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Purandare S, Li R, Xiang C, Song G. Development of Innovative Composite Nanofiber: Enhancing Polyamide-6 with ε-Poly-L-Lysine for Medical and Protective Textiles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2046. [PMID: 39065363 PMCID: PMC11281277 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyamide-6 (PA) is a popular textile polymer having desirable mechanical and thermal properties, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, PA nanofibers are prone to bacterial growth and user discomfort. ε-Poly-L-lysine (PL) is non-toxic, antimicrobial, and hydrophilic but lacks spinnability due to its low molecular weight. Given its similar backbone structure to PA, with an additional amino side chain, PL was integrated with PA to develop multifunctional nanofibers. This study explores a simple, scalable method by which to obtain PL nanofibers by utilizing the structurally similar PA as the base. The goal was to enhance the functionality of PA by addressing its drawbacks. The study demonstrates spinnability of varying concentrations of PL with base PA while exploring compositions with higher PL concentrations than previously reported. Electrospinning parameters were studied to optimize the nanofiber properties. The effects of PL addition on morphology, hydrophilicity, thermal stability, mechanical performance, and long-term antimicrobial activity of nanofibers were evaluated. The maximum spinnable concentration of PL in PA-based nanofibers resulted in super hydrophilicity (0° static water contact angle within 10 s), increased tensile strength (1.02 MPa from 0.36 MPa of control), and efficient antimicrobial properties with long-term stability. These enhanced characteristics hold promise for the composite nanofiber's application in medical and protective textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunhui Xiang
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Guowen Song
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.P.); (R.L.)
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2
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Tzoumani I, Druvari D, Evangelidis M, Vlamis-Gardikas A, Bokias G, Kallitsis JK. Facile Synthesis of Dual-Functional Cross-Linked Membranes with Contact-Killing Antimicrobial Properties and Humidity-Response. Molecules 2024; 29:2372. [PMID: 38792232 PMCID: PMC11123689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate), P(HEMA-co-DMAEMAx), copolymers were quaternized through the reaction of a part of (dimethylamino)ethyl moieties of DMAEMA units with 1-bromohexadecane. Antimicrobial coatings were further prepared through the cross-linking reaction between the remaining DMAEMA units of these copolymers and the epoxide ring of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate), P(DMAm-co-GMAx), copolymers. The combination of P(HEMA-co-DMAEMAx)/P(DMAm-co-GMAx) copolymers not only enabled control over quaternization and cross-linking for coating stabilization but also allowed the optimization of the processing routes towards a more facile cost-effective methodology and the use of environmentally friendly solvents like ethanol. Careful consideration was given to achieve the right content of quaternized units, qDMAEMA, to ensure antimicrobial efficacy through an appropriate amphiphilic balance and sufficient free DMAEMA groups to react with GMA for coating stabilization. Optimal synthesis conditions were achieved by membranes consisting of cross-linked P(HEMA78-co-DMAEMA9-co-qDMAEMA13)/P(DMAm-co-GMA42) membranes. The obtained membranes were multifunctional as they were self-standing and antimicrobial, while they demonstrated a distinct fast response to changes in humidity levels, widening the opportunities for the construction of "smart" antimicrobial actuators, such as non-contact antimicrobial switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tzoumani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (D.D.); (M.E.); (A.V.-G.); (G.B.)
| | - Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (D.D.); (M.E.); (A.V.-G.); (G.B.)
| | - Miltiadis Evangelidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (D.D.); (M.E.); (A.V.-G.); (G.B.)
| | - Alexios Vlamis-Gardikas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (D.D.); (M.E.); (A.V.-G.); (G.B.)
| | - Georgios Bokias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (D.D.); (M.E.); (A.V.-G.); (G.B.)
| | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (D.D.); (M.E.); (A.V.-G.); (G.B.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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3
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Senila L, Botiz I, Roman C, Simedru D, Dan M, Kacso I, Senila M, Todor-Boer O. Processing of Thin Films Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals and Biodegradable Polymers by Space-Confined Solvent Vapor Annealing and Morphological Characteristics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1685. [PMID: 38612198 PMCID: PMC11012654 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
L-poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), and poly-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate are biodegradable polymers that can be obtained from renewable biomass sources. The aim of this study was to develop three types of environmentally friendly film biocomposites of altered microstructure by combining each of the above-mentioned polymers with cellulose nanocrystal fillers and further processing the resulting materials via space-confined solvent vapor annealing. Cellulose was previously obtained from renewable biomass and further converted to cellulose nanocrystals by hydrolysis with the lactic acid. The solutions of biodegradable polymers were spin-coated onto solid substrates before and after the addition of cellulose nanocrystals. The obtained thin film composites were further processed via space-confined solvent vapor annealing to eventually favor their crystallization and, thus, to alter the final microstructure. Indeed, atomic force microscopy studies have revealed that the presence of cellulose nanocrystals within a biodegradable polymer matrix promoted the formation of large crystalline structures exhibiting fractal-, spherulitic- or needle-like morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacrimioara Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter and Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Roman
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorina Simedru
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Irina Kacso
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Marin Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Otto Todor-Boer
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.S.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
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4
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Luk AMY, Lo CKY, Chiou JA, Ngai CH, Law K, Lau TL, Chen WX, Hui M, Kan CW. Antiviral and Antibacterial 3D-Printed Products Functionalised with Poly(hexamethylene biguanide). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:312. [PMID: 38337200 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection prevention and public health are a vital concern worldwide, especially during pandemics such as COVID-19 and seasonal influenza. Frequent manual disinfection and use of chemical spray coatings at public facilities are the typical measures taken to protect people from coronaviruses and other pathogens. However, limitations of human resources and coating durability, as well as the safety of disinfectants used are the major concerns in society during a pandemic. Non-leachable antimicrobial agent poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) was mixed into photocurable liquid resins to produce novel and tailor-made covers for public facilities via digital light processing, which is a popular 3D printing technique for satisfactory printing resolution. Potent efficacies of the 3D-printed plastics were achieved in standard antibacterial assessments against S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. A total of 99.9% of Human coronavirus 229E was killed after being in contact with the 3D-printed samples (containing the promising PHMB formulation) for two hours. In an eight-week field test in Hong Kong Wetland Park, antibacterial performances of the specially designed 3D-printed covers analysed by environmental swabbing were also found to be satisfactory. With these remarkable outcomes, antimicrobial products prepared by digital light processing 3D printing can be regarded as a reliable solution to long-term infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson M Y Luk
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Immune Materials Limited, Room 05, Unit 107-109, 1/F, 9 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K Y Lo
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiachi Amber Chiou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Hang Ngai
- University Research Facility in 3D Printing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ki Law
- Immune Materials Limited, Room 05, Unit 107-109, 1/F, 9 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Long Lau
- Immune Materials Limited, Room 05, Unit 107-109, 1/F, 9 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wan-Xue Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew Hui
- Immune Materials Limited, Room 05, Unit 107-109, 1/F, 9 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Wai Kan
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Agarwalla A, Ahmed W, Al-Marzouqi AH, Rizvi TA, Khan M, Zaneldin E. Characteristics and Key Features of Antimicrobial Materials and Associated Mechanisms for Diverse Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:8041. [PMID: 38138531 PMCID: PMC10745420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Fourth Industrial Revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a game changer in manufacturing, particularly in bioengineering, integrating complex medical devices and tools with high precision, short operation times, and low cost. Antimicrobial materials are a promising alternative for combating the emergence of unforeseen illnesses and device-related infections. Natural antimicrobial materials, surface-treated biomaterials, and biomaterials incorporated with antimicrobial materials are extensively used to develop 3D-printed products. This review discusses the antimicrobial mechanisms of different materials by providing examples of the most commonly used antimicrobial materials in bioengineering and brief descriptions of their properties and biomedical applications. This review will help researchers to choose suitable antimicrobial agents for developing high-efficiency biomaterials for potential applications in medical devices, packaging materials, biomedical applications, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruci Agarwalla
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.)
| | - Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.)
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Essam Zaneldin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
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Babutan I, Todor-Boer O, Atanase LI, Vulpoi A, Botiz I. Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Thin Films Swollen-Rich in Solvent Vapors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081900. [PMID: 37112047 PMCID: PMC10145245 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have employed a polymer processing method based on solvent vapor annealing in order to condense relatively large amounts of solvent vapors onto thin films of block copolymers and thus to promote their self-assembly into ordered nanostructures. As revealed by the atomic force microscopy, a periodic lamellar morphology of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-polybutadiene and an ordered morphology comprised of hexagonally-packed structures made of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) were both successfully generated on solid substrates for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Babutan
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Otto Todor-Boer
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Medical Dentistry, "Apollonia" University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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7
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Suner SS. Degradable, biocompatible, and antibacterial polygalacturonic acid/polyethyleneimine polyplex particles. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Sagbas Suner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, and Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC) Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale 17100 Turkey
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8
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Radiation synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial property of functionalized nanopolymer-based poly (propargyl alcohol) against multidrug-resistance microbes. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105777. [PMID: 36152795 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms are responsible for many diseases in biological organisms, including humans. Many of these infections thrive in hospitals, where people are treated with medicines and certain bacteria resist those treatments. Consequently, this research article aims to develop efficient antimicrobial material-based conjugated and functionalized polypropargyl alcohol nanoparticles (nano-PGA) synthesized by gamma irradiation. The monomer of PGA was polymerized in various mediums (water (W), chloroform (Ch), and dimethylformamide (DMF)) without catalysts under the action of γ-rays, producing π-conjugated and colored functional nano-PGA polymers. Nano-PGA is a versatile polymer demonstrated here as suitable for creating next-generation of antimicrobial systems capable of effectively preventing and killing various pathogenic microorganisms. The novelty here is the development of polymeric nanostructures by changing the solvent and irradiation doses. The antimicrobial property of nano-PGA (nanostare-like antibody structure) was examined against different pathogenic bacteria and unicellular fungi. Nano-PGA-DMF exhibits significant antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (20.20 mm; zone of inhibition (ZOI), and 0.47 μg/mL; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), followed by Escherichia coli (E. coli) (14.50 mm; ZOI, and 1.87 μg/mL; MIC, and Candida albicans (C.albicans) (12.50 mm; ZOI, and 1.87 μg/mL; MIC). In antibiofilm results, the highest inhibition percentage of the synthesized nano-PGA-W, nano-PGA-Ch, and nano-PGA-DMF was documented for S. aureus (17.01%, 37.57%, and 80.27%), followed by E. coli (25.68%, 55.16% and 78.11%), and C.albicans (40.10%, 62.65%, and 76.19%), respectively. The amount of bacterial protein removed is directly proportional after increasing the concentration of nano-PGA-W, nano-PGA-Ch, and nano-PGA-DMF samples (at different concentrations) and counted to be 70.58, 102.89, and 200.87 μg/mL, respectively following the treatment with 1.0 mg/mL of each sample. It was found that the nano-PGA polymer prepared in DMF has better antimicrobial activity than one prepared in chloroform than in water.
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Etayash H, Hancock REW. Host Defense Peptide-Mimicking Polymers and Polymeric-Brush-Tethered Host Defense Peptides: Recent Developments, Limitations, and Potential Success. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1820. [PMID: 34834239 PMCID: PMC8621177 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic antimicrobial polymers have attracted considerable interest as structural mimics of host defense peptides (HDPs) that provide a broad spectrum of activity and do not induce bacterial-drug resistance. Likewise, surface engineered polymeric-brush-tethered HDP is considered a promising coating strategy that prevents infections and endows implantable materials and medical devices with antifouling and antibacterial properties. While each strategy takes a different approach, both aim to circumvent limitations of HDPs, enhance physicochemical properties, therapeutic performance, and enable solutions to unmet therapeutic needs. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in each approach, spotlight the fundamental principles, describe current developments with examples, discuss benefits and limitations, and highlight potential success. The review intends to summarize our knowledge in this research area and stimulate further work on antimicrobial polymers and functionalized polymeric biomaterials as strategies to fight infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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Andersen C, Madsen J, Daugaard AE. A Synthetic Overview of Preparation Protocols of Nonmetallic, Contact-Active Antimicrobial Quaternary Surfaces on Polymer Substrates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100437. [PMID: 34491589 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial surfaces have been researched for more than 30 years and remain highly desirable. In particular, there is an interest in providing antimicrobial properties to commodity plastics, because these, in their native state, are excellent substrates for pathogens to adhere and proliferate on. Therefore, efficient strategies for converting surfaces of commodity plastics into contact-active antimicrobial surfaces are of significant interest. Many systems have been prepared and tested for their efficacy. Here, the synthetic approaches to such active surfaces are reviewed, with the restriction to only include systems with tested antibacterial properties. The review focuses on the synthetic approach to surface functionalization of the most common materials used and tested for biomedical applications, which effectively has limited the study to quaternary materials. For future developments in the field, it is evident that there is a need for development of simple methods that permit scalable production of active surfaces. Furthermore, in terms of efficacy, there is an outstanding concern of a lack of universal antimicrobial action as well as rapid deactivation of the antibacterial effect through surface fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Andersen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,Coloplast A/S, Holtedam 1-3, Humlebaek, 3050, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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12
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Polybetaines in Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179321. [PMID: 34502230 PMCID: PMC8430529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybetaines, that have moieties bearing both cationic (quaternary ammonium group) and anionic groups (carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphate/phosphinate/phosphonate groups) situated in the same structural unit represent an important class of smart polymers with unique and specific properties, belonging to the family of zwitterionic materials. According to the anionic groups, polybetaines can be divided into three major classes: poly(carboxybetaines), poly(sulfobetaines) and poly(phosphobetaines). The structural diversity of polybetaines and their special properties such as, antifouling, antimicrobial, strong hydration properties and good biocompatibility lead to their use in nanotechnology, biological and medical fields, water remediation, hydrometallurgy and the oil industry. In this review we aimed to highlight the recent developments achieved in the field of biomedical applications of polybetaines such as: antifouling, antimicrobial and implant coatings, wound healing and drug delivery systems.
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