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Sang Y, Cui C, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wang F, Liu R, Sui C, He X, Wang C. A single carbon nanotube-entangled high-performance buckypaper with tunable fracture mode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4135-4143. [PMID: 38226650 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04555b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that the traditional buckypaper (BP) is composed of a certain number of short carbon nanotubes (CNTs) intertwined with each other and sliding always happens when the BP is under tensile and impact loading, which results in inferior mechanical properties compared to single CNTs. In this work, a highly-entangled single-wire BP (SWBP) structure is constructed by a modified self-avoiding random walk approach. The in-plane mechanical properties and impacting behaviors of the SWBPs with different entanglement degrees and interface frictions are systematically investigated via newly developed coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulation. A coarse-grained method can effectively reflect the inter-tube van der Waals (vdW) interactions and the mechanical behaviors of CNTs, including tension, bending and adhesion. In this work, from the tensile simulations of the SWBP, the results showed that the self-locking mechanism between entangled CNTs could significantly enhance the tensile resistance of the film. Besides, the mechanical properties of the SWBP are highly dependent on the entanglement degree and the interface friction between CNTs. Furthermore, two distinct fracture modes, ductile fracture and brittle fracture, are revealed, which can be efficiently controlled by changing the related friction between CNTs. From the impacting simulations, it is found that the impacting performance can be effectively tuned by adjusting the entanglement degree of the film. In addition, the kinetic energy of the projectile could be rapidly dissipated through the stretching and bending of CNTs in the SWBP. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the effect of interface friction and entanglement degree on the mechanical properties of the buckypaper and provides a reference for the preparation of strong CNT-based micromaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Sang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Chongxiao Cui
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yushun Zhao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuochao Zhang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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Zhang L, Ma X, Zhang Y, Bradford PD, Zhu YT. Length-dependent carbon nanotube film structures and mechanical properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:265702. [PMID: 33730705 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abef92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the microstructures of carbon nanotube (CNT) films and the effect of CNT length on their mechanical performance. 230 μm-, 300 μm-, and 360 μm- long CNTs were grown and used to fabricate CNT films by a winding process. Opposite from the length effect on CNT fibers, it has been found that the mechanical properties of the CNT films decrease with increasing CNT length. Without fiber twisting, short CNTs tend to bundle together tightly by themselves in the film structure, resulting in an enhanced packing density; meanwhile, they also provide a high degree of CNT alignment, which prominently contributes to high mechanical properties of the CNT films. When CNTs are long, they tend to be bent and entangled, which significantly reduce their packing density, impairing the film mechanical behaviors severely. It has also been unveiled that the determinant effect of the CNT alignment on the film mechanical properties is more significant than that of the film packing density. These findings provide guidance on the optimal CNT length when attempting to fabricate high-performance macroscopic CNT assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip D Bradford
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Yuntian T Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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3
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Sliozberg YR, Kröger M, Henry TC, Datta S, Lawrence BD, Hall AJ, Chattopadhyay A. Computational design of shape memory polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kröger M. Developments in Polymer Theory and Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010030. [PMID: 31877990 PMCID: PMC7023532 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Duan K, Li L, Wang F, Meng W, Hu Y, Wang X. Importance of Interface in the Coarse-Grained Model of CNT /Epoxy Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1479. [PMID: 31627426 PMCID: PMC6835526 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface interactions play a crucial role in determining the thermomechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polymer nanocomposites. They are, however, poorly treated in the current multi-scale coarse-grained (CG) models. To develop suitable CG models of CNTs/polymer nanocomposites, we demonstrate the importance of two aspects for the first time, that is, preserving the interfacial cohesive energy and reproducing the interface load transfer behavior of all-atomistic (AA) systems. Our simulation results indicate that, for CNTs/polymer nanocomposites, the interface cohesive energy and the interface load transfer of CG models are generally inconsistent with their AA counterparts, revealing significant deviations in their predicted mechanical properties. Fortunately, such inconsistency can be "corrected" by phenomenologically adjusting the cohesive interaction strength parameter of the interface LJ potentials in conjunction with choosing a reasonable degree of coarse-graining of incorporated CNTs. We believe that the problem studied here is general for the development of the CG models of nanocomposites, and the proposed strategy used in present work may be applied to polymer nanocomposites reinforced by other nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Duan
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Li Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Weishuang Meng
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yujin Hu
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Rio-Echevarria IM, Ponti J, Urbán P, Gilliland D. Vial sonication and ultrasonic immersion probe sonication to generate stable dispersions of multiwall carbon nanotubes for physico-chemical characterization and biological testing. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:923-937. [PMID: 31104558 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1597203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is considered to be a key enabling technology and in recent years there has been much growth in the use of nanostructured materials in industrial applications and in consumer products. It is, therefore, important that prior to being commercialized in consumer products, engineered nanomaterials are subjected to a thorough physico-chemical characterization as part of broader risk assessment to evaluate their possible effects on human health and the environment. The proper dispersion of nanomaterials sourced as powders becomes a first crucial step in the characterization process. This paper focuses on the dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotubes - often hydrophobic and tangled - since it may be challenging to re-disperse them effectively in aqueous media prior to characterization. A comparison has been made of non-contact vial sonication and immersion probe sonication using tannic acid as a dispersant. Transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy were the techniques used to evaluate the dispersions. We used High Content Imaging and Colony Forming Efficiency to perform in vitro cytotoxicity studies on Human Alveolar Epithelial cells. It was found that both sonication treatments produce equivalent stable dispersions. No cytotoxic effects from MWCNTs were observed although some toxicity was observed and attributed to excess of the tannic acid dispersant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) , Ispra , Italy
| | - Patricia Urbán
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) , Ispra , Italy
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Panagiotou E, Millett KC, Atzberger PJ. Topological Methods for Polymeric Materials: Characterizing the Relationship Between Polymer Entanglement and Viscoelasticity. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E437. [PMID: 30960421 PMCID: PMC6473770 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop topological methods for characterizing the relationship between polymer chain entanglement and bulk viscoelastic responses. We introduce generalized Linking Number and Writhe characteristics that are applicable to open linear chains. We investigate the rheology of polymeric chains entangled into weaves with varying topologies and levels of chain density. To investigate viscoelastic responses, we perform non-equilibrium molecular simulations over a range of frequencies using sheared Lees⁻Edwards boundary conditions. We show how our topological characteristics can be used to capture key features of the polymer entanglements related to the viscoelastic responses. We find there is a linear relation over a significant range of frequencies between the mean absolute Writhe W r and the Loss Tangent tan ( δ ) . We also find an approximate inverse linear relationship between the mean absolute Periodic Linking Number L K P and the Loss Tangent tan ( δ ) . Our results show some of the ways topological methods can be used to characterize chain entanglements to better understand the origins of mechanical responses in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagiotou
- Department of Mathematics and SimCenter, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
| | - Kenneth C Millett
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3080, USA.
| | - Paul J Atzberger
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3080, USA.
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Shen Z, Ye H, Zhou C, Kröger M, Li Y. Size of graphene sheets determines the structural and mechanical properties of 3D graphene foams. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:104001. [PMID: 29311421 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is recognized as an emerging 2D nanomaterial for many applications. Assembly of graphene sheets into 3D structures is an attractive way to enable their macroscopic applications and to preserve the exceptional mechanical and physical properties of their constituents. In this study, we develop a coarse-grained (CG) model for 3D graphene foams (GFs) based on the CG model for a 2D graphene sheet by Ruiz et al (2015 Carbon 82 103-15). We find that the size of graphene sheets plays an important role in both the structural and mechanical properties of 3D GFs. When their size is smaller than 10 nm, the graphene sheets can easily stack together under the influence of van der Waals interactions (vdW). These stacks behave like building blocks and are tightly packed together within 3D GFs, leading to high density, small pore radii, and a large Young's modulus. However, if the sheet sizes exceed 10 nm, they are staggered together with a significant amount of deformation (bending). Therefore, the density of 3D GFs has been dramatically reduced due to the loosely packed graphene sheets, accompanied by large pore radii and a small Young's modulus. Under uniaxial compression, rubber-like stress-strain curves are observed for all 3D GFs. This material characteristic is dominated by the vdW interactions between different graphene layers and slightly affected by the out-of-plane deformation of the graphene sheets. We find a simple scaling law [Formula: see text] between the density ρ and Young's modulus E for a model of 3D GFs. The simulation results reveal structure-property relations of 3D GFs, which can be applied to guide the design of 3D graphene assemblies with exceptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
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Copic D, Maggini L, De Volder M. Monodisperse CNT Microspheres for High Permeability and Efficiency Flow-Through Filtration Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706503. [PMID: 29424060 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based filters have the potential to revolutionize water treatment because of their high capacity and fast kinetics in sorption of organic, inorganic, and biological pollutants. To date, CNT filters either rely on CNTs dispersed in liquids, which are difficult to recover and cause safety concerns, or on CNT buckypaper, which offers high efficiency, but suffers from an intrinsic trade-off between filter permeability and capacity. Here, a new approach is presented that bypasses this trade-off and achieves buckypaper-like efficiency combined with filter-column-like permeability and capacity. For this, CNTs are first assembled into porous microspheres and then are packed into microfluidic column filters. These microcolumns exhibit large flow-through filtration efficiencies, while maintaining membrane permeabilities an order of magnitude larger then CNT buckypaper and specific permeabilities double that of activated carbon for similar flowrates (232 000 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 , 1.23 × 10-12 m2 ). Moreover, in a test to remove sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from water, these microstructured CNT columns outperform activated carbon columns. This improved filtration efficiency and permeability is an important step toward a broader implementation of CNT-based filtration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Copic
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Maggini
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael De Volder
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK
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