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Oliveira M, Neves V, Banea MD. Mechanical and Thermal Characterization of Bamboo and Interlaminar Hybrid Bamboo/Synthetic Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1777. [PMID: 38673134 PMCID: PMC11050800 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of bamboo, as well as interlaminar hybrid composites reinforced with both bamboo and synthetic fibres in an epoxy matrix. Bamboo and glass, aramid, and carbon bidirectional fabrics were used with a bi-component epoxy matrix to fabricate the composite materials using the vacuum bagging process. The synthetic fabrics were placed on the outer layers, while the bamboo fabrics were used as the core of the hybrid composites. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of morphological, physical, and mechanical properties. Further, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis was used to measure and compare the degradation temperature of the composites studied. Finally, a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed in order to examine the fracture surfaces of the specimens tested. It was found that the fibre hybridization technique significantly improved the general mechanical properties. TGA analysis showed an increase in the thermal stability of the composites obtained by incorporating the synthetic fibres, confirming the effect of hybridization and efficient fibre matrix interfacial adhesion. The results from this work showed that the use of synthetic fibre reinforcements can help to significantly improve the mechanical and thermal properties of bamboo fibre-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Oliveira
- DEMaC—Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Vitor Neves
- NewStamp—Estampagem de Componentes Metalicos, Lda., Rua da Paz, nº 113-115, Cacia, 3800-587 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana D. Banea
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Thanikodi S, Meena M, Dwivedi YD, Aravind T, Giri J, Samdani MS, Kansal L, Shahazad M, Ilyas M. Optimizing the selection of natural fibre reinforcement and polymer matrix for plastic composite using LS-SVM technique. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140971. [PMID: 38122942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The manufacturing sector is paying close attention to plastic matrix composites (PMCs) reinforced with natural fibres for improving their products. Due to the fact that PMC reinforced with naturally occurring fibres is more affordable and has superior mechanical qualities. Based on the application material requirements, An important step in the production of PMC is choosing the right natural fibres for reinforcing and determining how much of each. This investigation aimed that Artificial Intelligence (AI) or soft computing based approaches are used to determine the right amount of natural fibres in PMCs to make the manufacturing process simpler. However, techniques in the literature are not concentrated on finding suitable material. Hence in this investigation, a local search with support vector machine (LS-SVM) optimization technique is proposed for the optimal selection of appropriate proportions of suitable fibres. Modelling of the Proposed LS-SVM Optimization was demonstrated. In this proposed technique around four kinds of polymers/plastics and 14 natural fibres are considered, which are optimized in various proportions. The optimization performance is evaluated based on the tensile strength, flexural yield strength and flexural yield modulus. The proposed LS-SVM Optimization was evacuated by developing solutions for medical applications (Case 1), Transportation applications (Case 2) and other notable applications (Case 3) in terms of tensile and flexural properties of the material. The maximum flexure stress in case 1, case 2, and case 3 is observed as 53 MPa, 45 MPa and 26 MPa respectively. Similarly, the maximum flexure stress in case 1, case 2, and case 3 is observed as 53 MPa, 45 MPa and 26 MPa respectively. Hence the proposed method recommended for choosing optimal decision on the choice of fiber and their quantity in the composite matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Thanikodi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Meena
- Department of Chemistry, R.M.K. Engineering College, R.S.M Nagar, Kavaraipettai, 601206, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Yagya Dutta Dwivedi
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, 500043, Telangana, India
| | - T Aravind
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Jayant Giri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Lavish Kansal
- Division of Research and Innovation, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohd Shahazad
- Department of Chemistry, Bhakt Darshan Government Post Graduate College, Jaiharikhal, 246193, Pauri Gharwal, Uttrakhand, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, O.N.S. Government Degree College, Devprayag, 249301, Tehri Garhwal, Uttrakhand, India
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López-Borrell A, Lora-García J, Fombuena V, Cardona SC, López-Pérez MF. Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Fabrics for the Treatment of Complex Wastes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:84. [PMID: 38201749 PMCID: PMC10780343 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, nine fabrics have been tested for brackish water treatment with the aim of industrial application under the concept of zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Moisture content was determined, where it was observed that the lignocellulosic fabrics had a moisture content ranging from 2.5 to 8.5%. The wetting contact angle showed that the flax with polylactic acid (LPLA) was the most hydrophobic. The determination of the liquid absorption capacity showed that, of the synthetic fabrics, the one with the highest absorption, both in distilled water and in brackish water, was the polyester (PES) fabric with an absorption of 816% compared to its initial weight. In the natural fabrics, the highest absorption capacity was shown by the wet-laid without treatment (WL-WT) fabric for both distilled water and brackish water, although it required several cycles of operation to maintain this stable absorption. Exposure to brackish water improved the absorption capacity of all samples. Mechanical and thermal characterization showed that the synthetic fabrics were more resistant than the natural fabrics, although they may compete in terms of applicability. The capillarity study showed that the most hydrophilic fabrics completed the test the fastest. Finally, the composting degradation test showed that those fabrics with polylactic acid (PLA) content degraded faster in the first 14 days and thereafter the degradation of the lignocellulosic content showed a slower degradation until 112 days. The Bam fabric did not degrade during the course of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis López-Borrell
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| | - Jaime Lora-García
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Salvador C. Cardona
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| | - María-Fernanda López-Pérez
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
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Xu D, He S, Leng W, Chen Y, Wu Z. Replacing Plastic with Bamboo: A Review of the Properties and Green Applications of Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4276. [PMID: 37959955 PMCID: PMC10647463 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber composites are receiving more and more attention because of their greenness and low cost. Among natural fibers, bamboo is characterized by fast growth, a short cultivation period, high strength and good toughness, and is one of the strongest natural fibers in the world. A bamboo-fiber-reinforced polymer composite (BFRPC) has the characteristics of high mechanical strength, low density, degradability, etc. It has the industrial applicability comparable to metal materials, the same strong corrosion resistance as composites such as glass and carbon fibers, and the same immunity to electromagnetic interference and low thermal conductivity as natural materials. Its unidirectional specific strength and unidirectional specific modulus is higher than that of glass fiber, second only to the extremely high price of carbon fiber, which is playing an increasingly important role in the field of composite materials, and can be widely used in the fields of wind power, construction, aviation, automotive, medical care and so on. At present, it has been initially used in packaging, automotive and transportation fields, and is expected to replace petroleum-based plastics in various fields. In addition to their environmental protection and green production, they have excellent physical properties. This paper provides an overview of the mechanical properties of bamboo-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites and thermoset composites that have been developed so far, such as tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength. In addition, the prospects of bamboo-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive, packaging and agricultural applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sheng He
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Weiqi Leng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuhe Chen
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zaixing Wu
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Key Laboratory of Bamboo High Efficient Processing of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China; (D.X.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
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Chen W, Qin G, Luo F, Zhu Y, Fu G, Yao S, Ma H. Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis on the Shear Resistance of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Steel-Wire-Mesh BFRP Bar Concrete Beams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093446. [PMID: 37176342 PMCID: PMC10179757 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo fiber is a natural and environmentally friendly material made from cheap and widely available resources and is commonly selected as the reinforcement material for steel-wire-mesh BFRPbar concrete beams. In this work, the effects of various fiber lengths and fiber volume rates on the shear properties of bamboo-fiber-reinforced steel-wire-mesh basalt fiber composite reinforcement concrete beams were studied through a combination of shear tests and numerical simulations. The findings demonstrate that the addition of bamboo fiber improves the cracking performance of the beam. The improvement effect of 45 mm bamboo fiber mixed with a 1% volume rate was the most obvious at about 31%. Additionally, the test beam's total stiffness was increased, and the deflection was decreased. However, the use of bamboo fiber was found to decrease the concrete's compressive strength, lowering the final shear capacity for the majority of beams. A method for estimating the shear capacity of the bamboo-fiber-reinforced steel-wire-mesh BFRPbar concrete beams is provided and lays the foundation for engineering practice, in accordance with the impact of bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh on beams that suffer shear breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
| | - Guohui Qin
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
| | - Fei Luo
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
| | - Yuxian Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
| | - Gangrui Fu
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
| | - Haohan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China
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Nafis ZAS, Nuzaimah M, Kudus SIA, Yusuf Y, Ilyas RA, Knight VF, Norrrahim MNF. Effect of Wood Dust Fibre Treatments Reinforcement on the Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composite (r-WoPPC) Filament for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:479. [PMID: 36676215 PMCID: PMC9863263 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of wood dust fibre treatment on the property of wood dust reinforced recycled polypropylene composite (r-WoPPC) filament was investigated. The wood dust fibre was treated using alkali, silane, and NaOH-silane. The treated wood fibre was incorporated with r-PP using a twin-screw extruder to produce filament. The silane treatment on wood dust fibre enhances interfacial bonding between wood fibre and recycled PP; hence, a filament has the highest wire pull strength, which is 35.2% higher compared to untreated and alkaline-treated wood dust filament. It is because silanol in silane forms a siloxane bond that acts as a coupling agent that improves interfacial bonding between wood dust fibre and recycled PP. The SEM micrograph of the fracture structure reveals that treated silane has strong interfacial bonding between wood dust fibre and recycled PP, having minimal void, gap, and good fibre adhesion. The water absorption test results indicate that filament with treated wood dust absorbs less water than filament with untreated wood because the treatment minimizes the gap between wood fibres and recycled PP. The FTIR analysis identified the presence of silane on the wood dust surface for silane-treated wood dust. The DSC studies suggest that the temperature range 167-170 °C be used in the extrusion machine to produce r-WoPPC filament. As a result, r-WoPPc filaments containing silane-treated wood dust have better mechanical properties and have a greater potential for usage in FDM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. A. S. Nafis
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - M. Nuzaimah
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - S. I. Abdul Kudus
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Y. Yusuf
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - V. F. Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Nukala SG, Kong I, Patel VI, Kakarla AB, Kong W, Buddrick O. Development of Biodegradable Composites Using Polycaprolactone and Bamboo Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194169. [PMID: 36236115 PMCID: PMC9573369 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biodegradable polymers in daily life is increasing to reduce environmental hazards. In line with this, the present study aimed to develop a fully biodegradable polymer composite that was environmentally friendly and exhibited promising mechanical and thermal properties. Bamboo powder (BP)-reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) composites were prepared using the solvent casting method. The influence of BP content on the morphology, wettability, and mechanical and thermal properties of the neat matrix was evaluated. In addition, the degradation properties of the composites were analysed through soil burial and acidic degradation tests. It was revealed that BP contents had an evident influence on the properties of the composites. The increase in the BP content has significantly improved the tensile strength of the PCL matrix. A similar trend is observed for thermal stability. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated uniform dispersion of the BP in the PCL matrix. The degradation tests revealed that the biocomposites with 40 wt·% of BP degraded by more than 20% within 4 weeks in the acidic degradation test and more than 5% in the soil burial degradation test. It was noticed that there was a considerable difference in the degradation between the PCL matrix and the biocomposites of PCL and BP. These results suggest that biodegradable composites could be a promising alternative material to the existing synthetic polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Guha Nukala
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Ing Kong
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Akesh Babu Kakarla
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Wei Kong
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Block 11, De Centrum City, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Oliver Buddrick
- Faculty of Higher Education, William Angliss Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Bakhori SNM, Hassan MZ, Bakhori NM, Rashedi A, Mohammad R, Daud MYM, Aziz SA, Ramlie F, Kumar A, J N. Mechanical Properties of PALF/Kevlar-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Composite Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122468. [PMID: 35746044 PMCID: PMC9227521 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic fibres are in high demand due to their superior properties. Natural fibres are less expensive and lighter as compared to synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres have drawn much attention, especially for their outstanding properties, such as durability, and stability. The hybridisation between natural and synthetic fibres composite are considered as an alternative to improve the current properties of natural and synthetic fibres. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) hybrid composites. The PALF/Kevlar hybrid composites were fabricated by using hand layup method utilising unsaturated polyester as the matrix. These composites were laid up to various laminated configurations, such as [PKP]s, [PPK]s, [KPP]s, [KKP]s, [PPP]s and [KKK]s, whereby PALF denoted as P and Kevlar denoted as K. Next, they were cut into size and dimensions according to standards. Initially, the density of PALF/Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester were evaluated. The highest density result was obtained from [KKK]s, however, the density of hybrid composites was closely indistinguishable. Next, moisture absorption behaviour and its effects on the PALF/Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester were investigated. The water absorption studies showed that the hybridisation between all PALF and Kevlar specimens absorbed moisture drastically at the beginning of the moisture absorption test and the percentage of moisture uptake increased with the volume fraction of PALF in the samples. The tensile test indicated that all specimens exhibited nonlinear stress-strain behaviour and shown a pseudo-ductility behaviour. [KKP]s and [KPK]s hybrid composites showed the highest tensile strength and modulus. The flexural test showed that [KPK]s had the highest flexural strength of 164.0 MPa and [KKP]s had the highest flexural modulus of 12.6 GPa. In terms of the impact strength and resistance, [KKP]s outperformed the composite laminates. According to SEM scans, the hybrid composites demonstrated a stronger interfacial adhesion between the fibres and matrix than pure PALF composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nadia Mohd Bakhori
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Mohamad Zaki Hassan
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Noremylia Mohd Bakhori
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Ahmad Rashedi
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0810, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Roslina Mohammad
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Mohd Yusof Md Daud
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Sa’ardin Abdul Aziz
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Faizir Ramlie
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.N.M.B.); (M.Z.H.); (N.M.B.); (R.M.); (M.Y.M.D.); (S.A.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Anil Kumar
- Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur 228118, India;
| | - Naveen J
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
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Stygienė L, Krauledas S, Abraitienė A, Varnaitė-Žuravliova S, Dubinskaitė K. Thermal Comfort and Electrostatic Properties of Socks Containing Fibers with Bio-Ceramic, Silver and Carbon Additives. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082908. [PMID: 35454601 PMCID: PMC9028739 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Socks are an important part of our clothing used in everyday activities. In order to ensure thermal comfort during wear in cool outdoor or indoor conditions, and for health improvement, socks must have effective thermoregulation properties. Chemical far-infrared (FIR) fibers with different bio-ceramic compounds incorporated into socks’ structures can provide an improved thermoregulation effect to the wearer of the socks. Fibers with silver and carbon additives incorporated in their structures can also affect the thermoregulation properties of socks. Moreover, these conductive additives avoid the unpleasant effect of static electricity of socks. The main parts of the different investigated structures of the socks were made in a plush pattern. The plush loops were formed by using functional Resistex® Bioceramic, Shieldex® and two modifications of Nega-Stat® fiber yarns. The main thermal comfort (thermal efficiency, microclimate and heat exchange temperatures, thermal resistance, water vapor permeability) and electrostatic (surface and vertical resistances, shielding factor, half time decay of charge) properties of the socks were investigated. Based on the obtained results of the thermal comfort and electrostatic characteristics of the different investigated structures of socks, the optimal static dissipative (half-time decay <0.01 s, shielding factor—0.96) plush knitting structure with 55% Resistex® Bioceramic and 31% bicomponent Nega-Stat® P210 fibers yarns was selected. Comparing the control sample without FIR and the knitted structure with conductive additives, we can draw the conclusion that the heat retention capability of the selected socks was improved by 1.5 °C and the temperature of their created microclimate was improved by 2 °C.
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