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Lorero I, Rodríguez Á, Campo M, Prolongo SG. Development of an Electroactive and Thermo-Reversible Diels-Alder Epoxy Nanocomposite Doped with Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4715. [PMID: 38139966 PMCID: PMC10747943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of Diels-Alder (D-A) crosslinked epoxy nanocomposites is an emerging field with several challenges to overcome: the synthesis is complex due to side reactions, the mechanical properties are hindered by the brittleness of these bonds, and the content of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to achieve electroactivity is much higher than the percolation thresholds of other conventional resins. In this work, we develop nanocomposites with different D-A crosslinking ratios (0, 0.6, and 1.0) and CNT contents (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 wt.%), achieving a simplified route and avoiding the use of solvents and side reactions by selecting a two-step curing method (100 °C-6 h + 60 °C-12 h) that generates the thermo-reversible resins. These reversible nanocomposites show ohmic behavior and effective Joule heating, reaching the dissociation temperatures of the D-A bonds. The fully reversible nanocomposites (ratio 1.0) present more homogeneous CNT dispersion compared to the partially reversible nanocomposites (ratio 0.6), showing higher electrical conductivity, as well as higher brittleness. For this study, the nanocomposite with a partially reversible matrix (ratio 0.6) doped with 0.7 CNT wt.% was selected to allow us to study its new smart functionalities and performance due to its reversible network by analyzing self-healing and thermoforming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Lorero
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Mónica Campo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Racchi O, Baldassari R, Araya-Hermosilla E, Mattoli V, Minei P, Pozio A, Pucci A. Polyketone-Based Anion-Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092027. [PMID: 37177175 PMCID: PMC10180749 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) are involved in a wide range of applications, including fuel cells and water electrolysis. A straightforward method for the preparation of efficient AEMs consists of polymer functionalization with robust anion-exchange sites. In this work, an aliphatic polyketone was functionalized with 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole through the Paal-Knorr reaction, with a carbonyl (CCO %) conversion of 33%. The anion-exchange groups were generated by the imidazole quaternization by using two different types of alkyl halides, i.e., 1,4-iodobutane and 1-iodobutane, with the aim of modulating the degree of crosslinking of the derived membrane. All of the membranes were amorphous (Tg ∼ 30 °C), thermally resistant up to 130 °C, and had a minimum Young's modulus of 372 ± 30 MPa and a maximum of 86 ± 5 % for the elongation at break for the least-crosslinked system. The ionic conductivity of the AEMs was determined at 25 °C by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), with a maximum of 9.69 mS/cm, i.e., comparable with that of 9.66 mS/cm measured using a commercially available AEM (Fumasep-PK-130). Future efforts will be directed toward increasing the robustness of these PK-based AEMs to meet all the requirements needed for their application in electrolytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Racchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rebecca Baldassari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Pozio
- ENEA CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti, 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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3
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Araya-Hermosilla E, Parlanti P, Gemmi M, Mattoli V, Di Pietro S, Iacopini D, Granchi C, Turchi B, Fratini F, Di Bussolo V, Minutolo F, Picchioni F, Pucci A. Functionalized aliphatic polyketones with germicide activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35358-35366. [PMID: 36540247 PMCID: PMC9732932 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has further confirmed to the community that direct contact with contaminated surfaces and objects represents an important source of pathogen spreading among humans. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to design effective germicidal paints to ensure a rapid and potent disinfectant action of surfaces. In this work, we design novel germicide polymeric coatings by inserting quaternary ammonium and sugar groups on the macromolecular backbone, thus respectively endowing the polymer with germicide features and hydrophilicity to interact with the surfaces. An aliphatic polyketone was selected as a starting polymer matrix that was functionalized with primary amine derivatives via the Paal-Knorr reaction. The resulting polymers were deposited on cellulose filter papers and checkboard charts with excellent coating yield and substrate coverage as determined by scanning electron microscopy for cellulose. Remarkably, the substrates coated by the functional polymers bearing quaternary ammonium compounds showed excellent bactericide properties with antibacterial rate of 99% and logarithmic reduction of >3. Notably, the polymers with higher hydrophobicity showed better retention on the substrate after being treated with water at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (PI) 56025 Pisa Italy
| | - Paola Parlanti
- Center for Materials Interfaces @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (PI) 56025 Pisa Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Materials Interfaces @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (PI) 56025 Pisa Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 Pontedera (PI) 56025 Pisa Italy
| | | | - Dalila Iacopini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Valeria Di Bussolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa Via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy +39 0502219270
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Ebrahimnezhad‐Khaljiri H, Eslami‐Farsani R, Mirzamohammadi S. Assessment of mechanical and healing behaviors of glass fibers‐epoxy composite containing the microcapsules with the nanocomposite shell. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Eslami‐Farsani
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering K. N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Sadegh Mirzamohammadi
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Technical and Vocational University (TVU) Tehran Iran
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Thermally remendable, weldable, and recyclable epoxy network crosslinked with reversible Diels-alder bonds. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vitrimeric silicone composite with high thermal conductivity and high repairing efficiency as thermal interface materials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 620:273-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cantamessa F, Damonte G, Monticelli O, Arrigo R, Fina A. Thermoreversible Cross-Linked Rubber Prepared via Melt Blending and Its Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:4796-4807. [PMID: 35846782 PMCID: PMC9274616 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A covalent adaptable network based on the thermoreversible cross-linking of an ethylene-propylene rubber through Diels-Alder (DA) reaction was prepared for the first time through melt blending as an environmental-friendly alternative to traditional synthesis in organic solvents. Functionalization of the rubber with furan groups was performed in a melt blender and subsequently mixed with different amounts of bismaleimide in a microextruder. Cross-linking was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and insolubility at room temperature, while its thermoreversible character was confirmed by a solubility test at 110 °C and by remolding via hot-pressing. Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the obtained rubbers showed potential to compete with conventionally cross-linked elastomers, with stiffness in the range 1-1.7 MPa and strain at break in the range 200-500%, while allowing recycling via a simple melt processing step. Nanocomposites based on the thermoreversible rubber were prepared with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), showing significantly increasing stiffness up to ca. 8 MPa, ∼2-fold increased strength, and thermal conductivity up to ∼0.5 W/(m K). Results in this paper may open for industrially viable and sustainable applications of thermoreversible elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cantamessa
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giacomo Damonte
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Orozco F, Niyazov Z, Garnier T, Migliore N, Zdvizhkov AT, Raffa P, Moreno-Villoslada I, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Maleimide Self-Reaction in Furan/Maleimide-Based Reversibly Crosslinked Polyketones: Processing Limitation or Potential Advantage? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082230. [PMID: 33924288 PMCID: PMC8069175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers crosslinked via furan/maleimide thermo-reversible chemistry have been extensively explored as reprocessable and self-healing thermosets and elastomers. For such applications, it is important that the thermo-reversible features are reproducible after many reprocessing and healing cycles. Therefore, side reactions are undesirable. However, we have noticed irreversible changes in the mechanical properties of such materials when exposing them to temperatures around 150 °C. In this work, we study whether these changes are due to the self-reaction of maleimide moieties that may take place at this rather low temperature. In order to do so, we prepared a furan-grafted polyketone crosslinked with the commonly used aromatic bismaleimide (1,1'-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide), and exposed it to isothermal treatments at 150 °C. The changes in the chemistry and thermo-mechanical properties were mainly studied by infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and rheology. Our results indicate that maleimide self-reaction does take place in the studied polymer system. This finding comes along with limitations over the reprocessing and self-healing procedures for furan/maleimide-based reversibly crosslinked polymers that present their softening (decrosslinking) point at relatively high temperatures. On the other hand, the side reaction can also be used to tune the properties of such polymer products via in situ thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orozco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Zafarjon Niyazov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Timon Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Nicola Migliore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Alexander T. Zdvizhkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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