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Chu H, Chen Z, Chen Y, Wei D, Liu Y, Zhao H. Mechanical Properties and Crystallinity of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites by Surface Modification of Nanofibrillated Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2474. [PMID: 39274106 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has inherent drawbacks, such as its amorphous structure, which affect its mechanical and barrier properties. The use of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) mixed with PLA for the production of composites has been chosen as a solution to the above problems. A PLA/NFC composite was produced by solution casting. Before use, the cellulose was modified using a silane coupling agent. The composite films were investigated via X-ray diffraction, as well as by mechanical, physical, thermal analyses and by differential scanning calorimeter. The crystallinity was four times that of pure PLA and the water vapor transmission rate decreased by 76.9% with the incorporation of 10 wt% of NFC. The tensile strength of PLA/NFC blend films increased by 98.8% with the incorporation of 5 wt% of NFC. The study demonstrates that the addition of NFC improved the properties of PLA. This provides a solid foundation for the enhancement of the performance of PLA products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Chu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zeyan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yongli Chen
- School of Environmental and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, China
| | - Deling Wei
- School of Environmental and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Yee Foong Ng L, Ariffin H, Tengku Yasim-Anuar TA, Sakata M, Kawarada T, Yoshimura O, Tsukegi T, Afizan Nik Abd Rahman NM, Hassan MA. Nucleating and reinforcing effects of nanobiochar on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxhexanoate) bionanocomposites. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21971-21981. [PMID: 39006768 PMCID: PMC11240217 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08721b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study promotes the use of nanobiochar (NBC) as an environmentally friendly substitute to conventional fillers to improve various properties of biopolymers such as their mechanical strength, thermal stability and crystallization properties. TGA analysis showed a slight increase in onset thermal degradation temperature of the composites by up to 5 °C with the addition of 4 wt% NBC. Non-isothermal DSC analysis determined that the addition of NBC into PHBHHx increases the crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity of PHBHHx while isothermal DSC analysis demonstrated higher crystallization rate in PHBHHx/NBC composited by up to 54%. PHBHHx incorporated with NBC also exhibited superior tensile strength and modulus versus neat PHBHHx. Increase in mechanical strength was further proven via DMA where PHBHHx/NBC composites maintained higher storage modulus at higher temperatures when compared to neat PHBHHx. PHBHHx/NBC also exhibited no cytotoxicity effect against HaCat cells. This study demonstrates the ability of biochar to act as both nucleating agents and reinforcing agents in biodegradable polymers such as PHBHHx, which could be suitable for packaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Yee Foong Ng
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn. Bhd., Green Technology Park Paloh Inai 26600 Pekan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Megumi Sakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology 7-1 Ohgigaoka Nonoichi Ishikawa 921-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoya Kawarada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology 7-1 Ohgigaoka Nonoichi Ishikawa 921-8501 Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology 7-1 Ohgigaoka Nonoichi Ishikawa 921-8501 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukegi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Kanazawa Institute of Technology 7-1 Ohgigaoka Nonoichi Ishikawa 921-8501 Japan
| | - Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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Aigaje E, Riofrio A, Baykara H. Processing, Properties, Modifications, and Environmental Impact of Nanocellulose/Biopolymer Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051219. [PMID: 36904460 PMCID: PMC10006885 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing concerns about plastic pollution and climate change have encouraged research into bioderived and biodegradable materials. Much attention has been focused on nanocellulose due to its abundance, biodegradability, and excellent mechanical properties. Nanocellulose-based biocomposites are a viable option to fabricate functional and sustainable materials for important engineering applications. This review addresses the most recent advances in composites, with a particular focus on biopolymer matrices such as starch, chitosan, polylactic acid, and polyvinyl alcohol. Additionally, the effects of the processing methods, the influence of additives, and the outturn of nanocellulose surface modification on the biocomposite's properties are outlined in detail. Moreover, the change in the composites' morphological, mechanical, and other physiochemical properties due to reinforcement loading is reviewed. Further, mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and the oxygen-water vapor barrier properties are enhanced with the incorporation of nanocellulose into biopolymer matrices. Furthermore, the life cycle assessment of nanocellulose and composites were considered to analyze their environmental profile. The sustainability of this alternative material is compared through different preparation routes and options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Aigaje
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090506, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Ariel Riofrio
- Center of Nanotechnology Research and Development (CIDNA), Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090506, Ecuador
| | - Haci Baykara
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090506, Ecuador
- Center of Nanotechnology Research and Development (CIDNA), Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil 090506, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (H.B.)
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Bikiaris ND, Koumentakou I, Samiotaki C, Meimaroglou D, Varytimidou D, Karatza A, Kalantzis Z, Roussou M, Bikiaris RD, Papageorgiou GZ. Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051196. [PMID: 36904437 PMCID: PMC10007491 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered the most promising biobased substitute for fossil-derived polymers due to its compostability, biocompatibility, renewability, and good thermomechanical properties. However, PLA suffers from several shortcomings, such as low heat distortion temperature, thermal resistance, and rate of crystallization, whereas some other specific properties, i.e., flame retardancy, anti-UV, antibacterial or barrier properties, antistatic to conductive electrical characteristics, etc., are required by different end-use sectors. The addition of different nanofillers represents an attractive way to develop and enhance the properties of neat PLA. Numerous nanofillers with different architectures and properties have been investigated, with satisfactory achievements, in the design of PLA nanocomposites. This review paper overviews the current advances in the synthetic routes of PLA nanocomposites, the imparted properties of each nano-additive, as well as the numerous applications of PLA nanocomposites in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Samiotaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Meimaroglou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Varytimidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Karatza
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zisimos Kalantzis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magdalini Roussou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rizos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Sun HW, Zhang H, Zhen Q, Wang SF, Hu JJ, Cui JQ, Qian XM. Large-scale preparation of polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol micro/nanofiber fabrics with aligned fibers via a post-drafting melt blown process. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9272650 DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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