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Adjedje VKB, Wolf YL, Weissenborn MJ, Binder WH. Rubber Oxygenase Degradation Assay by UV-Labeling and Gel Permeation Chromatography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400032. [PMID: 38471754 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A versatile and robust end-group derivatization approach using oximes has been developed for the detection of oxidative degradation of synthetic polyisoprenes and polybutadiene. This method demonstrates broad applicability, effectively monitoring degradation across a wide molecular weight range through ultraviolet (UV)-detection coupled to gel permeation chromatography. Importantly, it enables the effective monitoring of degradation via derivatization-induced UV-maximum shifts, even in the presence of an excess of undegraded polyene, overcoming limitations previously reported with refractive index detectors. Notably, this oxime-based derivatization methodology is used in enzymatic degradation experiments of synthetic polyisoprenes characterized by a cis: trans ratio with the rubber oxygenase LcpK30. It reveals substantial UV absorption in derivatized enzymatic degradation products of polyisoprene with molecular weights exceeding 1000 g mol-1 - an unprecedented revelation for this enzyme's activity on such synthetic polyisoprenes. This innovative approach holds promise as a valuable tool for advancing research into the degradation of synthetic polyisoprenes and polybutadiene, particularly under conditions of low organocatalytic or enzymatic degradation activity. With its broad applicability and capacity to reveal previously hidden degradation processes, it represents a noteworthy contribution to sustainable polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vico K B Adjedje
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yannick L Wolf
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg , 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Research Group Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Weinbergweg , 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin J Weissenborn
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg , 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Research Group Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Weinbergweg , 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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2
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Jantachum P, Phinyocheep P. Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Modified Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:363. [PMID: 38337252 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to global warming and environmental concerns, developing a fully bio-based nanocomposite is an attractive issue. In this work, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from Luffa cylindrica, a renewable resource, were explored as a bio-based reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. In addition, modified natural rubber was explored as a potential compatibilizer to assist the filler dispersion in the rubber nanocomposite. The effect of the CNC content (0-15 phr) on cure characteristics and the mechanical, dynamic, and thermal properties of NR/CNC nanocomposites was investigated. The results showed that the scorch time and cure time of the nanocomposites increased with increased CNC contents. The optimum tensile strength of NR nanocomposites having 5 phr of the CNC (NR-CNC5) was 20.60% higher than the corresponding unfilled NR vulcanizate, which was related to the increased crosslink density of the rubber nanocomposite. The incorporation of oxidized-degraded NR (ODNR) as a compatibilizer in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite exhibited a considerably reduced cure time, which will lead to energy conservation during production. Moreover, the cure rate index of NR-CNC5-ODNR is much higher than using a petroleum-based silane coupling agent (Si69) as a compatibilizer in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite. The good filler dispersion in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite compatibilized by ODNR is comparable to the use of Si69, evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. There is, therefore, a good potential for the use of modified NR as a bio-based compatibilizer for rubber nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyarat Jantachum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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3
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Nijpanich S, Nimpaiboon A, Rojruthai P, Park JH, Hagio T, Ichino R, Sakdapipanich J. Preparation and Characterization of TiO 2-Coated Hollow Glass Beads for Functionalization of Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex via UVA-Activated Photocatalytic Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3885. [PMID: 37835934 PMCID: PMC10575425 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The photochemical degradation of natural rubber (NR) is a prevalent method used to modify its inherent properties. Natural rubber, predominantly derived from the Hevea Brasiliensis tree, exhibits an exceptionally high molecular weight (MW), often reaching a million daltons (Da). This high MW restricts its solubility in various solvents and its reactivity with polar compounds, thereby constraining its versatile applications. In our previous work, we employed TiO2 in its powdered form as a photocatalyst for the functionalization of NR latex. However, the post-process separation and reuse of this powder present substantial challenges. In this present study, we aimed to functionalize deproteinized NR (DPNR) latex. We systematically reduced its MW via photochemical degradation under UVA irradiation facilitated by H2O2. To enhance the efficiency of the degradation process, we introduced TiO2-coated hollow glass beads (TiO2-HGBs) as photocatalysts. This approach offers the advantage of easy collection and repeated reuse. The modified DPNR showed a reduction in its number-average MW from 9.48 × 105 to 0.28 × 105 Da and incorporated functional groups, including hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxide. Remarkably, the TiO2-HGBs maintained their performance over seven cycles of reuse. Due to their superior efficacy, TiO2-HGBs stand out as promising photocatalysts for the advanced functionalization of NR across various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinya Nijpanich
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Adun Nimpaiboon
- Rubber Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Porntip Rojruthai
- Division of Chemical Industrial Process and Environment, Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Rayong 21120, Thailand;
| | - Jae-Hyeok Park
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (J.-H.P.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
| | - Takeshi Hagio
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (J.-H.P.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ichino
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (J.-H.P.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jitladda Sakdapipanich
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
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Study on Degradation of Natural Rubber Latex Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Nitrite in the Presence of Formic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041031. [PMID: 36850314 PMCID: PMC9961476 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid natural rubber (LNR), a depolymerized natural rubber (NR) consisting of shorter chains, was prepared via oxidative degradation using NaNO2 and H2O2 degrading agents in the presence of HCOOH. The influence of reagent concentrations, temperature, and reaction time on the number-average molecular weight (Mn) was studied. Results showed the higher concentration of H2O2 and HCOOH employed faster degradative rates. However, a higher concentration of NaNO2 decreased the Mn reduction. Prolonged reaction time and high temperature resulted in a product with low Mn. FTIR spectra indicated the synthesized LNR contained hydroxyl end groups resulting from the breaking of the NR chains at an acidic pH, whereas a carboxyl terminated LNR was formed at an alkaline pH. SEM micrographs showed the latex particles of LNR were spherical and smaller compared to NR. The experimental results showed the reaction orders of [H2O2], [HCOOH], and [NaNO2] were 1.58, 0.79, and -0.65, respectively. In addition, the pre-exponential factor and activation energy were 1.04 × 109 M-1.72 t-1 and 78.66 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on TGA analysis, the thermal stability of the rubber depended on its Mn. The LNR containing functional end groups exhibited thermal instability and could be a starting material for many applications.
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Samant L, Goel A, Mathew J, Jose S, Thomas S. Effect of surface treatment on flax fiber reinforced natural rubber green composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lata Samant
- Department of Clothing and Textiles Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar India
| | - Alka Goel
- Department of Clothing and Textiles Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar India
| | - Jessen Mathew
- School of Energy Materials Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
| | - Seiko Jose
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
- Textile Manufacture and Textile Chemistry Division ICAR – Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Avikanagar Rajasthan India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam India
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Investigating the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Asphalt Mixture Modified with Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) under Short and Long-Term Aging Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214726. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifiers such as fibers, fillers, natural and synthetic polymer extenders, oxidants and anti-oxidants, and anti-stripping agents are added to produce modified asphalt. However, polymers are the most widely utilized modifiers to enhance the function of asphalt mixtures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-modified asphalt mix under short- and long-term aging conditions. The physical and rheological characteristics of the base asphalt and ENR-modified asphalt (ENRMA) were tested. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability of the modified mixtures, the resilient modulus of the ENR–asphalt mixtures under unaged, and short- and long-term aging conditions at various temperatures and frequencies was obtained. Furthermore, the resistance to moisture damage of asphalt mixtures was investigated. The findings showed that the stiffness of the ENR–asphalt mixes increased because of the mutual influence of short- and long-term aging on the mixes. In addition, ENR reduced the susceptibility to moisture damage. The stiffness of the mixes was influenced by the temperature and frequencies. By using mathematical modelling via the multivariable power least squares method, it was found that temperature was the dominant factor among all other factors. The results suggested that the durability of asphalt pavements is improved by using ENR.
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7
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Krishnamoorthy M, Mohamed MA, Kaus NHM, Yusoff SFM. Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Cationic Dyes over Bismuth Ferrite (BFO) Intercalated on Liquid Natural Rubber-based Hydrogel Compound. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Ngamdee P, Yimmut K, Hinchiranan N. Fabrication of superhydrophobic natural rubber film via grafting of methyltrichlorosilane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patchararujee Ngamdee
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence of Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kotchamon Yimmut
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Napida Hinchiranan
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence of Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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9
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Sarkar B, Mandal S. Gordonia sp. BSTG01 isolated from Hevea brasiliensis plantation efficiently degrades polyisoprene (rubber). 3 Biotech 2021; 11:508. [PMID: 34881168 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyisoprene is the principal constituent of rubber latex which has been estimated globally as one of the major solid wastes. Bacterial bioremediation of this solid waste remains a major point of interest for scientists. This study reports a Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming actinomycete Gordonia sp. BSTG01, isolated from the bark of Hevea brasiliensis of a rubber plantation garden can considerably degrade natural rubber (NR) and synthetic polyisoprene rubber (SR). Scanning electron microscopy showed adhesive colonization of strain BSTG01 on both natural and synthetic rubber surface, conflating into the rubber and forming a biofilm. Rubber-dependent growth of the strain was examined by the decrease of rubber mass and increase of its total protein content in a time-dependent manner. Degradation was also verified by Schiff's reagent which confirms the appearance of aldehydes in the culture media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy including the attenuated total reflectance with the NR and SR pieces overgrown by the isolate revealed variations of the overall chemicals arising on the polyisoprene backbone due to the degradation of rubber by the strain BSTG01. Isolate BSTG01 (MTCC 13159) is a strain of Gordonia and this is the first strain isolated from unexplored rubber plantation area with considerable rubber degradation properties. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03063-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biraj Sarkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
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10
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Njeumen Nkayem DE, Alegria A, Arrese-Igor S, Nkengafac NJ. Rheological and thermal properties of purified raw natural rubber. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Banan A, Mehdipour H. Controlled degradation and functionalization of natural rubber by ozonolysis in organic solvent. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Krishnamoorthy M, Ahmad NH, Amran HN, Mohamed MA, Kaus NHM, Yusoff SFM. BiFeO 3 immobilized within liquid natural rubber-based hydrogel with enhanced adsorption-photocatalytic performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1495-1506. [PMID: 34019924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor materials have shown a good photocatalytic behaviour for the photodegradation of organic pollutants. In this work, maleated liquid natural rubber (MLNR) based hydrogel supported bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) as photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by crosslinking with acrylic acid (AAc) assisted by the ultrasonication method to study the efficiency for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye in wastewater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters for adsorption of the methylene blue (MB) dye compound, whereby the effects of the initial concentration of MB and the adsorption time were examined to obtain a quadratic model for the respective hydrogel composite. The prepared composite sample was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Remarkable improvement for removal of methylene blue (99% removal) was found within 3 h adsorption time with a MLNR/AAc-BiFeO3 hydrogel composite as compared to the pristine hydrogel. A synergistic mode of dye removal by adsorption and photodegradation is proposed. Based on the isotherm and kinetic study conducted, it was found that Freundlich isotherm model and a pseudo second-order kinetic model was best fitted for adsorption of MB dye. The MLNR/AAc-BiFeO3 composite maintains its removal efficiency after 5 cycles without the necessity of post-treatment separation. Therefore, it is crucial to note that the resultant low-cost MLNR/AAc-BiFeO3 hydrogel composite in this study offers excellent potential for water and wastewater treatment applications with improved recyclability and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhonishya Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hidayatika Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hannah Najihah Amran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Polymer Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Haida Mohd Kaus
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fairus M Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Polymer Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nijpanich S, Nimpaiboon A, Rojruthai P, Sakdapipanich J. Hydroxyl-Terminated Saponified Natural Rubber Based on the H 2O 2/P25-TiO 2 Powder/UVC-Irradiation System. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081319. [PMID: 33920500 PMCID: PMC8073266 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR), a long-chain hydrocarbon polymer mostly consisting of cis-1,4-polyisoprene units, has a high molecular weight (MW) and viscosity, enabling it to show excellent physical properties. However, NR has no reactive functional group, making it difficult to react with other molecules, especially in manufacturing processes. The functionalized low-molecular-weight NR (FLNR) is a requirement to disperse ingredients into the rubber adequately. Here, the FLNR was prepared by a photochemical degradation process under UVC-irradiation in the presence of H2O2 using P25-titanium oxide (TiO2) powder as a photocatalyst. The optimum condition for the preparation of FLNR was the use of 2.0 g of TiO2 powder per 100 g of rubber and H2O2 at 20% w/w under UVC-irradiation for 5 h. The hydroxyl groups were found on the NR chains due to the chain-scission of polyisoprene chains and hydroxyl radicals in the system. The weight average MW of NR decreased from 12.6 × 105 to 0.6 × 105 gmol-1, while the number average MW decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 0.1 × 105 gmol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinya Nijpanich
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Adun Nimpaiboon
- Rubber Technology Research Centre (RTEC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Porntip Rojruthai
- Division of Chemical Industrial Process and Environment, Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Rayong 21120, Thailand;
| | - Jitladda Sakdapipanich
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Hassan AA, Wang S. Accelerated liquefaction of vulcanized natural rubber by thermo-oxidative degradation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Yusof NH, Darji D, Mohd Rasdi FR, Baratha Nesan KV. Preparation and characterisation of liquid epoxidised natural rubber in latex stage by chemical degradation. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-020-00076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Preparation and application of epoxidized natural rubber from Artocarpus heterophyllus gum. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Ibrahim S, Othman N, Yusof NH. Preparation, characterization and properties of liquid natural rubber with low non-rubber content via photodegradation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Preparation and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Rubber Latex via Photodegradation Catalyzed by Nano TiO₂. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111216. [PMID: 30961141 PMCID: PMC6290632 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is one of the most important renewable biopolymers used in many applications due to its special properties that cannot be easily mimicked by synthetic polymers. To sustain the existence of natural rubber in industries, modifications have been made to its chemical structure from time to time in order to obtain new properties and to enable it to be employed in new applications. The chemical structure of natural rubber can be modified by exposure to ultraviolet light to reduce its molecular weight. Under controlled conditions, the natural rubber chains will be broken by photodegradation to yield low-molecular-weight natural rubber. The aim of this work was to obtain what is known as liquid natural rubber via photodegradation, with titanium dioxide nanocrystals as the catalyst. Titanium dioxide, which was firstly synthesized using the sol–gel method, was confirmed to be in the form of an anatase, with a size of about 10 nm. In this work, the photodegradation was carried out in latex state and yielded low-molecular-weight natural rubber latex of less than 10,000 g/mol. The presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the liquid natural rubber (LNR) chains was observed, resulting from the breaking of the chains. Scanning electron microscopy of the NR latex particles showed that titanium dioxide nanocrystals were embedded on the latex surface, but then detached during the degradation reaction.
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Kam KW, Teh PL, Osman H, Yeoh CK. Characterization of different forms of vulcanized natural rubbers as elastomer spacer and toughening agent in two-matrix filled epoxy/natural rubber/graphene nano-platelets system. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wei Kam
- School of Materials Engineering, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; 02600, Jejawi Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Pei Leng Teh
- School of Materials Engineering, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; 02600, Jejawi Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Hakimah Osman
- School of Materials Engineering, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; 02600, Jejawi Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Cheow Keat Yeoh
- School of Materials Engineering, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; 02600, Jejawi Arau Perlis Malaysia
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20
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Bio-composite hydrogels of cellulose and vulcanized natural rubber with nanointerconnected layers for reinforced water-retaining materials. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Zheng J, Ye X, Han D, Zhao S, Wu X, Wu Y, Dong D, Wang Y, Zhang L. Silica Modified by Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether and Silane Coupling Agent Together to Achieve High Performance Rubber Composites Using the Latex Compounding Method. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E1. [PMID: 30966037 PMCID: PMC6415053 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of preparing silica/rubber composites used in tires with low rolling resistance in an energy-saving method is fast-growing. In this study, a novel strategy is proposed, in which silica was modified by combing alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (K-MEPTS) for preparing silica/natural rubber (NR) master batches. A thermal gravimetric analyzer and Raman spectroscopy results indicated that both AEO and K-MEPTS could be grafted on to the silica surface, and AEO has a chance to shield the mercaptopropyl group on K-MEPTS. Silica modified by AEO and K-MEPTS together was completely co-coagulated with the rubber in preparing silica/NR composites using the latex compounding method with the help of the interaction between AEO and K-MEPTS. The performance of composites prepared by silica/NR master batches was investigated by a rubber process analyzer (RPA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a tensile tester. These results demonstrate that AEO forms a physical interface between silica and rubber, resulting in good silica dispersion in the matrix. K-MEPTS forms a chemical interface between silica and rubber, enhancing the reinforcing effect of silica and reducing the mutual friction between silica particles. In summary, using a proper combination of AEO and K-MEPTS is a user-friendly approach for preparing silica/NR composites with excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 57, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dongli Han
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Suhe Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 57, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Youping Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 57, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dong Dong
- Red Avenue New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 57, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 57, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
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Antibacterial Nanocomposites Based on Fe3O4–Ag Hybrid Nanoparticles and Natural Rubber-Polyethylene Blends. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/7478161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the vulcanized natural rubber (NR), incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the NR matrix did not exhibit the bactericidal property against Escherichia coli (E. coli). However, incorporation of AgNPs into polyethylene (PE) matrix showed good antibacterial activities to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In the present work, NR/PE (85/15) blends have been prepared by melt blending with presence of compatibilizer in an internal mixer. To possess antibacterial property, AgNPs (5–10 nm) or Fe3O4–Ag hybrid nanoparticles (FAgNPs, 8 nm/16 nm) were added into PE matrix before its blending with NR component. The tensile test indicated that the presence of compatibilizer in NR/PE blend significantly enhanced the tensile strength and elongation at break (up to 35% and 38% increases, resp.). The antibacterial activity test was performed by monitoring of the bacterial lag-log growth phases with the presence of nanocomposites in the E. coli cell culture reactor. The antibacterial test showed that the presence of FAgNPs in NR/PE blend had a better antibacterial activity than that obtained with the lone AgNPs. Two similar reasons were proposed: (i) the faster Ag+ release rate from the Fe3O4–Ag hybrid nanoparticles due to the electron transfer from AgNP to Fe3O4 nanoparticle and (ii) the fact that the ionization of AgNPs in hybrid nanostructure might be accelerated by Fe3+ ions.
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23
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Flavonoids as Natural Stabilizers and Color Indicators of Ageing for Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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