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Nukala SG, Kong I, Kakarla AB, Patel VI, Abuel-Naga H. Simulation of Wood Polymer Composites with Finite Element Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15091977. [PMID: 37177125 PMCID: PMC10180933 DOI: 10.3390/polym15091977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is a cellulosic material that is most abundantly available in nature. Wood has been extensively used as reinforcement in polymer composite materials. Wood polymer composite (WPC) is an environmentally friendly and sustainable material exploited in building and construction within the marine, packaging, housewares, aerospace, and automotive industries. However, the precision of testing equipment for finding the properties of WPCs becomes less feasible compared to experimental analysis due to a high degree of differences in the measurement of properties such as stress, strain and deformation. Thus, evaluating the mechanical properties of WPCs using finite element analysis (FEA) can aid in overcoming the inadequacies in measuring physical properties prior to experimental analyses. Furthermore, the prediction of mechanical properties using simulation tools has evolved to analyze novel material performance under various conditions. The current study aimed to examine the mechanical properties of saw dust-reinforced recycled polypropylene (rPP) through experimentation and FEA. A model was developed using SolidWorks, and simulation was performed in ANSYS to predict the mechanical properties of the WPCs. To validate the obtained results, the simulated static tension test results were confirmed with experimental tension tests, and both assessments were well in accordance with each other. Using FEA to predict material properties could be a cost-effective technique in studying new materials under varied load conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Guha Nukala
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Ing Kong
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Akesh Babu Kakarla
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Hossam Abuel-Naga
- Department of Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Daramola OO, Akinwande AA, Adediran AA, Balogun OA, Olajide JL, Adedoyin KJ, Adewuyi BO, Jen TC. Optimization of the mechanical properties of polyester/coconut shell ash (CSA) composite for light-weight engineering applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1066. [PMID: 36658209 PMCID: PMC9852250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of coconut shell ash (CSA) reinforced polyester composite have been optimized. Various test specimens were developed by dispersing 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt.%, of CSA in unsaturated polyester resin in decreasing particle sizes of 40, 30, and 20 µm in an open mould using hand lay-up technique. Tensile, flexural, and impact strengths, as well as tensile and flexural moduli and Shore D hardness of all test samples were determined. The results showed that 10-20 wt.% CSA increased tensile, flexural, impact strengths and flexural modulus for all particle sizes, but 30-40 wt. % CSA engendered depreciation in corresponding performance. For all particle sizes, 10-40 wt. percent CSA resulted in an increase in tensile strength, whereas 10-40 wt. percent resulted into a linear increase in Shore D hardness. Further observation portrayed that in each case, the finest CSA (20 µm) have the optimum result. Statistical analysis carried out on experimental outcomes confirmed the experimental variables (particle proportion and sizes) to be significant. From the surface plot, the strength responses revealed more dependence on the individual variables than their interactions. Regression models developed for individual responses are termed statistically fit in representing the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. O. Daramola
- grid.411257.40000 0000 9518 4324Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - A. A. Akinwande
- grid.411257.40000 0000 9518 4324Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - A. A. Adediran
- grid.448923.00000 0004 1767 6410Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, PMB, Omu-Aran, 1001 Kwara State Nigeria
| | - O. A. Balogun
- grid.411257.40000 0000 9518 4324Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - J. L. Olajide
- grid.412810.e0000 0001 0109 1328Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K. J. Adedoyin
- Department of Nuclear Safety, Physical Security and Safeguards, Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - B. O. Adewuyi
- grid.411257.40000 0000 9518 4324Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - T. C. Jen
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Moraczewski K, Karasiewicz T, Suwała A, Bolewski B, Szabliński K, Zaborowska M. Versatile Polypropylene Composite Containing Post-Printing Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245335. [PMID: 36559703 PMCID: PMC9784443 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the research on the possibility of using waste after the printing process as a filler for polymeric materials. Remains of the label backing were used, consisting mainly of cellulose with glue and polymer label residue. The properly prepared filler (washed, dried, pressed and cut) was added to the polypropylene in a volume ratio of 2:1; 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3 which corresponded to approximately 10, 5, 2.5 and 2 wt % filler. The selected processing properties (mass flow rate), mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, dynamic mechanical analysis) and thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry) were determined. The use of even the largest amount of filler did not cause disqualifying changes in the determined properties. The characteristics of the obtained materials allow them to be used in various applications while reducing costs due to the high content of cheap filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-3419331
| | - Tomasz Karasiewicz
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Suwała
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bolewski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szabliński
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Tomaszewska J, Wieczorek M, Skórczewska K, Klapiszewska I, Lewandowski K, Klapiszewski Ł. Preparation, Characterization and Tailoring Properties of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composites with the Addition of Functional Halloysite-Lignin Hybrid Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8102. [PMID: 36431589 PMCID: PMC9693884 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, halloysite-lignin hybrid materials (HL) were designed and obtained. The weak hydrogen bonds found between the components were determined based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proving the achievement of class I hybrid systems. The HL systems were characterized by very good thermal stability and relatively good homogeneity, which increased as the proportion of the inorganic part increased. This was confirmed by analyzing scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and assessing particle size distributions and polydispersity indexes. Processing rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with HL systems with a content of up to 10 wt% in a Brabender torque rheometer allowed us to obtain composites with a relatively homogeneous structure confirmed by SEM observations; simultaneously, a reduction in the fusion time was noted. An improvement in PVC thermal stability of approximately 40 °C for composites with HL with a ratio of 1:5 wt/wt was noted. Regardless of the concentration of the HL system, PVC composites exhibited inconsiderably higher Young's modulus, but the incorporation of 2.5 wt% of fillers increased Charpy impact strength by 5-8 kJ/m2 and doubled elongation at break. This study demonstrated that favorable mechanical properties of PVC composites can be achieved, especially with an HL system with a ratio of 5:1 wt/wt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martina Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Klapiszewska
- Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
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Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K, Wilczewski S. Novel Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Carbon Fibre/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Filler. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5625. [PMID: 36013761 PMCID: PMC9415811 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of studies of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites modified with a hybrid carbon filler of carbon fibres (CFs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The hybrid filler was produced by a solvent method, using poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) as an adhesive. The proportion of components in the hybrid filler with CF-CNT-PVAc was 50:2.5:1, respectively. The obtained hybrid filler was evaluated by SEM, TG, and Raman spectroscopy. The PVC composites were produced by extrusion with proportions of the hybrid filler as 1 wt%, 5 wt%, or 10 wt%. Thermal stability by the TG method, mechanical properties, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) by the DMA and DSC methods were determined. The composite structure was evaluated by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the hybrid filler on electrical properties was investigated by studying the cross and surface resistivity. It was concluded that, aside from a substantial increase in the elastic modulus, no substantial improvement in the PVC/CF/CNT composites' mechanical properties was observed; however, slight increases in thermal stability and Tg were noted. The addition of the hybrid filler contributed to a substantial change in the composites' electrical properties. SEM observations demonstrated improved CNT dispersibility in the matrix, however, without a completely homogeneous coverage of CF by CNT.
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Nukala SG, Kong I, Kakarla AB, Tshai KY, Kong W. Preparation and Characterisation of Wood Polymer Composites Using Sustainable Raw Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153183. [PMID: 35956698 PMCID: PMC9371043 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, composites consisting of polymers and cellulosic materials have attracted increasing research attention. Polypropylene (PP) is among the most common polymer types found in excavated waste from landfills. Moreover, wood waste generated from wood products manufacturing such as sawdust (SD) offers a good potential for the fabrication of composite materials, and it is readily available in the environment. In this paper, wood polymer composites (WPC) consisting of recycled PP (rPP) and (SD) were prepared and characterised. A range of mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural properties, creep and hardness were studied, along with morphology, thermal properties, water degradation and contact angle. The results showed that the mechanical and thermal properties of rPP increased with an increase in 40 wt% of the SD content. Furthermore, the SD content significantly influenced the water uptake of the composites. Time–temperature superposition (TTS) was applied to predict the long-term mechanical performance from short-term accelerated creep tests at a range of elevated temperatures. The short-term creep test showed efficient homogeneity between the fillers and matrix with increasing temperature. The produced wood polymer composites displayed a comparable physical property to virgin polymer and wood and could potentially be used for various structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Guha Nukala
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Ing Kong
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Akesh Babu Kakarla
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Kim Yeow Tshai
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Win Kong
- BASF Corporation, 1069 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI 48192, USA
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Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051050. [PMID: 35267873 PMCID: PMC8914771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and post-consumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups of materials: wood polymer composites, polyurethane foams, and rubber recycling products were comprehensively described. Special attention was focused on examples of industrially applicable technologies developed in Poland over the last five years. Moreover, current trends and limitations in the future “green” development of waste-based polymer materials were also discussed.
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Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) Modified with Developed Fire Retardant System Based on Nanoclay and L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172909. [PMID: 34502949 PMCID: PMC8433658 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work assessed the burning behavior of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) modified with a two-component composition, consisting of L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP) and nanoclay (n). The thermal and thermodynamical properties of the PVC-P containing from 10 to 30 wt% of the fire retardant system (FRS) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). In contrast, fire behavior and smoke emission were studied with a cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. The research was complemented by a microstructure analysis, using a scanning electron microscope, of the materials before and after burning CC tests. The effects were compared to those achieved for PVC-P, PVC-P with a commercially available fire retardant, the substrate used for the produced LHP, and the mixture of LHP and zinc borate, both of which contained the same share of nanoclay. Based on a notable improvement, especially in smoke suppression suggests that the n/LHP system may be a candidate fire retardant for decreasing the flammability of PVC-P.
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Mirowski J, Oliwa R, Oleksy M, Rój E, Tomaszewska J, Mizera K, Ryszkowska J. Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Residual Hops after Supercritical Extraction in CO 2. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2736. [PMID: 34451274 PMCID: PMC8399245 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The common applications of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in many industries mean that the topic of recycling and disposal of post-consumer waste is still very important. One of the methods of reducing the negative impact of PVC waste on the natural environment is to use technological or post-consumer waste of this polymer to produce new composite materials with favorable utility properties, with the addition of natural fillers, among which agro-waste, including hop residue, is deserving of special attention. In this study, the effect of the addition of residual hops (H) on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated. PVC blends containing 10, 20 and 30 wt % of hop residue were mixed in an extruder, while the specimens were obtained by the injection molding method. It was observed that the addition of H increased their thermostability, as shown by a Congo red test. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the degradation rate of PVC/H composites in the first and second stages of decomposition was lower in comparison with unmodified PVC. In turn, composite density, impact strength and tensile strength decreased significantly with an increasing concentration of filler in the PVC matrix. At the same time, their Young's modulus, flexural modulus and Rockwell hardness increased. Flame resistance tests showed that with an increasing residual hop content, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) decreased by 9.0; 11.8 and 13.6%, respectively, compared to unfilled PVC (LOI = 37.4%). In addition, the maximum heat release rate (pHRR) decreased with an increasing filler content by about 16, 24 and 31%, respectively. Overall, these composites were characterized by a good burning resistance and had a flammability rating of V0 according to the UL94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Mirowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Rafał Oliwa
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Oleksy
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Edward Rój
- Łukasiewicz Research Network–New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (J.R.)
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