheat bran platelets was enhanced by a treatment method applied on the fillers using a suitable beeswax. Moreover, the coupling action of beeswax and inorganic fillers (such as talc and calcium carbonate) were investigated to improve the thermo-mechanical properties of the final composites. Through rheological (MFI), morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA, DSC), mechanical (Tensile, Impact), thermomechanical (HDT) characterizations and the application of analytical models, the optimum among the tested formulations was then selected.
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13
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Toughening and Heat-Resistant Modification of Degradable PLA/PBS-Based Composites by Using Glass Fiber/Silicon Dioxide Hybrid Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163237. [PMID: 36015493 PMCID: PMC9412549 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, to enhance the toughness and heat resistance properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) composites, the PLA/PBS matrix was modified by different glass fiber (GF), GF/SiO2, and GF/(Polyaluminium chloride) PAC fillers. Additionally, the effect of filler type, filler content, components interaction and composite structure on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA/PBS composites was researched. The results showed that the addition of GF, GF/SiO2 and GF/PAC make the PLA/PBS composites appear significantly higher mechanical properties compared with the pristine PLA/PBS composite. Among the different inorganic fillers, the 10%GF/1%SiO2 fillers showed excellent strengthening, toughening and heat resistant effects. Compared with the pristine PLA/PBS matrix, the tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and Izod impact strength improved by 36.28%, 70.74%, 67.95%, 66.61% and 135.68%, respectively. Considering the above, when the weight loss rate was 50%, the thermal decomposition temperature of the 10%GF/1%SiO2 modified PLA/PBS composites was the highest 412.83 °C and its Vicat softening point was up to 116.8 °C. In a word, the 10%GF/1%SiO2 reinforced PLA/PBS composites exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties, which broadens the application of biodegradable materials in specific scenarios.
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Kobayashi Y, Ishigami A, Ito H. Relating Amorphous Structure to the Tear Strength of Polylactic Acid Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101965. [PMID: 35631847 PMCID: PMC9145306 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with polyolefins that are used as single-use plastics, polylactic acid (PLA) has a lower tear strength in films. The relationship between the tear strength and the higher-order structure of films was investigated using PLA films that absorbed moisture at 30 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH) or that had been annealed under reduced pressure conditions. Although the mobile amorphous (MAm) amount did not change under high humidity, the film became brittle due to enthalpy relaxation. The crystallization by annealing also caused embrittlement, and the MAm amount decreased to 10%. The displacement until tearing is lowered from 2.5 to 0.5 mm in both cases. However, in situ retardation measurements revealed that there was a significant difference in the fracture morphology of the torn tip. When crystallized, the molecular chains and crystals are oriented in the tensile direction of the film, and a fragmented structure is observed in the ligament. Embrittlement due to enthalpy relaxation caused a weak orientation perpendicular to the tensile direction of the film, and cracks occurs along with this orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kobayashi
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(238)-263430 (Y.K.); +81-(238)-263081 (H.I.)
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP), 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(238)-263430 (Y.K.); +81-(238)-263081 (H.I.)
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15
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Enzymatic Degradation of the Most Common Aliphatic Bio-Polyesters and Evaluation of the Mechanisms Involved: An Extended Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091850. [PMID: 35567020 PMCID: PMC9101158 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial hydrolytic enzymes belonging to different subclasses (several lipases, proteinase k, cutinase) were investigated for their ability to degrade different aliphatic polyesters, i.e., poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), two poly(caprolactone), having two different molecular weights, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). The enzyme screening was first carried out by investigating the capacity of fully degrading the target polymers in 24 h, then weight loss measurements of selected polyesters and target enzymes were performed. Solid residues after enzyme degradation were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Liquid fractions were studied via GPC, 1H NMR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PCL and PBSA were found to be the most biodegradable polyesters, under the conditions used in this study. PBS was fully degraded only by cutinase, whereas none of the tested enzymes were able to completely degrade PLA and PPC, in the conditions assessed here. Cutinase exhibited the highest hydrolytic activity on PBSA, while lipase from Candida sp. (CALB) on low molecular weight PCL. Chemical analyses on residual solids showed that the enzymatic degradation occurred homogeneously from the surface through an erosion mechanism and did not significantly affect the macromolecular structure and thermal stability. Cleaving action mode for each enzyme (endo- and/or exo-type) on the different polyesters were also proposed based on the evaluation of the degradation products in the liquid fraction.
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16
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Improvement of the PLA Crystallinity and Heat Distortion Temperature Optimizing the Content of Nucleating Agents and the Injection Molding Cycle Time. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050977. [PMID: 35267797 PMCID: PMC8912521 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different commercial nucleating agents (LAK, talc, and calcium carbonate) were added at different weight percentages into poly (lactic acid) (PLA) in order to investigate the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behavior of blends in correlation to injection molding parameters. After as-sessing the best content of each nucleating agent, analyzing isothermal and non-isothermal crys-tallization, two cycle times that can be industrially adopted were selected. Crystallinity highly impacts the flexural modulus, while it improves the heat deflection temperature only when the crystallinity percentage is above 50%; nevertheless, an excessive crystallinity content leads to a decrement of impact resistance. LAK does not appear to be sensitive to cycle time while talc and calcium carbonate proved to be effective if a cycle time of 60 s is adopted. Since the choice of nu-cleating agent is not univocal, the identification of the best nucleating agents is subject to the technical specifications required by the application, accotuing for the most important commercial requirements (productivity, temperature, and impact resistance).
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Aliotta L, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A, Gigante V, Cinelli P. A Brief Review of Poly (Butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Its Main Copolymers: Synthesis, Blends, Composites, Biodegradability, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040844. [PMID: 35215757 PMCID: PMC8963078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PBS, an acronym for poly (butylene succinate), is an aliphatic polyester that is attracting increasing attention due to the possibility of bio-based production, as well as its balanced properties, enhanced processability, and excellent biodegradability. This brief review has the aim to provide the status concerning the synthesis, production, thermal, morphological and mechanical properties underlying biodegradation ability, and major applications of PBS and its principal copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (P.C.)
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Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Cinelli P, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A. Essential Work of Fracture and Evaluation of the Interfacial Adhesion of Plasticized PLA/PBSA Blends with the Addition of Wheat Bran By-Product. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:615. [PMID: 35160603 PMCID: PMC8838359 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work biocomposites based on plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) matrix containing wheat bran fiber (a low value by-product of food industry) were investigated. The effect of the bran addition on the mechanical properties is strictly correlated to the fiber-matrix adhesion and several analytical models, based on static and dynamic tests, were applied in order to estimate the interfacial shear strength of the biocomposites. Finally, the essential work of fracture approach was carried out to investigate the effect of the bran addition on composite fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Bolskis E, Adomavičiūtė E, Griškonis E. Formation and Investigation of Mechanical, Thermal, Optical and Wetting Properties of Melt-Spun Multifilament Poly(lactic acid) Yarns with Added Rosins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030379. [PMID: 35160368 PMCID: PMC8839943 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One method for adding enhancing properties to textile materials is the insertion of natural ingredients into the textile products during the manufacturing or finishing process. The aim of this research is to investigate the formation of biodegradable melt-spun multifilament Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) yarns with different contents (i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15%) of natural material–rosin, also known as colophony. In this study, multifilament yarns were successfully formed from PLA and a natural substance–pine rosin by melt-spinning them at two different draw ratios (i.e., 1.75 and 2.75). The results indicated that a 1.75 draw ratio caused the formation of PLA and PLA/rosin yarns that were brittle. The presence of rosin (i.e., 5% and 10%) in multifilament yarns decreased the mechanical properties of the PLA/rosin melt-spun multifilament yarns’ tenacity (cN/tex), breaking tenacity (cN/tex), and tensile strain (%) and elongation at break (%) and increased absorbance in the entire UV region spectra. In addition, the melting point and degree of crystallinity decreased and there was an increase in the wetting angle compared with pure PLA multifilament. The investigation of melt-spun yarns with Raman spectroscopy proved the presence of rosin in PLA melt-spun yarns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Bolskis
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 56, 51424 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Erika Adomavičiūtė
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 56, 51424 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Egidijus Griškonis
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Fully Biobased Reactive Extrusion of Biocomposites Based on PLA Blends and Hazelnut Shell Powders (HSP). CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biocomposites based on natural fiber waste and biopolymers is constantly increasing because of their renewability, biodegradability, and the accordance with the circular economy principles. The aim of this work is to contrast the disadvantages in the production of biocomposites, such as reduction of molecular weight through the use of biobased chain extenders. For this purpose, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) were used to contrast the slight chain scission observed in a poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) binary blend caused by the melt mixing with hazelnut shell powder (HSP). Two different dimensions of HSPs were considered in this study as well as different concentrations of the ESO/DCA system, comparing succinic acid and malic acid as dicarboxylic acids. Melt viscosity parameters, such as torque and melt volume rate (MVR), were measured to investigate the chain extender effect during the extrusion. In addition, the reactivity of the ESO/DCA system was investigated through infrared spectroscopy. The effect of chain extenders on thermal properties, in particular on the crystallinity of PLA, and on mechanical properties of final biocomposites was investigated to understand their potentialities in industrial application. Results of this study evidenced a modest increase in melt viscosity due to ESO/malic acid chain extension system, but only for the HSP with the lower dimension (so the higher surface area) and adding 0.5 wt.% of ESO/malic acid. Thus, the slight chain scission of polyesters, not significantly affecting the final properties of these biocomposites, is the most relevant effect that was revealed in this complex reactive system.
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A halochromic indicator based on polylactic acid and anthocyanins for visual freshness monitoring of minced meat, chicken fillet, shrimp, and fish roe. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Coltelli MB, Bertolini A, Aliotta L, Gigante V, Vannozzi A, Lazzeri A. Chain Extension of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)-Based Blends and Composites Containing Bran with Biobased Compounds for Controlling Their Processability and Recyclability. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3050. [PMID: 34577949 PMCID: PMC8472942 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work focused on the research, design, and study of innovative chain extender systems of renewable origin for PLA-based biocomposites, reinforced with wheat bran as filler. The majority of employed chain extender compounds belongs to fossil world, affecting the biodegradability property which characterizes biopolymers. The aim of this work was thus to find promising biobased and sustainable alternatives to provide the same enhancements. According to this objective, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was chosen as principal component of the chain extender systems, together with a dicarboxylic acid, malic acid (MA), or succinic acid (SA). The reactivity of the modifier systems was previously studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and IR spectroscopy, to hypothesize the reaction mechanism in bran-filled blends. Hence, small-scale extrusion was carried out to investigate the effects of ESO/MA and ESO/SA on formulations of different composition (both pure PLA blends and composites). The variation of melt fluidity parameters was analyzed to define the optimized concentration of modifier systems. A comparison between the effects on blends of designed biobased systems and the action of fossil-based Joncryl was performed, to understand if the developed green solutions could represent competitive and efficient substitutes. The modified composites were characterized in terms of mechanical tests, degradation and thermal studies (TGA and DSC), and morphological analysis (SEM), to figure out their main features and to understand their potential in possible industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alice Bertolini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
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Volume Change during Creep and Micromechanical Deformation Processes in PLA-PBSA Binary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142379. [PMID: 34301135 PMCID: PMC8309598 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, creep measurements were carried out on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its blends with poly(butylene succinate-adipate) (PBSA) to investigate the specific micromechanical behavior of these materials, which are promising for replacing fossil-based plastics in several applications. Two different PBSA contents at 15 and 20 wt.% were investigated, and the binary blends were named 85-15 and 80-20, respectively. Measurements of the volume strain, using an optical extensometer, were carried out with a universal testing machine in creep configuration to determine, accompanied by SEM images, the deformation processes occurring in a biopolymeric blend. With the aim of correlating the creep and the dilatation variation, analytical models were applied for the first time in biopolymeric binary blends. By using an Eyring plot, a significant change in the curves was found, and it coincided with the onset of the cavitation/debonding mechanism. Furthermore, starting from the data of the pure PLA matrix, using the Eyring relationship, an apparent stress concentration factor was calculated for PLA-PBSA systems. From this study, it emerged that the introduction of PBSA particles causes an increment in the apparent stress intensity factor, and this can be ascribed to the lower adhesion between the two biopolymers. Furthermore, as also confirmed by SEM analysis, it was found that debonding was the main micromechanical mechanism responsible for the volume variation under creep configuration; it was found that debonding starts earlier (at a lower stress level) for the 85-15 blend.
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Abstract
According to previous research studies, consumers worldwide are searching for new natural-oriented hair products that are both skin and environmentally friendly. Worldwide waste and air pollution, with the consequent environmental disasters, represent the greatest risk to human health and economy, further increased by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among others, non-biodegradable molecules are present in hair products (fossil-based additives, surfactants, etc.) and macromolecules (plastics). Plastics waste is considered the most serious problem, representing a forecast amount of 460 million tons per year by 2030, 12% of which is reused or recycled. Most plastics consumed, therefore, go to landfills and incineration, also if their recycling is considered an important driver of industrial profitability. Thus, the use of biopolymers represents an interesting alternative to produce biodegradable goods and tissues. After an introduction to the worldwide waste problem and the hair structure, the present review proposes the possibility to make biodegradable tissues that, realized by chitin nanofibrils and nano-lignin as natural polymers, may be used to produce an innovative and smart cosmetic hairline. Chitin-derived compounds are considered interesting polymers to produce non-woven tissues able to repair the hair damages provoked by the aggressiveness of both the environment and some aggressive cosmetic treatments, such as setting, bleaching, permanent waving, and oxidative coloring. The possible activity, that positively charged polymers such as chitin could have, has been speculated, interfering with the constitution and organization of the hair fibrils’ structure, which is negatively charged. The possibility of selecting biopolymers for their packaging is also discussed. Moreover, the use of these biopolymers, obtained from forestry-agro-food waste, may be of help to safeguard the further consumption of natural raw materials, necessary for future generations, also maintaining the earth’s biodiversity.
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