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Bae SH, Chae E, Park YS, Lee SW, Yun JH, Choi SS. Characteristics of tire-road wear particles (TRWPs) and road pavement wear particles (RPWPs) generated through a novel tire abrasion simulator based on real road pavement conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173948. [PMID: 38880134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Microparticles such as tire-road wear particles (TRWPs) and road pavement wear particles (RPWPs) are generated by the friction between tire tread and road surface. TRWPs and RPWPs on roads are dispersed through traffic and transferred to rivers and seas via runoff to accumulate in sediments. However, research on the generation of both TRWP and RPWP has rarely been conducted. In this study, the generation of both TRWP and RPWP was investigated using a novel tire abrasion simulator equipped with paved road and bus tire, and their contributions to the generation of microparticles were examined. Two types of model paved roads, asphalt and concrete pavements (AP and CP, respectively), were applied. TRWPs generated from the simulator exhibited morphologies very similar to those on real roads. The abrasion rate for the CP was 2.8 times higher than that for the AP. The wear particle size distributions peaked at the size ranges of 63-106 μm and 212-500 μm for the AP and CP, respectively. Totals of 84 wt% and 89 wt% of the wear particles were distributed in size ranges of 38-212 μm for the AP and 106-1000 μm for the CP. The tire wear particle (TWP) contents in the total wear particles of 38-500 μm were 21.7 wt% and 30.0 wt% for the AP and CP, respectively, and decreased as the particle size decreased. The weight of RPWP was higher than that of TWP in TRWP. Contributions from road pavement to the generation of wear particles of 38-500 μm were 3.6 and 2.3 times higher than those from tire tread for the AP and CP, respectively, and the contribution increased as the wear particle size decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hu Bae
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Park
- Daekyung Engineering Co., 32, Seokcheon-ro 398 beon-gil, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14450, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Lee
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ho Yun
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Dziubak T. Experimental Dust Absorption Study in Automotive Engine Inlet Air Filter Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3249. [PMID: 38998329 PMCID: PMC11242612 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate the performance of fibrous materials that meet the criteria for inlet air filtration in internal combustion engines. The characteristics of filtration efficiency and accuracy, as well as the characteristics of flow resistance, were determined based on the mass of dust accumulated in the filter bed during the filtration process. Single-layer filter materials tested included cellulose, polyester, and glass microfiber. Multilayer filter media such as cellulose-polyester-nanofibers and cellulose-polyester were also examined. A new composite filter bed-consisting of polyester, glass microfiber, and cellulose-and its filtration characteristics were evaluated. Utilizing specific air filtration quality factors, it was demonstrated that the composite is characterized by high pre-filtration efficiency (99.98%), a short pre-filtration period (qs = 4.21%), high accuracy (dpmax = 1.5-3 µm) for the entire lifespan of the filter, and a 60-250% higher dust absorption coefficient compared to the other tested materials. A filtration composite bed constructed from a group of materials with different filtration parameters can be, due to its high filtration efficiency, accuracy, and dust absorption, an excellent filter material for engine intake air. The composite's filtration parameters will depend on the type of filter layers and their order relative to the aerosol flow. This paper presents a methodology for the selection and testing of various filter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Dziubak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Transport, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego Street 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Huang Y, Yang Z, Wang T, Sun N, Duan Z, Wigmosta M, Maurer B. Quantifying the influence of size, shape, and density of microplastics on their transport modes: A modeling approach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116461. [PMID: 38754320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pose significant risks to marine ecosystems and human health, necessitating accurate predictions of their distributions in aquatic environments for effective risk mitigation. However, understanding MP transport dynamics is challenging because of the inadequate representation of MP characteristics such as size, shape, and density in numerical models. Further, the accuracy of the MP vertical profiles in existing models has not been thoroughly validated. Thus, we developed an MP transport model within the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model framework (FVCOM-MP) by integrating MP characteristics. We validated FVCOM-MP against experimental and analytical data, focusing on various MP transport modes and transitions. FVCOM-MP successfully replicates MP profiles in different transport modes, including the bedload, surface load, suspended load, and mixed load modes. Additionally, we introduce phase diagrams for classifying MP transport modes based on particle characteristics, enhancing our understanding of MP dynamics in aquatic systems. The transport modes for a number of real-world MP particles, including fishing line, plastic bag/bottle fragments, synthetic fibers, tire wear particles, polyvinyl chloride and expanded polystyrene pellets, were analyzed with these phase diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1100 Dexter Ave. N., Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Z Yang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1100 Dexter Ave. N., Seattle 98109, WA, USA; University of Washington, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 201 More Hall, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - T Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1100 Dexter Ave. N., Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - N Sun
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth System Sciences Division, 902 Battlelle Blvd, Richland 99354, WA, USA
| | - Z Duan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth System Sciences Division, 902 Battlelle Blvd, Richland 99354, WA, USA
| | - M Wigmosta
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth System Sciences Division, 902 Battlelle Blvd, Richland 99354, WA, USA; University of Washington, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 201 More Hall, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
| | - B Maurer
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden 80401, CO, USA
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4
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Chae E, Jung U, Choi SS. Types and concentrations of tire wear particles (TWPs) in road dust generated in slow lanes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123670. [PMID: 38423271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Drivers commonly navigate their vehicles at moderate speeds in proximity to traffic lights. In this study, road dust samples were collected in the vicinity of traffic lights, as well as at a taxi stand (TS) situated between traffic lights, with considerations given to both forward direction (FD) and backward direction (BD). The characterization of tire wear particles (TWPs) in the road dust was meticulously conducted based on particle size. Notably, tire-road wear particles (TRWPs) were conspicuously absent in samples surpassing 500 μm. Furthermore, TRWPs comprised less than 1% of identified particles in the road dust samples of 212-500 μm, with their origin traceable to heavy vehicles rather than passenger cars. The abundance of TRWPs from heavy vehicles exhibited marked variations, with heightened prevalence in the TS and BD samples as opposed to the FD sample. For the samples smaller than 212 μm, the composition of natural rubber (NR) in TWPs demonstrated a diminishing trend with escalating particle size. Conversely, the composition of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) exhibited an upward trajectory independent of the sampling site. The NR composition ratio in TWPs followed the order: TS (17-55%) > FD (17-47%) > BD (13-36%), while the SBR composition ratio exhibited the sequence: BD (62-86%) > FD (48-79%) > TS (24-70%). The TWP concentrations in road dust obtained from the TS (0.35-0.82%) were discernibly lower than those in the FD (0.54-1.77%) and BD (0.61-1.29%) samples. Specifically, the average TWP concentrations in road dust samples, falling within the size range of 20-212 μm, were 0.45%, 1.06%, and 0.91% for the TS, FD, and BD samples, respectively. These concentrations were lower than the corresponding values observed in samples collected from a bus stop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Uiyeong Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Fan X, Cao B, Wang S, Li H, Zhu M, Sha H, Yang Y. Effects of tire-road wear particles on the adsorption of tetracycline by aquatic sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29232-29245. [PMID: 38573573 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tire-road wear particles (TRWPs) are formed by friction between the tire and the road. TRWPs are ubiquitous across the globe, especially in sediments. However, the possible effects of TRWPs on tetracycline (TC) in aquatic sediments are unknown. To investigate the potential role of TRWPs as carriers of co-pollutants, this study investigated the pore surface properties and TC adsorption behavior of TRWP-contaminated sediments and explored the TC behavior in water sediments, as well as the role of aging processes and TRWPs abundance. The results showed that the surface morphology of TRWP-contaminated sediments changed and the adsorption capacity of sediments to TC increased. The TC adsorption capacity of sediments contaminated by 2% TRWPs increased from 3.15 to 3.48 mg/g. Moreover, the surface physical and chemical properties of TRWPs after UV aging changed, which further increased the TC adsorption capacity. The TC adsorption capacity of the sediments contaminated by aged TRWPs increased from 3.48 to 3.65 mg/g. Changing the proportion of aged TRWPs, we found that the adsorption capacity of sediments contaminated by different proportions of TRWPs for TC was 2% > 1% > 0.5% > 4% > blank sediment. These results may contribute to predicting the potential environmental risks of TRWPs in aquatic sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulei Fan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Binwen Cao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Shenpeng Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Huixian Li
- Xuzhou River and Lake Management Center, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mingxian Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Haidi Sha
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China.
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6
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Chae E, Bae SH, Lee SW, Yun JH, Choi SS. Characteristics of particulate matter from asphalt pavement and tire of a moving bus through driving tests in city road and proving ground. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123336. [PMID: 38211876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Non-exhaust PM emissions from vehicles in real road have been conducted, but heavy vehicles have rarely been tested. In this study, PM2.5 and PM10 samples were directly collected from a tire of a moving bus and the composition was analyzed to investigate the sources of PM emissions. Driving tests were conducted at a proving ground (PG) and a city road (CR). PM2.5 emissions considerably increased when the lateral force of the tire increased and the vehicle accelerated. The PM emission rate was higher in the PG test than in the CR test because of the harsher driving conditions at PG. The emission rates of PM10 in the PG and CR tests were higher than those of PM2.5 by approximately 6 and 11 times, respectively. In the PG and CR tests, the proportions of tire wear particles (TWPs) were 4.9% and 2.1% in the PM2.5 samples, and 6.8% and 8.2% in the PM10 samples, respectively. Furthermore, TWPs with PM (TWPPM) were generated by other sources: secondary production of TWPPM by fragmentation of TWPs and resuspension of TWPPM on the road. The contributions of other sources to TWP2.5 generation were at least 6% and 57% in the PG and CR tests, respectively, whereas that to TWP10 generation was at least 3.5% in the CR test. Iron derived from brake abrasion and mineral particles was observed in the PM samples, and the Fe concentrations were higher in the PM10 samples than in the PM2.5 samples by over 9 and 18 times for the PG and CR tests, respectively. Sulfur sources, such as TWPs, exhaust gas, and bitumen, were observed in the PM samples. Based on our findings, we recommend that road wear particles should be removed from roads to reduce PM emissions upon driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hu Bae
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam, 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Lee
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam, 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ho Yun
- Chassis & Materials Research Laboratory, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, 303 Pungse-ro, Pungse-myun, Dongnam-gu, Chonan-si, Chungnam, 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Rasmussen LA, Liu F, Klemmensen NDR, Lykkemark J, Vollertsen J. Retention of microplastics and tyre wear particles in stormwater ponds. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120835. [PMID: 37976946 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff from urban areas contain a wide variety of pollutants which is typically managed using stormwater retention ponds. However, their performance with regards to emerging pollutants such as microplastics and tyre wear material remains unclear. In this study, samples of effluent water and sediments from four stormwater retention ponds were analysed for their content of microplastics and tyre wear material. Microplastics were analysed using state-of-the-art hyperspectral imaging technique while tyre wear material was analysed using pyrolysis-GC-MS. Microplastics were recovered in all samples and the mass balance revealed that on average 88% of small microplastics (<500 µm) were retain in the ponds while the removal efficiency for large microplastics (>500 µm) was 95%. Tyre wear material was identified in all sediment samples but found below the detection limit in three out of four effluent samples. On average 95% of the tyre wear material was removed by the retention ponds. The results from this study show that stormwater retention ponds are very effective in removing microplastics as well as tyre wear material from stormwater runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Abraham Rasmussen
- Aalborg University, Department of Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
| | - Fan Liu
- Aalborg University, Department of Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | | | - Jeanette Lykkemark
- Aalborg University, Department of Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Jes Vollertsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
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8
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Morioka T, Tanaka S, Yamada Y, Yukioka S, Aiba F. Quantification of microplastic by particle size down to 1.1 μm in surface road dust in an urban city, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122198. [PMID: 37453688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of microplastics (MPs, plastic particles ≤5 mm) on ecosystems is of great concern. Road surfaces represent a significant source of MPs where plastic fragments are physically and chemically reduced to MPs. However, the literature lacks information on fragmentation tendencies below 11 μm. This study aimed to characterize the occurrence of MPs in road dust in different size fractions down to 1.1 μm. Road dust was collected at five sites near a major road in Kusatsu city, Japan, and partitioned by size into 13 fractions (1.1-850 μm). The coarser fractions accounted for a greater proportion of the dust. The percentage of organic matter, determined by loss on ignition, increased as the fractions became finer. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify 12 types of polymers in each fraction. The dust was found to contain nine types of MP, namely, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), styrene/butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene resin (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyamide 66 (PA66). The total MP concentration in road dust particles by particle size fraction (concentrationf) began to increase from the 125-250 μm fraction and remained elevated in finer fractions down to 1.1 μm, indicating that MPs in the road dust micronized to at least 1.1 μm. However, for individual polymer types, the tendency for concentrationf to increase or decrease with particle size fraction varied: the concentrationf of some polymers, such as PE and PVC, remained elevated in fractions down to 1.1 μm; the concentrationf of SBR, a rubber-MP, showed a stable or decreasing trend in fractions of 7.0-11 μm and finer. Particles of PE, PVC, and some other plastics might become increasingly finer, even down to 1.1 μm. Further research is needed to understand the comminution limits of these polymers under pertinent environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Morioka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Yukioka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Zhao Z, Tian J, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wu Z, Xing Y, Li F, Song X, Li Z. Chemical Source Profiles and Toxicity Assessment of Urban Fugitive Dust PM 2.5 in Guanzhong Plain, China. TOXICS 2023; 11:676. [PMID: 37624181 PMCID: PMC10458601 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Urban fugitive dust is a significant contributor to atmospheric PM2.5 and a potential risk to humans. In 2019, both road dust and construction dust were collected from four cities, including Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, and Tongchuan, in Guanzhong Plain, China. Elements, water-soluble ions, and carbonaceous fractions were determined to establish the chemical source profile. High enrichment degrees of Se, Sc, Cl, and Zn in both road dust and construction dust indicated that the industrial system and energy consumption influenced Guanzhong Plain strongly. According to the coefficient of divergence, the two datasets within Xianyang and Tongchuan were similar. Combined with the chemical profile, road dust was affected by more stationary emission sources than construction dust in Xi'an, while biomass burning and vehicle exhaust contributed more to road dust than construction dust in Baoji. Moreover, the health risk of heavy metal was assessed, and corresponding influencing factors were identified. Road dust in all cities showed a non-negligible non-carcinogenic risk for children. Ingestion and inhalation were the main exposure pathways to which As and Co contributed the most, respectively. The land-use regression model revealed that the first-class road in a 100 m radius impacted all high-risk level metals, and the commercial building material and enterprises weakly influenced Co and Pb, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Zhongsheng Environmental Technology Development Company Limited, Shaanxi Environmental Protection Industry Group Company Limited, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zhichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Environmental Medium Trace Pollutants Monitoring and Early Warning, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.X.); (F.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Environmental Medium Trace Pollutants Monitoring and Early Warning, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.X.); (F.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Environmental Medium Trace Pollutants Monitoring and Early Warning, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.X.); (F.L.); (X.S.)
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Baqiao Branch, Xi’an Ecology of Environment Bureau, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
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10
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Rasmussen LA, Lykkemark J, Andersen TR, Vollertsen J. Permeable pavements: A possible sink for tyre wear particles and other microplastics? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161770. [PMID: 36708844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, seven roads and parking lots were sampled by a road surface cleaning truck and approximately 100 kg of particulate material was collected per site. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for microplastics, including tyre wear particles. The analyses revealed that tyre wear constituted 0.09 % of the dry mass of the samples on average. Other plastic types were also identified in the samples, but at on average 49 times lower concentrations compared to tyre wear particles. Although the roads and parking lots were used for residential, industrial, and commercial purposes, no correlation between land use and the total concentrations of microplastics was identified. Of microplastics other than tyre wear particles, polypropylene constituted an important fraction in all samples, whereas other polymers were present at various degrees. The contents of heavy metals, sulphur, and total organic carbon were also measured in the samples, but no correlation between them and microplastics was determined. A back-of-the-envelope estimation indicated that the tyre wear material retained by permeable pavements constituted a non-negligible fraction of the total mass of microplastics released on roads and parking lots. Therefore, permeable pavements can serve as a tool for the management of this pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanette Lykkemark
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Theis Raaschou Andersen
- VIA University College, Research Centre for Built Environment, Energy, Water and Climate, Banegårdsgade 2, 8700 Horsens, Denmark
| | - Jes Vollertsen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
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11
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Charbouillot T, Janet DC, Schaal P, Beynier I, Boulat JM, Grandchamp A, Biesse F. Methodology for the direct measurement of tire emission factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160853. [PMID: 36526208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in air pollution is an essential step toward decreasing certain health risks in urban area populations. Road traffic is one source of this pollution and can be categorized into exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (NEE). Non-exhaust emissions include, but are not limited to, brake wear particles and Tire Road Wear Particles (TRWP). Emission Factors are often used to assess the share and the amount of vehicle exhaust and non-exhaust particles in the air. In this study, we developed an approach to measure the Emission Factors (EF) of tire Particulate Matter (PM). The approach is based an experimental method allowing for direct measurements in real conditions (on a vehicle on the road). The experimental set-up as well as the measurement protocol lead to a significant reduction in the classical biases of the on-road approach, which usually lead to a large over-estimation of the amount of PM10 and PM2.5 emitted by the tire. We observed that TRWP emissions correlate in time with the tire solicitation. A careful computation from the PM10 and PM2.5 collected by a real time particle counter enables an evaluation of the total amount of TRWP contributing to air pollution. The average results indicate an Emission Factor for PM10 4.5 times lower than the EMEP guidebook value and 42 times lower for PM2.5. This discrepancy calls for further tests to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Charbouillot
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France
| | - Dominique Cettour Janet
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France
| | - Pierre Schaal
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France
| | - Ingrid Beynier
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Marie Boulat
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France
| | - Adrien Grandchamp
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France
| | - Frédéric Biesse
- Michelin, Research Center Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 09, France.
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Son S, Lee W, Jung H, Lee J, Kim C, Lee H, Cho S, Jang J, Lee M, Ryu HC. Experimental Analysis of Various Blockage Performance for LiDAR Sensor Cleaning Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2752. [PMID: 36904952 PMCID: PMC10007043 DOI: 10.3390/s23052752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous driving includes recognition, judgment, and control technologies, and is implemented using sensors such as cameras, LiDAR, and radar. However, recognition sensors are exposed to the outside environment and their performance may deteriorate because of the presence of substances that interfere with vision, such as dust, bird droppings, and insects, during operation. Research on sensor cleaning technology to solve this performance degradation has been limited. This study used various types and concentrations of blockage and dryness to demonstrate approaches to the evaluation of cleaning rates for selected conditions that afford satisfactory results. To determine the effectiveness of washing, the study used the following criteria: washer, 0.5 bar/s and air, 2 bar/s, with 3.5 g being used three times to test the LiDAR window. The study found that blockage, concentration, and dryness are the most important factors, and in that order. Additionally, the study compared new forms of blockage, such as those caused by dust, bird droppings, and insects, with standard dust that was used as a control to evaluate the performance of the new blockage types. The results of this study can be used to conduct various sensor cleaning tests and ensure their reliability and economic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungHo Son
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Science, University of Sahmyook, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - WoongSu Lee
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunGi Jung
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
| | - JungKi Lee
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
| | - ChaRyung Kim
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunWoo Lee
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
| | - SeoungWoo Cho
- Department of Future Vehicle Research, Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, Hwaseong 18247, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongAh Jang
- TOD Based Transportation Research Center, University of Ajou, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Business Intelligence and Analytics, Legacy.com, 230 W Monroe Ste 400, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - Han-Cheol Ryu
- Department of Convergence Science, University of Sahmyook, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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13
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Khodabakhshloo N, Abbasi S, Turner A. Resuspension of microplastics and microrubbers in a semi-arid urban environment (Shiraz, Iran). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120575. [PMID: 36347412 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although airborne urban particles are a concern for air quality and human health, little information exists on the levels and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) and microrubbers (MRs) in this setting. In the present study, MPs and MRs are quantified and characterised in road dusts and accumulations captured passively (and up to elevations of 177 cm above road level) in the steps of utility poles at 18 locations throughout the city of Shiraz, southwest Iran. Dust accumulation rates were greatest at road level (median = 45 g m-2 month-1) and declined with elevation (median = 2.0 g m-2 month-1 at 177 cm). The accumulation rates and concentrations (per g of dust) of MPs and MRs were more variable between locations but accumulation declined with elevation for both particle types and MR concentration (up to ∼27,000 MR g-1) was always greater than corresponding MP concentration (up to ∼3300 MP g-1). Increasing elevation was also accompanied by an increasing proportion of fine (≤100 μm) and fibrous particles, and in particular for MPs. Fractionation in the quantities and characteristics with elevation above road level are attributed to the extent of resuspension of MPs and MRs from the road surface by wind and passing traffic, with aerodynamic considerations predicting the greatest and most widespread resuspension of fibrous MPs. The fractionation of MPs and MRs with elevation above road level also results in different exposures for adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Khodabakhshloo
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Emerging Pollutants (ZISTANO), Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Emerging Pollutants (ZISTANO), Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Earth Sciences, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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