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Avella A, Rafi A, Deiana L, Mincheva R, Córdova A, Lo Re G. Organo-Mediated Ring-Opening Polymerization of Ethylene Brassylate from Cellulose Nanofibrils in Reactive Extrusion. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:10727-10738. [PMID: 39055864 PMCID: PMC11267636 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene brassylate is a renewable macrolactone from castor oil that can be polymerized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to obtain a fully biosourced biodegradable polyester. ROP mediated by organometallic catalysts leads to high molar mass poly(ethylene brassylate) (PEB). However, the use of metal-free organocatalysis has several advantages, such as the reduction of toxic and expensive metals. In this work, a novel cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/PEB nanocomposite fabrication process by organocatalysis and reactive extrusion (REx) is disclosed. Here, ROP was carried out via solvent-free REx in the presence of CNFs using organic 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene as a catalyst. Neat or lactate-esterified CNFs (LACNF) were used as initiators to investigate the effect of surface topochemistry on the in situ polymerization and the properties of the nanocomposites. A molar mass of 9 kDa was achieved in the presence of both unmodified and LACNFs with high monomer conversion (>98%) after 30 min reaction in a microcompounder at 130 °C. Tensile analysis showed that both nanofibril types reinforce the matrix and increase its elasticity due to the efficient dispersion obtained through the grafting from polymerization achieved during the REx. Mechanical recycling of the neat polymer and the nanocomposites was proven as a circular solution for the materials' end-of-life and showed that lactate moieties induced some degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avella
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, Göteborg 41258, Sweden
| | - Abdolrahim Rafi
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall 85170, Sweden
| | - Luca Deiana
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall 85170, Sweden
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation
and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Armando Córdova
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall 85170, Sweden
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, Göteborg 41258, Sweden
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Gammino M, Gioia C, Maio A, Scaffaro R, Lo Re G. Chemical-free Reactive Melt Processing of Biosourced Poly(butylene-succinate-adipate) for Improved Mechanical Properties and Recyclability. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5866-5877. [PMID: 38807952 PMCID: PMC11129176 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Biosourced and biodegradable polyesters like poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) are gaining traction as promising alternatives to oil-based thermoplastics for single-use applications. However, the mechanical and rheological properties of PBSA are affected by its thermomechanical sensitivity during its melt processing, also hindering PBSA mechanical recycling. Traditional reactive melt processing (RP) methods use chemical additives to counteract these drawbacks, compromising sustainability. This study proposes a green reactive method during melt compounding for PBSA based on a comprehensive understanding of its thermomechanical degradative behavior. Under the hypothesis that controlled degradative paths during melt processing can promote branching/recombination reactions without the addition of chemical additives, we aim to enhance PBSA rheological and mechanical performance. An in-depth investigation of the in-line rheological behavior of PBSA was conducted using an internal batch mixer, exploring parameters such as temperature, screw rotation speed, and residence time. Their influence on PBSA chain scissions, branching/recombination, and cross-linking reactions were evaluated to identify optimal conditions for effective RP. Results demonstrate that specific processing conditions, for example, twelve minutes processing time, 200 °C temperature, and 60 rpm screw rotation speed, promote the formation of the long chain branched structure in PBSA. These structural changes resulted in a notable enhancement of the reacted PBSA rheological and mechanical properties, exhibiting a 23% increase in elastic modulus, a 50% increase in yield strength, and an 80% increase in tensile strength. The RP strategy also improved PBSA mechanical recycling, thus making it a potential replacement for low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Ultimately, this study showcases how finely controlling the thermomechanical degradation during reactive melt processing can improve the material's properties, enabling reliable mechanical recycling, which can serve as a green approach for other biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gammino
- Department
of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Maio
- Department
of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Scaffaro
- Department
of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rannvagen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Kemigården 4, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Avella A, Salse M, Sessini V, Mincheva R, Lo Re G. Reusable, Recyclable, and Biodegradable Heat-Shrinkable Melt Cross-Linked Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate)/Pulp Biocomposites for Polyvinyl Chloride Replacement. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:5251-5262. [PMID: 38577586 PMCID: PMC10988786 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Heat-shrinkable films are widely used as disposable secondary packaging but are conventionally made from fossil-based and nonbiodegradable polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene. To lower the environmental impact of such products, this work reports the development of recyclable, biodegradable, and partially biosourced heat-shrinkable biocomposites that are cost-competitive with existing shrink wraps. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), a growing biodegradable thermoplastic, was simultaneously reinforced with pulp fibers and partially cross-linked in a single-step reactive melt processing. The designed peroxide-initiated reaction led to a 55 wt % cocontinuous insoluble gel incorporating all the pulp fibers into a cross-linked polymer network. In the solid state, the cross-linked biocomposite shows 60% elongation at break with a 200% increase in Young's modulus, while the only addition of pulp fibers stiffens and embrittles the matrix. Creep tests in the melt state indicated that the cross-linked network induces homogeneous shrinking even during the loading phase, demonstrating the potential use of the biocomposites as heat-shrinkable films. The shrinking also promotes the shape-memory of the biocomposite, which retains its dimensions after four cycles. The circularity of the materials was assessed by mechanical recycling and industrial composting, which have proven feasible end-of-life options for heat-shrinkable biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avella
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Salse
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratoire
MATEIS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
Lyon, Bât. B. Pascal, Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Sessini
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research
“Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University
of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ding X, Shi Y, Xu S, Zhang Y, Du J, Qiu J. Triple Stimuli-Responsive Flexible Shape Memory Foams with Super-Amphiphilicity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205797. [PMID: 36461700 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly porous multi-responsive shape memory foams have unique advantages in designing 3D materials with lightweight for varied applications. Herein, a facile and efficient approach to fabricating a thermo-, electro-, and photo-responsive shape memory composite foam is demonstrated. A specific multi-step carbonization protocol is adopted for transforming commercial melamine sponge (MS) to highly porous carbon foam (CF) with robust elastic resilience, efficient electrothermal/photothermal conversions, and super-amphiphilicity. It is a novel proposal for CF to take the dual role of the elastic supporting framework and 3D energy conversion/transmission network without any functional fillers. The composite foam cPCL@CF incorporates the CF skeleton with in situ crosslinked polycaprolactone (PCL) layers, which exhibits high conductivity (≈140 S m-1 ) and excellent light absorption (≈97.7%) in the range of 250-2500 nm. By triggering the crystalline transition of PCL, the composite foam displays sensitive electro- and photo-induced shape memory effect (SME) with outstanding shape fixation ratio (Rf ) and recovery ratio (Rr ). Thanks to the super-amphiphilicity and high electrical conductivity, the cPCL@CF composite foam can give rapid and distinguishable electric signals upon tiny drips of salt solutions or lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrolytes, making it a new type of sensor for detecting electrolyte leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yunan Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Jiang Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Tongji University, Education of Ministry, Shanghai, 201804, China
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Lamnawar K, Maazouz A. Rheology and Processing of Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122327. [PMID: 35745903 PMCID: PMC9228071 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
I am so glad to share with you our Special Issue entitled 'Rheology and Processing of Polymers', which covers the latest developments in the field of rheology and polymer processing, highlighting cutting-edge research focusing on the processing of advanced polymers and their composites [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Lamnawar
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
- University Jean Monnet, F-42100 Saint-Étienne, France
- Correspondence:
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Yang T, Cheng Y, Wu Y, Yu B, Huang T, Yu H, Zhu M. Enhanced crosslinking of polypropylene in γ-irradiation via Copper(Ⅱ) doping. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Can 3D-Printed Bioactive Glasses Be the Future of Bone Tissue Engineering? Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081627. [PMID: 35458377 PMCID: PMC9027654 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, cases of bone fracture or injury have increased to 33.4% in the past two decades. Bone-related injuries affect both physical and mental health and increase the morbidity rate. Biopolymers, metals, ceramics, and various biomaterials have been used to synthesize bone implants. Among these, bioactive glasses are one of the most biomimetic materials for human bones. They provide good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and osteointegrative properties. Owing to these properties, various composites of bioactive glasses have been FDA-approved for diverse bone-related and other applications. However, bone defects and bone injuries require customized designs and replacements. Thus, the three-dimensional (3D) printing of bioactive glass composites has the potential to provide customized bone implants. This review highlights the bottlenecks in 3D printing bioactive glass and provides an overview of different types of 3D printing methods for bioactive glass. Furthermore, this review discusses synthetic and natural bioactive glass composites. This review aims to provide information on bioactive glass biomaterials and their potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Mukhametzyanov T, Schmelzer JW, Yarko E, Abdullin A, Ziganshin M, Sedov I, Schick C. Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Cross-Linked Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213617. [PMID: 34771173 PMCID: PMC8588086 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal nucleation and overall crystallization kinetics of cross-linked poly(ε-caprolactone) was studied experimentally by fast scanning calorimetry in a wide temperature range. With an increasing degree of cross-linking, both the nucleation and crystallization half-times increase. Concurrently, the glass transition range shifts to higher temperatures. In contrast, the temperatures of the maximum nucleation and the overall crystallization rates remain the same, independent of the degree of cross-linking. The cold crystallization peak temperature generally increases as a function of heating rate, reaching an asymptotic value near the temperature of the maximum growth rate. A theoretical interpretation of these results is given in terms of classical nucleation theory. In addition, it is shown that the average distance between the nearest cross-links is smaller than the estimated lamellae thickness, which indicates the inclusion of cross-links in the crystalline phase of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Mukhametzyanov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.S.); Tel.: +7-903-343-9026 (T.M.); +49-381-498-6880 (C.S.)
| | - Jürn W.P. Schmelzer
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Egor Yarko
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Albert Abdullin
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Marat Ziganshin
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Igor Sedov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Christoph Schick
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.S.); Tel.: +7-903-343-9026 (T.M.); +49-381-498-6880 (C.S.)
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