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Comelli CA, Yi N, van der Pol H, Ghita O. Morphology analysis of PEEK 450G using scanning electron microscopy directly on fast scanning calorimetry chips. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18387. [PMID: 39117912 PMCID: PMC11310210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the morphology of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), this study employed fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The objective was to observe the PEEK microstructure under various thermal profiles replicating the additive manufacturing material extrusion process. Samples were observed using SEM directly from the FSC chips, allowing high-accuracy evaluation of the microstructure relative to the thermal profiles. This approach allowed for the evaluation of the microstructure with high accuracy concerning the thermal profiles to which the samples were previously exposed. Each sample was coated with a 10 nm layer of gold-palladium (20-80% ratio), and no etching was necessary to observe the micro features of the microstructure. The approach enabled successful observation and quantification of PEEK microstructure, linking substrate temperature and temperature peaks to microstructural outcomes. Notably, temperature peaks during the process enhanced the formation of well-developed, thick lamellae due to increased chain mobility. Additionally, embryos formed post-remelting of the substrate structure were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton André Comelli
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, Streatham Campus, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
| | - Nan Yi
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, Streatham Campus, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | | | - Oana Ghita
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, Streatham Campus, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
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Gavande V, Jeong M, Lee WK. On the Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Polyethylene/Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polypropylene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4236. [PMID: 37959916 PMCID: PMC10647653 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene (UHMWPP) as a dispersed component was melt blended with conventional high-density polyethylene (PE) and maleic anhydride grafted-polyethylene (mPE) in different proportions through a kneader. Ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene is a high-performance polymer material that has excellent mechanical properties and toughness compared to other polymers. Mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties were presented for various UHMWPP loadings, and correlations between mechanical and rheological properties were examined. Optimal comprehensive mechanical properties are achieved when the UHMWPP content reaches approximately 50 wt%, although the elongation properties do not match those of pure PE or mPE. However, it is worth noting that the elongation properties of these blends did not match those of PE or mPE. Particularly, for the PE/UHMWPP blends, a significant drop in tensile strength was observed as the UHMWPP content decreased (from 30.24 MPa for P50U50 to 13.12 MPa for P90U10). In contrast, the mPE/UHMWPP blends demonstrated only minimal changes in tensile strength (ranging from 29 MPa for mP50U50 to 24.64 MPa for mP90U10) as UHMWPP content varied. The storage modulus of the PE/UHMWPP blends increased drastically with the UHMWPP content due to the UHMWPP chain entanglements and rigidity. Additionally, we noted a substantial reduction in the melt index of the blend system when the UHMWPP content exceeded 10% by weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Won-Ki Lee
- Division of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (V.G.)
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Hester HG, Abel BA, Coates GW. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Poly(Dioxolane): Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of a Chemically Recyclable Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8800-8804. [PMID: 37058609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to synthesize ultra-high-molecular-weight poly(1,3-dioxolane) (UHMW pDXL), a chemically recyclable thermoplastic material with excellent physical properties. We aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of sustainable polymers by increasing the molecular weight and found that UHMW pDXL exhibits similar tensile properties to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The new polymerization method uses metal-free and economically friendly initiators to achieve UHMW pDXL with molecular weights greater than 1000 kDa. The development of UHMW pDXL provides a potential solution for capturing value from plastic waste and addressing the detrimental effects of plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Grace Hester
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Brooks A Abel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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Janchai K, Kida T, Yamaguchi M, Sunagawa T, Okura T. Optimum processing conditions for the maximum crystallization rate of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Sci Rep 2023; 13:497. [PMID: 36627391 PMCID: PMC9832169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of thermal and shear histories on the crystallization rate of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) was studied. As with other crystalline polymers, the shear history greatly affected the crystallization rate when the shear rate was beyond a critical value, i.e., the inverse of the Rouse relaxation time. Even after the formation of extended chain crystals, spherulite texture was clearly discernable. It grew from certain points on the extended chain crystals. Consequently, a row of spherulites appeared along the flow direction. The resin temperature in the molten state was also significant. When the sample was heated to 170 °C, which is beyond the main melting peak in the differential scanning calorimetry curve, unmolten crystals did not affect the linear viscoelastic properties. They acted as effective nucleating agents for the rest of the polymer during cooling. Therefore, the shear history hardly affected the crystallization rate and the number of spherulites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khunanya Janchai
- grid.444515.50000 0004 1762 2236School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- grid.444515.50000 0004 1762 2236School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- grid.444515.50000 0004 1762 2236School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Takenobu Sunagawa
- grid.410860.b0000 0000 9776 0030Green Planet Technology Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, 5-1-1 Torikainishi, Settu, Osaka 566-0072 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okura
- grid.410860.b0000 0000 9776 0030Green Planet Technology Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, 5-1-1 Torikainishi, Settu, Osaka 566-0072 Japan
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Guo W, Li K, Fang Z, Feng T, Shi T. A sustainable recycling process for end-of-life vehicle plastics: A case study on waste bumpers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 154:187-198. [PMID: 36252448 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling has considerable potential value and a wide range of applications. Plastics form an increasing percentage of the total weight of automobiles as their lightweight. Recycling plastics from automobiles is important for achieving the overall recycling goal from a sustainability standpoint. In this study, the whole recycling process of automotive plastic parts was explored, using waste bumpers as an example, in which paint removal and recycled polypropylene (RPP) modification were the important links. First, LS-Dyna was used to run simulations to determine the best paint removal process parameters for surface coating treatment, and experiments were then conducted to confirm the paint removal effect. Second, component, morphological, and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses were conducted. As per the results, the degradation was primarily caused by surface oxidation of the ELV bumper, and the molecular weight of RPP was lower than that of new PP. Finally, the thermal and mechanical properties of RPP, modified RPP, and the new bumper were compared. The addition of nano-montmorillonite(nano-MMT), virgin PP, and a compatibilizer could improve the thermal and mechanical properties of RPP while satisfying the application requirements of the new bumper. This process provides a valuable idea for the sustainable recycling of used ELV plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Wuhan University of Technology), Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ke Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhigang Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Wuhan University of Technology), Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tao Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tianwen Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Crystallinity enhancement of extruded polypropylene containing poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers prepared in situ. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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