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Machado ND, Mosquera JE, Cejudo-Bastante C, Goñi ML, Martini RE, Gañán NA, Mantell-Serrano C, Casas-Cardoso L. Supercritical Impregnation of PETG with Olea europaea Leaf Extract: Influence of Operational Parameters on Expansion Degree, Antioxidant and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38891513 PMCID: PMC11174583 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PETG (poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate)) is an amorphous copolymer, biocompatible, recyclable, and versatile. Nowadays, it is being actively researched for biomedical applications. However, proposals of PETG as a platform for the loading of bioactive compounds from natural extract are scarce, as well as the effect of the supercritical impregnation on this polymer. In this work, the supercritical impregnation of PETG filaments with Olea europaea leaf extract was investigated, evaluating the effect of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and depressurization rate (5-50 bar min-1) on the expansion degree, antioxidant activity, and mechanical properties of the resulting filaments. PETG expansion degree ranged from ~3 to 120%, with antioxidant loading ranging from 2.28 to 17.96 g per 100 g of polymer, corresponding to oxidation inhibition values of 7.65 and 66.55%, respectively. The temperature and the binary interaction between pressure and depressurization rate most affected these properties. The mechanical properties of PETG filaments depended greatly on process variables. Tensile strength values were similar or lower than the untreated filaments. Young's modulus and elongation at break values decreased below ~1000 MPa and ~10%, respectively, after the scCO2 treatment and impregnation. The extent of this decrease depended on the supercritical operational parameters. Therefore, filaments with higher antioxidant activity and different expansion degrees and mechanical properties were obtained by adjusting the supercritical processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia D. Machado
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - José E. Mosquera
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (TIMR), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale (ESCOM), Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne, France;
| | - Cristina Cejudo-Bastante
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - María L. Goñi
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Raquel E. Martini
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Nicolás A. Gañán
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Casimiro Mantell-Serrano
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - Lourdes Casas-Cardoso
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
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García-Casas I, Valor D, Elayoubi H, Montes A, Pereyra C. Morphological 3D Analysis of PLGA/Chitosan Blend Polymer Scaffolds and Their Impregnation with Olive Pruning Residues via Supercritical CO 2. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1451. [PMID: 38891395 PMCID: PMC11174888 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts, such as those from the residues of the Olea europaea industry, offer an opportunity for use due to their richness in antioxidant compounds. These compounds can be incorporated into porous polymeric devices with huge potential for tissue engineering such as bone, cardiovascular, osteogenesis, or neural applications using supercritical CO2. For this purpose, polymeric scaffolds of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan, generated in situ by foaming, were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic olive leaf extract (OLE). The influence of the presence of chitosan on porosity and interconnectivity in the scaffolds, both with and without impregnated extract, was studied. The scaffolds have been characterized by X-ray computed microtomography, scanning electron microscope, measurements of impregnated load, and antioxidant capacity. The expansion factor decreased as the chitosan content rose, which also occurred when OLE was used. Pore diameters varied, reducing from 0.19 mm in pure PLGA to 0.11 mm in the two experiments with the highest chitosan levels. The connectivity was analyzed, showing that in most instances, adding chitosan doubled the average number of connections, increasing it by a factor of 2.5. An experiment was also conducted to investigate the influence of key factors in the impregnation of the extract, such as pressure (10-30 MPa), temperature (308-328 K), and polymer ratio (1:1-9:1 PLGA/chitosan). Increased pressure facilitated increased OLE loading. The scaffolds were evaluated for antioxidant activity and demonstrated substantial oxidation inhibition (up to 82.5% under optimal conditions) and remarkable potential to combat oxidative stress-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Valor
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence, Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (H.E.); (C.P.)
| | | | - Antonio Montes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence, Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (H.E.); (C.P.)
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Stevanović M, Filipović N. A Review of Recent Developments in Biopolymer Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems with Antioxidative Properties: Insights into the Last Five Years. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:670. [PMID: 38794332 PMCID: PMC11125366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biopolymer-based nano-drug delivery systems with antioxidative properties have gained significant attention in the field of pharmaceutical research. These systems offer promising strategies for targeted and controlled drug delivery while also providing antioxidant effects that can mitigate oxidative stress-related diseases. Generally, the healthcare landscape is constantly evolving, necessitating the continual development of innovative therapeutic approaches and drug delivery systems (DDSs). DDSs play a pivotal role in enhancing treatment efficacy, minimizing adverse effects, and optimizing patient compliance. Among these, nanotechnology-driven delivery approaches have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties, such as improved solubility, controlled release, and targeted delivery. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanotubes, etc., offer versatile platforms for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Additionally, biopolymer-based DDSs hold immense promise, leveraging natural or synthetic biopolymers to encapsulate drugs and enable targeted and controlled release. These systems offer numerous advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. The utilization of polysaccharides, polynucleotides, proteins, and polyesters as biopolymer matrices further enhances the versatility and applicability of DDSs. Moreover, substances with antioxidative properties have emerged as key players in combating oxidative stress-related diseases, offering protection against cellular damage and chronic illnesses. The development of biopolymer-based nanoformulations with antioxidative properties represents a burgeoning research area, with a substantial increase in publications in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments within this area over the past five years. It discusses various biopolymer materials, fabrication techniques, stabilizers, factors influencing degradation, and drug release. Additionally, it highlights emerging trends, challenges, and prospects in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stevanović
- Group for Biomedical Engineering and Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Kneza Mihaila 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Valor D, García-Casas I, Montes A, Danese E, Pereyra C, de la Ossa EM. Supercritical Impregnation of Mangifera indica Leaves Extracts into Porous Conductive PLGA-PEDOT Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:133. [PMID: 38201798 PMCID: PMC10780670 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant leaves, such as those from Mangifera indica, represent a potential utilization of waste due to their richness in bioactive compounds. Supercritical CO2 allows these compounds to be incorporated into various matrices by impregnation. Combined with its ability to generate polymeric scaffolds, it represents an attractive strategy for the production of biomedical devices. For this purpose, conjugated polymeric scaffolds of biodegradable PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) and PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)), generated in situ by foaming, were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic mango leaves extract (MLE) in tissue engineering as a potential application. The extraction of MLE was performed by Enhanced Solvent Extraction. The effects of pressure (120-300 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and depressurization rate (1-50 bar/min) on the physical/conductive properties and the impregnation of MLE were studied. The scaffolds have been characterized by liquid displacement, scanning electron microscope, resistance to conductivity techniques, measurements of impregnated load, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Porosity values ranging 9-46% and conductivity values between 10-4-10-5 S/cm were obtained. High pressures, low temperatures and rapid depressurization favored the impregnation of bioactive compounds. Scaffolds with remarkable antioxidant activity were obtained (75.2-87.3% oxidation inhibition), demonstrating the ability to inhibit S. aureus bacterial growth (60.1 to 71.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Valor
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (D.V.); (I.G.-C.); (C.P.); (E.M.d.l.O.)
| | - Ignacio García-Casas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (D.V.); (I.G.-C.); (C.P.); (E.M.d.l.O.)
| | - Antonio Montes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (D.V.); (I.G.-C.); (C.P.); (E.M.d.l.O.)
| | - Ella Danese
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Clara Pereyra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (D.V.); (I.G.-C.); (C.P.); (E.M.d.l.O.)
| | - Enrique Martínez de la Ossa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (D.V.); (I.G.-C.); (C.P.); (E.M.d.l.O.)
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Burgos-Briones GA, Verano-Naranjo L, Cejudo-Bastante C, Dueñas-Rivadeneira AA, Mantell-Serrano C, Casas-Cardoso L. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Prestonia mollis Leaves and Their Impregnation into Polylactic Acid Using High-Pressure Technologies: Potential for Biomedical Application. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1864. [PMID: 37891942 PMCID: PMC10604127 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) have been used for the first time to obtain antioxidant compounds from Prestonia mollis leaves. The effects of pressure (100-250 bar), temperature (55-75 °C) and the composition of the extraction solvent (ethanol, water and hydroalcoholic mixtures) were evaluated according to multilevel factorial designs. PLE provided the largest extraction yields compared to ESE, as well as a greater impact of the operating conditions studied. The highest total phenolic content was obtained when using a hydroalcoholic mixture (CO2/ethanol/water 50/25/25) through ESE at 100 bar and 75 °C. The antioxidant capacity of this extract is related to higher concentration levels of the identified flavonoids: Quercetin 3-O-xylosyl-rutinoside, Kaempferol 3-(2G-apiosylrobinobioside) and Kaempferol 4'-glucoside 7-rhamnoside. This extract was tested for the supercritical impregnation of polylactic acid (PLA), which is a polymer widely used in the biomedical industry. The influence of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), amount of extract (3-6 mL) and impregnation time (1-2 h) have been evaluated. The best results were obtained by impregnating 3 mL of extract at 100 bar and 55 °C for 2 h, achieving 10% inhibition with DPPH methods. The extract presented a potentially suitable impregnation of PLA for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alfonso Burgos-Briones
- Chemical Processes, Food and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, Technical University of Manabí, Urbina Avenue and Che Guevara, Portoviejo 130105, Manabí, Ecuador;
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (L.V.-N.); (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Lidia Verano-Naranjo
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (L.V.-N.); (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Cristina Cejudo-Bastante
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (L.V.-N.); (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Alex Alberto Dueñas-Rivadeneira
- Agroindustrial Processes Department, Faculty of Zootechnical Sciences, Technical University of Manabí, Urbina Avenue and Che Guevara, Portoviejo 130105, Manabí, Ecuador;
| | - Casimiro Mantell-Serrano
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (L.V.-N.); (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Lourdes Casas-Cardoso
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (L.V.-N.); (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.)
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Cejudo C, Ferreiro M, Romera I, Casas L, Mantell C. Functional, Physical, and Volatile Characterization of Chitosan/Starch Food Films Functionalized with Mango Leaf Extract. Foods 2023; 12:2977. [PMID: 37569246 PMCID: PMC10418412 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Active packaging is one of the currently thriving methods to preserve highly perishable foods. Nonetheless, the integration of active substances into the formulation of the packaging may alter their properties-particularly mass transfer properties-and therefore, the active compounds acting. Different formulations of chitosan (CH), starch (ST), and their blends (CH-ST), with the addition of mango leaf extract (MLE) have been polymerized by casting to evaluate their food preservation efficiency. A CH-ST blend with 3% MLE using 7.5 mL of the filmogenic solution proved to be the most effective formulation because of its high bioactivity (ca. 80% and 74% of inhibition growth of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, and 40% antioxidant capacity). The formulation reduced the water solubility and water vapor permeability while increasing UV protection, properties that provide a better preservation of raspberry fruit after 13 days than the control. Moreover, a novel method of Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry to analyze the volatile profiles of the films is employed, to study the potential modification of the food in contact with the active film. These migrated compounds were shown to be closely related to both the mango extract additions and the film's formulation themselves, showing different fingerprints depending on the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cejudo
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (C.C.); (I.R.); (C.M.)
| | - Marta Ferreiro
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Irene Romera
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (C.C.); (I.R.); (C.M.)
| | - Lourdes Casas
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (C.C.); (I.R.); (C.M.)
| | - Casimiro Mantell
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (C.C.); (I.R.); (C.M.)
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Verano-Naranjo L, Cejudo-Bastante C, Casas L, Martínez de la Ossa E, Mantell C. Use of Winemaking By-Products for the Functionalization of Polylactic Acid for Biomedical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1416. [PMID: 37507954 PMCID: PMC10376806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of naturally active compounds to implantable polymers is an efficient strategy against inflammation issues that might lead to rejection, while promoting controlled re-endothelialization of the tissues. This work proposes the use of winemaking by-products with high active properties of biomedical interest to obtain bioactive PLA by using supercritical technologies. First, two red grape pomace extracts, obtained by high-pressure extraction with supercritical CO2 and cosolvents (either ethanol or water-ethanol), have been studied. Second, two impregnation methods have been studied with both extracts, traditional supercritical CO2-assisted impregnation (SSI) and a novel pressurized soaking method (PSI). The amount of extract impregnated as well as the bioactivity levels achieved-i.e., antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties- have been determined for each extract and impregnation method at different pressure and temperature conditions. Both extracts obtained had good antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial capacities, especially the hydroethanolic one (0.50 ± 0.03 mg TE/g versus 0.24 ± 0.03 mg TE/g, respectively). Regarding impregnated filaments, impregnation loadings depended especially on the extract and P/T conditions, providing up to 8% (extract mass/polymer mass) of impregnation. The antioxidant capacity increased noteworthily by using the ethanolic extract by PSI, with values near 100 µg TE/g PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Verano-Naranjo
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Science Faculty, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Cejudo-Bastante
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Science Faculty, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Casas
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Science Faculty, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez de la Ossa
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Science Faculty, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Casimiro Mantell
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Science Faculty, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
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Milovanovic S, Lukic I, Horvat G, Novak Z, Frerich S, Petermann M, García-González CA. Green Processing of Neat Poly(lactic acid) Using Carbon Dioxide under Elevated Pressure for Preparation of Advanced Materials: A Review (2012-2022). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040860. [PMID: 36850144 PMCID: PMC9960451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview of up-to-date developments in the processing of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA), improvement in its properties, and preparation of advanced materials using a green medium (CO2 under elevated pressure). Pressurized CO2 in the dense and supercritical state is a superior alternative medium to organic solvents, as it is easily available, fully recyclable, has easily tunable properties, and can be completely removed from the final material without post-processing steps. This review summarizes the state of the art on PLA drying, impregnation, foaming, and particle generation by the employment of dense and supercritical CO2 for the development of new materials. An analysis of the effect of processing methods on the final material properties was focused on neat PLA and PLA with an addition of natural bioactive components. It was demonstrated that CO2-assisted processes enable the control of PLA properties, reduce operating times, and require less energy compared to conventional ones. The described environmentally friendly processing techniques and the versatility of PLA were employed for the preparation of foams, aerogels, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles, as well as bioactive materials. These PLA-based materials can find application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, active food packaging, compostable packaging, wastewater treatment, or thermal insulation, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Gabrijela Horvat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sulamith Frerich
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Wu LJ, Lee W, Kumar Ganta P, Chang YL, Chang YC, Chen HY. Multinuclear metal catalysts in ring-opening polymerization of ε‑caprolactone and lactide: Cooperative and electronic effects between metal centers. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Supercritical CO2-assisted Impregnation/Deposition of Polymeric Materials With Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Biomedical Applications: A Review (2015-2021). J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brancewicz-Steinmetz E, Sawicki J. Bonding and Strengthening the PLA Biopolymer in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165563. [PMID: 36013700 PMCID: PMC9416234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing method that enables rapid prototyping and design flexibility. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used in printing. As it is necessary to reduce the consumption of petrochemical resources, alternative solutions are being researched, and the interest in using bioplastics and biocomposites is constantly growing. Often, however, the properties of biopolymers are insufficient and need to be improved to compete with petroleum-based plastics. The paper aims to analyze the available information on elements produced from more than one material, with additive manufacturing resulting from 3D printing using biopolymer Polylactic Acid (PLA). The study notes the possibility of modifying and improving the properties of PLA using layered printing or by modifying PLA filaments. Several modifications improving and changing the properties of PLA were also noted, including printing parameters when combined with other materials: process temperatures, filling, and surface development for various sample geometries.
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Supercritical Impregnation of Mango Leaf Extract into PLA 3D-Printed Devices and Evaluation of Their Biocompatibility with Endothelial Cell Cultures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132706. [PMID: 35808751 PMCID: PMC9269286 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of natural substances with pharmacoactive properties to polymeric biomedical devices would provide beneficial regarding the assimilation of these endoprostheses when implanted into a patient’s body. The added drug would facilitate endothelization by regulating the inflammatory processes that such interventions entail, preventing contamination hazards and favoring the angiogenesis or formation of blood vessels in the tissue. The present work used mango leaf extract (MLE) obtained through pressurized ethanol for this purpose. Polylactic acid (PLA) in the form of filaments or 3D-printed disks was impregnated by means of supercritical technology with MLE for the culture essays. The release kinetics has been studied and the polymer matrices have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impregnated devices were subjected to in vitro culture of colony-forming endothelial cells. The influence of the different impregnation conditions used for the production of the MLE impregnated polymeric devices on the development of the cell culture was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The best results were obtained from the calcein cultures on 35 °C MLE impregnated into 3D-printed polymer disks.
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Screening of the Supercritical Impregnation of Olea europaea Leaves Extract into Filaments of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Intended for Biomedical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061170. [PMID: 35740066 PMCID: PMC9219857 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Olea europaea as agricultural waste represent a convenient source of antioxidants. In combination with supercritical CO2 (scCO2), assisted impregnation is an interesting strategy for the preparation of biomedical devices with specific bioactivity. For this purpose, 3D-printable filaments of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polylactic acid (PLA) were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic olive leaves extract (OLE) for biomedical application. The extraction of OLE was performed using pressurized liquids. The effect of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and the polymer type on the OLE impregnation and the swelling degree were studied including a morphological analysis and the measurement of the final antioxidant activity. All the studied variables as well as their interactions showed significant effects on the OLE loading. Higher temperatures favored the OLE loading while the pressure presented opposite effects at values higher than 250 bar. Thus, the highest OLE loadings were achieved at 250 bar and 55 °C for both polymers. However, TPU showed c.a. 4 times higher OLE loading and antioxidant activity in comparison with PLA at the optimal conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using TPU for the supercritical impregnation of a natural extract with bioactivity.
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Structural Modification of Polymers Functionalized with Mango Leaf Extract by Supercritical Impregnation: Approaching of Further Food and Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122413. [PMID: 35745986 PMCID: PMC9228015 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying new polymers from natural resources that can be effectively functionalized can have a substantial impact on biomedical devices and food preservation fields. Some of these polymers would be made of biodegradable, renewable and compostable materials, and present the kind of porosity required to effectively carry active compounds that confer on them the desired properties for their intended applications. Some natural extracts, such as mango leaf extract, have been proven to have high levels of antioxidant, antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory properties, making them good candidates for controlled-release applications. This work intends to investigate the supercritical impregnation of different types of polymers (ABS, PETG, TPU, PC and PCL) with mango leaf extract. The influence of temperature and pressure on the polymers’ structure (swelling and foaming processes) and their different behaviors have been analyzed. Thus, TPU and PC experience minimal structural modifications, while PETG, PCL and ABS, on the other hand, suffer quite significant structural changes. TPU and PETG were selected as the representative polymers for each one of these behaviors to delve into mango leaf extract impregnation processes. The bioactive capacity of the extract is present in either impregnated polymer, with 25.7% antioxidant activity by TPU processed at 35 °C and 100 bar and 32.9% antioxidant activity by PETG impregnated at 75 °C and 400 bar.
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