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Rabelo Aparício R, Machado Dos Santos G, Siqueira Magalhães Rebelo V, Mansanares Giacon V, Gomes da Silva C. Performance of castor oil polyurethane resin in composite with the piassava fibers residue from the Amazon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6679. [PMID: 38509122 PMCID: PMC10955110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of castor oil in producing polyurethane resins has been identified as one of the most promising options for the industry. The piassava fibers waste generated by the industry on a large scale presents excellent properties as a reinforcing agent due to its high lignin content characterized by chemical tests and FTIR. Composite boards consisting of a higher content of mercerized piassava fibers (10 mm, 85 wt.%) reinforced polyurethane castor oil-based resin (prepolymer (PP) and polyol (OM)) exhibited excellent performance. Composites with these properties have strong potential for medium-density applications ranging from biomedical prosthetics to civil partition walls and insulation linings. Alkali treatment removed the superficial impurities of piassava fibers, activating polar groups, and physical characterization reported excellent performance for all composites. Among the composites, the CP3 sample (composite reinforced with piassava fibers (85 wt.% fibers; 1.2:1-PP:OM)) stood out with higher density and lower swelling and water absorption percentage than other composites. FTIR results indicated NCO traces after the resin cured in the PU3 (1.2:1-PP:OM), possibly contributing to the interaction with the fibers. DMA results reported relevant information about more flexibility to CP1 (composite reinforced with piassava fibers (85 wt.% fibers; 0.8:1-PP:OM)) and CP3 than CP2 (composite reinforced with piassava fibers (85 wt.% fibers; 1:1-PP:OM)). The results suggest that the proper combination with natural products must lead to composites with potential applications as engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosinaldo Rabelo Aparício
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Machado Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Virgínia Mansanares Giacon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cristina Gomes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.
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da Cunha JDSC, Nascimento LFC, Costa UO, Bezerra WBA, Oliveira MS, Marques MDFV, Soares APS, Monteiro SN. Ballistic Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Amazon Titica Vine Fibers ( Heteropsis flexuosa) in Multilayered Armor System and as Stand-Alone Target. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3550. [PMID: 37688176 PMCID: PMC10490357 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeking to improve personal armor equipment by providing mobility and resistance to penetration, this research aimed to explore the potential of sustainable materials in order to assess their ability in ballistic applications. Titica vine fibers (TVFs) extracted from aerial roots of Heteropsis flexuosa from the Amazon region were incorporated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 vol% into an epoxy matrix for applications in ballistic multilayered armor systems (MASs) and stand-alone tests for personal protection against high-velocity 7.62 mm ammunition. The back-face signature (BFS) depth measured for composites with 20 and 40 vol% TVFs used as an intermediate layer in MASs was 25.6 and 32.5 mm, respectively, and below the maximum limit of 44 mm set by the international standard. Fracture mechanisms found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attested the relevance of increasing the fiber content for applications in MASs. The results of stand-alone tests showed that the control (0 vol%) and samples with 20 vol% TVFs absorbed the highest impact energy (Eabs) (212-176 J), and consequently displayed limit velocity (VL) values (213-194 m/s), when compared with 40 vol% fiber composites. However, the macroscopic evaluation found that, referring to the control samples, the plain epoxy shattered completely. In addition, for 10 and 20 vol% TVFs, the composites were fragmented or exhibited delamination fractures, which compromised their physical integrity. On the other hand, composites with 30 and 40 vol% TVFs, whose Eabs and VL varied between 166-130 J and 189-167 m/s, respectively, showed the best physical stability. The SEM images indicated that for composites with 10 and 20 vol% TVFs, the fracture mode was predominantly brittle due to the greater participation of the epoxy resin and the discrete action of the fibers, while for composites with 30 and 40 vol% TVFs, there was activation of more complex mechanisms such as pullout, shearing, and fiber rupture. These results indicate that the TVF composite has great potential for use in bulletproof vests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana dos Santos Carneiro da Cunha
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Institute of Macromolecules Professor Eloisa Mano, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Horácio Macedo Av., 2.030, Bloco J, University City, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula Senra Soares
- Department of Organic Processes, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
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Marchi BZ, da Silveira PHPM, Bezerra WBA, Nascimento LFC, Lopes FPD, Candido VS, da Silva ACR, Monteiro SN. Ballistic Performance, Thermal and Chemical Characterization of Ubim Fiber ( Geonoma baculifera) Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3220. [PMID: 37571114 PMCID: PMC10421134 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for unexplored natural materials as an alternative to synthetic components has driven the development of novel polymeric composites reinforced with environmentally-friendly materials. Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been highlighted as potential reinforcement in composite materials for engineering applications. In this work, a less known Amazonian fiber, the ubim fiber (Geonoma baculifera), is investigated as a possible reinforcement in epoxy composites and was, for the first time, thermally characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, its chemical structure was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ballistic tests were also performed against the threat of a 7.62 mm high-speed lead projectile. The results were statistically analyzed by the Weibull statistical analysis method. FTIR analysis showed the functional groups normally found for NLFs highly rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The TGA/DTG results showed the onset of thermal degradation for the composites (325~335 °C), which represents better thermal stability than isolated ubim fiber (259 °C), but slightly lower than that of pure epoxy (352 °C). The DSC results of the composites indicate endothermic peaks between 54 and 56 °C, and for the ubim fibers, at 71 °C. Ballistic tests revealed higher energy absorption in composites with lower fiber content due to the more intense action of the brittle fracture mechanisms of the epoxy resin, which tended to dissipate more energy. These failure mechanisms revealed the presence of river marks, cracks, and broken fibers with a detachment interface. These results may contribute to the production of ubim fiber-reinforced composites in engineering applications, such as ballistic armors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belayne Zanini Marchi
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
| | | | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials—LAMAV, State University of North Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para, UFPA, Highway BR-316, km 7.5–9.0, Ananindeua 67000-000, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para, UFPA, Highway BR-316, km 7.5–9.0, Ananindeua 67000-000, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
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Pinheiro MA, Ribeiro MM, Rosa DLS, Nascimento DDCB, da Silva ACR, Dos Reis MAL, Monteiro SN, Candido VS. Periquiteira ( Cochlospermum orinocense): A Promising Amazon Fiber for Application in Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092120. [PMID: 37177266 PMCID: PMC10181227 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have in recent decades appeared as sustainable reinforcement alternatives to replace synthetic fibers in polymer composite material applications. In this work, for the first time, the periquiteira (Cochlospermum orinocense), a lesser known NLF from the Amazon region, was analyzed for its density and, by X-ray diffraction (XRD), to calculate the crystallinity index as well as the microfibrillar angle (MFA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron analysis (SEM) and tensile strength. The apparent density found for the periquiteira fiber was 0.43 g/cm3, one of the NLF's lowest. XRD analysis indicated a crystallinity index of 70.49% and MFA of 7.32°. The TGA disclosed thermal stability up to 250 °C. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of functional groups characteristic of NLFs. The SEM morphological analysis revealed that the periquiteira fiber presents fine bundles of fibrils and a rough surface throughout its entire length. The average strength value of the periquiteira fiber was found as 178 MPa. These preliminary results indicate that the periquiteira fiber has the potential to be used as a reinforcing agent in polymeric matrices and can generate a lightweight composite with excellent mechanical properties that can be used in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane Alexandrino Pinheiro
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maurício Maia Ribeiro
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Diemison Lira Santa Rosa
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil
| | | | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil
| | - Marcos Allan Leite Dos Reis
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
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Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ren Y, Huo H, Zhang X, Huang K, Zhang Z. Reengineering Waste Boxwood Powder into Light and High-Strength Biodegradable Composites to Replace Petroleum-Based Synthetic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4505-4515. [PMID: 36629909 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of biocomposites from renewable and sustainable forestry residues is an effective method to significantly reduce the environmental pollution caused by synthetic materials such as plastics and synthetic fibers. This study is aimed at developing a clean process for the large-scale production of high-performance green biocomposites without involving any chemical adhesive. Adhesive-free biocomposites with superior mechanical properties were prepared using HCl ball milling pretreatment and in situ synthesis. The nano-Fe3O4 was uniformly dispersed in the cellulose matrix, and when the matrix was subjected to external forces, the stress concentration effect around the particles absorbed energy, thus effectively improving the mechanical strength of the matrix. The flexural strength and tensile strength of BWP(Fe3O4) samples were increased by 159.04 and 175.34%, compared to that of regular wood powder control samples. The lignin melts under high temperature and pressure and then forms a carbonized layer on the surface of the biocomposites during the cooling process, which prevents the rapid penetration of water from the surface and also gives the biocomposites good thermal stability. The results of this research can avoid the harmful volatiles generated by chemical adhesive than that of the traditional fiberboard process and effectively replace petroleum-based synthetic materials prepared using the addition of various chemical additives, making it conform to the concept of environmental protection and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Dongyang Furniture Institute, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - JiJuan Zhang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - HongFei Huo
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Dongyang Furniture Institute, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center in Hunan, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
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Water Immersion Aging of Epoxy Resin and Fique Fabric Composites: Dynamic-Mechanical and Morphological Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173650. [PMID: 36080724 PMCID: PMC9459994 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced composites are among the most investigated and industrially applied materials. Many studies on these composites using fibers, especially with natural fibers, were made in response to an urgent action for ambient preservation. A particularly relevant situation exists nowadays in the area of materials durability. In this respect, no studies on water-immersion-accelerated aging in fique fiber–epoxy composites are reported. This work aimed to fill this gap by investigating the epoxy matrix composites reinforced with 40 vol% fique fabric. The epoxy matrix and the composite, both unaged and aged, were characterized by weight variation, water absorption, morphology, colorimetry (CIELAB method), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic–mechanical analysis (DMA). The main results were that degradation by water presents appearance of complex microfibril structures, plasticization of epoxy resin, and debonding of the fique fiber/epoxy matrix. The most intense color change was obtained for the water-immersion-aged epoxy by 1440 h. Cole–Cole diagrams revealed the heterogeneity of the materials studied.
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Fernandes RAP, da Silveira PHPM, Bastos BC, Pereira PSDC, de Melo VA, Monteiro SN, Tapanes NDLCO, Bastos DC. Bio-Based Composites for Light Automotive Parts: Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties; Effect of Matrix and Alkali Treatment in Sisal Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173566. [PMID: 36080641 PMCID: PMC9460829 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites based on virgin and recycled polypropylene (PP and rPP) reinforced with 15 wt% sisal fibers, with and without alkali treatment, were prepared by compression molding in a mat composed of a three-layer sandwich structure. The sisal was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The composites were characterized according to physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, a factorial experimental design was used to statistically evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite. The FTIR and XRD indicated the partial removal of amorphous materials from the surface of the sisal after alkali treatment. The composites’ density results varied from 0.892 to 0.927 g·cm−3, which was in the desirable range for producing lightweight automotive components. A slight decrease in the hardness of the pure rPP and rPP composites in relation to the PP was observed. The water absorption was higher in rPP composites, regardless of the chemical treatment. Moreover, the impact resistance of PP and its composites was higher than the values for rPP. Statistical analysis showed that the alkali treatment was a significant factor for the hardness of the rPP and PP composites, and that the addition of the sisal layer was relevant to improve the impact resistance of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Anastacia Palermo Fernandes
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | | | - Beatriz Cruz Bastos
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro—IFRJ, Rua Lúcio Tavares, 1045-Centro, Nilópolis 26530-060, Brazil;
| | - Patricia Soares da Costa Pereira
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Valdir Agustinho de Melo
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Neyda de La Caridad Om Tapanes
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Daniele Cruz Bastos
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
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Comparison of Young’s Modulus of Continuous and Aligned Lignocellulosic Jute and Mallow Fibers Reinforced Polyester Composites Determined Both Experimentally and from Theoretical Prediction Models. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030401. [PMID: 35160392 PMCID: PMC8839452 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of composites reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers have been researched in recent decades. Jute and mallow fibers are reinforcement alternatives, as they can contribute to increase the mechanical strength of composite materials. The present work aims to predict the Young’s modulus with application of continuous and aligned lignocellulosic fibers to be applied as reinforcement in polyester matrix. Fibers were manually separated and then arranged and aligned in the polyester matrix. Composites with addition 5, 15, and 25 vol% jute and mallow fibers were produced by vacuum-assisted hand lay-up/vaccum-bagging procedure. Samples were tested in tensile and the tensile strength, elasticity modulus, and deformation were determined. Results showed that the intrinsic Young’s modulus of the fibers was set at values around 17.95 and 11.72 GPa for jute and mallow fibers, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that composites reinforced with 15 and 25 vol% jute and mallow presented the highest values of tensile strength and Young’s modulus. The incorporation of 25 vol% of jute and mallow fibers increased the matrix Young’s modulus by 534% and 353%, respectively, effectively stiffening the composite material. Prediction models presented similar values for the Young’s modulus, showing that jute and mallow fibers might be used as potential reinforcement of polymeric matrices
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