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Cao Q, Zhang W, Yin F, Lian T, Wang S, Zhou T, Wei X, Zhang F, Cao T, Dong H. Lactic acid production with two types of feedstocks from food waste: Effect of inoculum, temperature, micro-oxygen, and initial pH. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 185:25-32. [PMID: 38820781 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is an important chemical with broad market applications. To optimize LA production, food waste has been explored as feedstock. Due to the wide variety of food waste types, most current research studies have obtained different conclusions. This study focuses on carbohydrate-rich fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and lipid-rich kitchen waste (KW), and the effect of inoculum, temperature, micro-oxygen, and initial pH were compared. FVW has a greater potential for LA production than KW. As an inoculum, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) significantly increased the maximum LA concentration (27.6 g/L) by 50.8 % compared with anaerobic sludge (AS). FVW exhibited optimal LA production at 37 °C with micro-oxygen. Adjustment of initial pH from 4 to 8 alleviated the inhibitory effect of accumulated LA, resulting in a 46.2 % increase in maximum LA production in FVW. The expression of functional genes associated with metabolism, genetic information processing, and environmental information processing was higher at 37 °C compared to 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Cao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanqin Zhang
- China Huadian Engineering Co.Ltd., Beijing 100160, China
| | - Fubin Yin
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianjing Lian
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shunli Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tanlong Zhou
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoman Wei
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Keith M, Koller M, Lackner M. Carbon Recycling of High Value Bioplastics: A Route to a Zero-Waste Future. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1621. [PMID: 38931972 PMCID: PMC11207349 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, 98% of all plastics are fossil-based and non-biodegradable, and globally, only 9% are recycled. Microplastic and nanoplastic pollution is just beginning to be understood. As the global demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics continues to rise, biobased and biodegradable plastics have emerged as a promising solution. This review article delves into the pivotal concept of carbon recycling as a pathway towards achieving a zero-waste future through the production and utilization of high-value bioplastics. The review comprehensively explores the current state of bioplastics (biobased and/or biodegradable materials), emphasizing the importance of carbon-neutral and circular approaches in their lifecycle. Today, bioplastics are chiefly used in low-value applications, such as packaging and single-use items. This article sheds light on value-added applications, like longer-lasting components and products, and demanding properties, for which bioplastics are increasingly being deployed. Based on the waste hierarchy paradigm-reduce, reuse, recycle-different use cases and end-of-life scenarios for materials will be described, including technological options for recycling, from mechanical to chemical methods. A special emphasis on common bioplastics-TPS, PLA, PHAs-as well as a discussion of composites, is provided. While it is acknowledged that the current plastics (waste) crisis stems largely from mismanagement, it needs to be stated that a radical solution must come from the core material side, including the intrinsic properties of the polymers and their formulations. The manner in which the cascaded use of bioplastics, labeling, legislation, recycling technologies, and consumer awareness can contribute to a zero-waste future for plastics is the core topics of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Keith
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Martin Koller
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Go!PHA, Oudebrugsteeg 9, 1012 JN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Saulnier-Bellemare T, Patience GS. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis of Glucose to Lactic Acid and Lactates: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23121-23137. [PMID: 38854556 PMCID: PMC11154925 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The current societal demand to replace polymers derived from petroleum with sustainable bioplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) has motivated industry to commercialize ever-larger facilities for biobased monomers like lactic acid. Even though most of the lactic acid is produced by fermentation, long reaction times and high capital costs compromise the economics and thus limit the appeal of biotechnological processes. Catalytic conversion of hexose from biomass is a burgeoning alternative to fermentation. Here we identify catalysts to convert glucose to lactic acid, along with their proposed mechanisms. High Lewis acidity makes erbium salts among the most active homogeneous catalysts, while solvent coordination with the metal species polarize the substrate, increasing the catalytic activity. For heterogeneous catalysts, Sn-containing bimetallic systems combine the high Lewis acidity of Sn while moderating it with another metal, thus decreasing byproducts. Hierarchical bimetallic Sn-Beta zeolites combine a high number of open sites catalyzing glucose isomerization in the mesoporous regions and the confinement effect assisting fructose retro-aldol in microporous regions, yielding up to 67% lactic acid from glucose. Loss of activity is still an issue for heterogeneous catalysts, mostly due to solvent adsorption on the active sites, coke formation, and metal leaching, which impedes its large scale adoption.
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4
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Kim S, Kim JC, Kim YY, Yang JE, Lee HM, Hwang IM, Park HW, Kim HM. Utilization of coffee waste as a sustainable feedstock for high-yield lactic acid production through microbial fermentation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169521. [PMID: 38141985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid is an important industrial precursor; however, high substrate costs are a major challenge in microbial fermentation-based lactic acid production. Coffee waste is a sustainable feedstock alternative for lactic acid production via microbial fermentation. Herein, the feasibility of coffee waste as a feedstock was explored by employing appropriate pretreatment methods and optimizing enzyme combinations. Coffee waste pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid along with a combination of Viscozyme L, Celluclast 1.5 L, and Pectinex Ultra SP-L achieved the 78.9 % sugar conversion rate at a substrate concentration of 4 % (w/v). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WiKim0126-induced fermentation with a 4 % solid loading yielded a lactic acid concentration of 22.8 g/L (99.6 % of the theoretical maximum yield) and productivity of 0.95 g/L/h within 24 h. These findings highlight the viability of coffee waste as an eco-friendly resource for sustainable lactic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulbi Kim
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Yeol Kim
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Yang
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Lee
- Kimchi Industry Promotion Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - In Min Hwang
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Myeong Kim
- Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gupta V, Odaneth AA, Lali AM. High cell density continuous fermentation for L-lactic acid production from cane molasses. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1043-1057. [PMID: 36655700 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2166956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Commercial production of lactic acid (LA) utilizes mostly glucose or lactose coupled with yeast extract (YE) as a supplement. With sugars, nitrogen, and vitamin supplementation being most of the LA production costs, the use of inexpensive molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry, can provide considerable cost savings. There are just a few publications on the production of LA from molasses; consequently, the present investigation was conducted using molasses supplemented with yeast extract. The research was done in a continuous-flow, high-cell-density (HCD) bioreactor with an external membrane microfiltration device for cell recycling. The system, run at 1 L with Lactobacillus delbrueckii NCIM 2025, produced a LA yield of 0.95-0.98 g/g from ∼100 g sugars/L when supplemented with 1 g/L YE. Dilution rates in the range of 0.04-0.36 h-1 resulted in volumetric lactic acid productivities in the range of 4.3-27.6 g/L h, which compares favorably with the highest values recorded in literature, for glucose in the presence of YE, which was as high as 30 g/L. The utilization of cane molasses has a significant impact on the economics of lactic acid production, as measured by a comparison of costs with commercial glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Gupta
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Annamma A Odaneth
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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6
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Abdelshafy A, Hermann A, Herres‐Pawlis S, Walther G. Opportunities and Challenges of Establishing a Regional Bio-based Polylactic Acid Supply Chain. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200218. [PMID: 37483423 PMCID: PMC10362116 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the bioplastic with the highest market share. However, it is mainly produced from first-generation feedstock and there are various inconsistencies in the literature in terms of its production and recycling processes, carbon footprint, and prices. The aim of this study is to compile and contrast these aspects and investigate second-generation PLA production from technical, economic, and ecological perspectives simultaneously. The comprehensive analyses also show the chances and challenges of originating a PLA supply chain in a specific region. Herein, the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) has been chosen as a region of interest. In addition to highlighting the industrial capabilities and synergies, the study quantifies and illustrates the locations of different suitable second-generation feedstocks in the region. However, the identified potentials can be challenged by various obstacles such as the high demand of bioresources, feedstock quality, spatial aspects, and logistics. Furthermore, the substantial price gap between PLA and fossil-based plastics can also discourage the investors to include PLA on their portfolios. Thus, the study also provides recommendations to overcome these obstacles and promote the regional value chains of bioplastics which may serve as prototype for other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdelshafy
- RWTH Aachen UniversityOperation Management52072Kackertstr. 7AachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
| | - Alina Hermann
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute for Inorganic Chemistry52074Landoltweg 1aAachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute for Inorganic Chemistry52074Landoltweg 1aAachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
| | - Grit Walther
- RWTH Aachen UniversityOperation Management52072Kackertstr. 7AachenGermany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)AachenGermany
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7
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Liu YJ, Zhang Y, Chi F, Chen C, Wan W, Feng Y, Song X, Cui Q. Integrated lactic acid production from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes under thermal conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118281. [PMID: 37290309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of lactic acid (LA) from agricultural wastes attracts great attention because of the sustainability and abundance of lignocellulosic feedstocks, as well as the increasing demand for biodegradable polylactic acid. In this study, we isolated a thermophilic strain Geobacillus stearothermophilus 2H-3 for use in robust production of L-(+)LA under the optimal conditions of 60 °C, pH 6.5, which were consistent with the whole-cell-based consolidated bio-saccharification (CBS) process. Sugar-rich CBS hydrolysates derived from various agricultural wastes, including corn stover, corncob residue, and wheat straw, were used as the carbon sources for 2H-3 fermentation by directly inoculating 2H-3 cells into the CBS system, without intermediate sterilization, nutrient supplementation, or adjustment of fermentation conditions. Thus, we successfully combined two whole-cell-based steps into a one-pot successive fermentation process to efficiently produce LA with high optical purity (99.5%), titer (51.36 g/L), and yield (0.74 g/gbiomass). This study provides a promising strategy for LA production from lignocellulose through CBS and 2H-3 fermentation integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Winter B, Meys R, Sternberg A, Bardow A. Sugar-to-What? An Environmental Merit Order Curve for Biobased Chemicals and Plastics. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:15648-15659. [PMID: 36507094 PMCID: PMC9727924 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical industry aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by adopting biomass as a renewable carbon feedstock. However, biomass is a limited resource. Thus, biomass should preferentially be used in processes that most reduce GHG emissions. However, a lack of harmonization in current life cycle assessment (LCA) literature makes the identification of efficient processes difficult. In this study, 46 fermentation processes from literature are harmonized and analyzed on the basis of their GHG reduction compared with fossil benchmarks. The GHG reduction per amount of sugar used is defined as Sugar-to-X efficiency and used as a performance metric in the following. The analyzed processes span a wide range of Sugar-to-X efficiencies from -3.3 to 6.7 kg of CO2 equiv per kg of sugar input. Diverting sugar from bioethanol production for fuels to the fermentation and bioconversion processes with the highest Sugar-to-X efficiency could reduce the chemical industry's GHG emissions by an additional 130 MT of CO2 equiv without requiring any more biobased feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Winter
- Institute
for Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen
University, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062Aachen, Germany
- Energy
and Process System Engineering, ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Meys
- Institute
for Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen
University, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - André Sternberg
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Bardow
- Institute
for Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen
University, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062Aachen, Germany
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research - Energy Systems Engineering (IEK-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany
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9
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Nagarajan D, Chen CY, Ariyadasa TU, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Macroalgal biomass as a potential resource for lactic acid fermentation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136694. [PMID: 36206920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid is an essential platform chemical with various applications in the chemicals, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Currently, the demand for lactic acid is driven by the role of lactic acid as the starting material for the production of bioplastic polylactide. Microbial fermentation for lactic acid production is favored due to the production of enantiomerically pure lactic acid required for polylactide synthesis, as opposed to the racemic mixture obtained via chemical synthesis. The utilization of first-generation feedstock for commercial lactic acid production is challenged by feedstock costs and sustainability issues. Macroalgae are photosynthetic benthic aquatic plants that contribute tremendously towards carbon capture with subsequent carbon-rich biomass production. Macroalgae are commercially cultivated to extract hydrocolloids, and recent studies have focused on applying biomass as a fermentation feedstock. This review provides comprehensive information on the design and development of sustainable and cost-effective, algae-based lactic acid production. The central carbon regulation in lactic acid bacteria and the metabolism of seaweed-derived sugars are described. An exhaustive compilation of lactic acid fermentation of macroalgae hydrolysates revealed that lactic acid bacteria can effectively ferment the mixture of sugars present in the hydrolysate with comparable yields. The environmental impacts and economic prospects of macroalgal lactic acid are analyzed. Valorization of the vast amounts of spent macroalgal biomass residue post hydrocolloid extraction in a biorefinery is a viable strategy for cost-effective lactic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Thilini U Ariyadasa
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan.
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10
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Potential of New Bacterial Strains for a Multiproduct Bioprocess Application: A Case Study Using Isolates of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Pineapple Silage of Costa Rican Agro-Industrial Residues. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential for the development of multi-product processes are necessary for the valorization of side streams obtained during the biotechnological production of lactic acid (LA). In this study, 14 LAB strains isolated from pineapple agro-industrial residues in Costa Rica were cultivated in microplates, and the six strains with the highest growth were selected for fermentation in microbioreactors to evaluate the production of LA and acetic acid, and the consumption of glucose. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 6710 and L. paracasei 6714 presented the highest OD600 values (1.600 and 1.602, respectively); however, the highest LA (in g/L) production was observed in L. paracasei 6714 (14.50 ± 0.20) and 6712 (14.67 ± 0.42). L. paracasei 6714 was selected for bioreactor fermentation and reached a maximum OD600 of 6.3062 ± 0.141, with a LA yield of 84.9% and a productivity of 1.06 g L−1 h−1 after 21 h of fermentation. Finally, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) detection from biomass was performed and the antimicrobial activity of the compounds present in the supernatant was studied. LTA was detected from L. paracasei 6714 biomass, and its supernatant caused significant inhibition of foodborne surrogate microorganisms. LAB isolated from pineapple silage have biotechnological potential for multiproduct processes.
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11
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Svetlitchnyi VA, Svetlichnaya TP, Falkenhan DA, Swinnen S, Knopp D, Läufer A. Direct conversion of cellulose to L-lactic acid by a novel thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor strain. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:44. [PMID: 35501875 PMCID: PMC9063331 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass to l-lactic acid using thermophilic cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic bacteria provides a promising solution for efficient lignocellulose conversion without the need for additional cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic enzymes. Most studies on the mesophilic and thermophilic CBP of lignocellulose to lactic acid concentrate on cultivation of non-cellulolytic mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria at temperatures of 30–55 °C with external addition of cellulases/hemicellulases for saccharification of substrates. Results l-Lactic acid was generated by fermenting microcrystalline cellulose or lignocellulosic substrates with a novel thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor sp. DIB 104C without adding externally produced cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic enzymes. Selection of this novel bacterium strain for lactic acid production is described as well as the adaptive evolution towards increasing the l-lactic acid concentration from 6 to 70 g/l on microcrystalline cellulose. The evolved strains grown on microcrystalline cellulose show a maximum lactic acid production rate of 1.0 g/l*h and a lactic acid ratio in the total organic fermentation products of 96 wt%. The enantiomeric purity of the l-lactic acid generated is 99.4%. In addition, the lactic acid production by these strains on several other types of cellulose and lignocellulosic feedstocks is also reported. Conclusions The evolved strains originating from Caldicellulosiruptor sp. DIB 104C were capable of producing unexpectedly large amounts of l-lactic acid from microcrystalline cellulose in fermenters. These strains produce l-lactic acid also from lignocellulosic feedstocks and thus represent an ideal starting point for development of a highly integrated commercial l-lactic acid production process from such feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steve Swinnen
- BluCon Biotech GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Knopp
- BluCon Biotech GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albrecht Läufer
- BluCon Biotech GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Kim KH, Jin X, Ji A, Aui A, Mba-Wright M, Yoo CJ, Choi JW, Ha JM, Kim CS, Yoo CG, Choi JW. Catalytic conversion of waste corrugated cardboard into lactic acid using lanthanide triflates. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:41-48. [PMID: 35306464 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficient strategy for waste conversion and resource recovery is of great interest in the sustainable bioeconomy context. This work reports on the catalytic upcycling of waste corrugated cardboard (WCC) into lactic acid using lanthanide triflates catalysts. WCC, a primary contributor to municipal solid wastes, has been viewed as a feedstock for producing a wide range of renewable products. Hydrothermal conversion of WCC was carried out in the presence of several lanthanide triflates. The reaction with erbium(III) triflate (Er(OTf)3) and ytterbium(III) triflate (Yb(OTf)3) resulted in high lactic acid yields, 65.5 and 64.3 mol%, respectively. In addition, various monomeric phenols were readily obtained as a co-product stream, opening up opportunities in waste management and resource recovery. Finally, technoeconomic analysis was conducted based on the experimental results, which suggests a significant economic benefit of chemocatalytic upcycling of WCC into lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Xuanjun Jin
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Anqi Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Alvina Aui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mark Mba-Wright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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Yankov D. Fermentative Lactic Acid Production From Lignocellulosic Feedstocks: From Source to Purified Product. Front Chem 2022; 10:823005. [PMID: 35308791 PMCID: PMC8931288 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.823005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The second (lignocellulosic biomass and industrial wastes) and third (algal biomass) generation feedstocks gained substantial interest as a source of various value-added chemicals, produced by fermentation. Lactic acid is a valuable platform chemical with both traditional and newer applications in many industries. The successful fractionation, separation, and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass result in sugars’ rich raw material for lactic acid fermentation. This review paper aims to summarize the investigations and progress in the last 5 years in lactic acid production from inexpensive and renewable resources. Different aspects are discussed—the type of raw materials, pretreatment and detoxification methods, lactic acid-producers (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts), use of genetically manipulated microorganisms, separation techniques, different approaches of process organization, as well as main challenges, and possible solutions for process optimization.
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14
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Mechanical properties of fibre/ filler based poly(Lactic Acid) (Pla) composites : A brief review. ACTA INNOVATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.32933/actainnovations.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based composites receive greater preference over non-biodegradable plastics. Poly(lactic acid) has to find its place in various applications such as polymer composites, agriculture, biomedical, etc. Polymer composites based on PLA possess comparable mechanical strength, endurance, flexibility and endures future opportunities. Several combinations of natural fibers and filler-based PLA composites have been fabricated and investigated for physical and mechanical changes. Moreover, several biopolymers and compatibilizers are added to PLA to provide rigidity. The paper presents a tabulated review of the various natural fiber/filter-based PLA composites and the preparation and outcomes. In addition, enhancement made by the reinforcement of nano filler in the PLA are also discussed in brief. The significance of PLA in the biomedical application has been discussed in brief. The paper also shed lights in the social and economic aspects of PLA.
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Huang S, Xue Y, Yu B, Wang L, Zhou C, Ma Y. A Review of the Recent Developments in the Bioproduction of Polylactic Acid and Its Precursors Optically Pure Lactic Acids. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216446. [PMID: 34770854 PMCID: PMC8587312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is an important organic acid with broad industrial applications. Considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastic with a wide range of applications, polylactic acid has generated a great deal of interest and therefore the demand for optically pure l- or d-lactic acid has increased accordingly. Microbial fermentation is the industrial route for LA production. LA bacteria and certain genetic engineering bacteria are widely used for LA production. Although some fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are not natural LA producers, they have recently received increased attention for LA production because of their acid tolerance. The main challenge for LA bioproduction is the high cost of substrates. The development of LA production from cost-effective biomasses is a potential solution to reduce the cost of LA production. This review examined and discussed recent progress in optically pure l-lactic acid and optically pure d-lactic acid fermentation. The utilization of inexpensive substrates is also focused on. Additionally, for PLA production, a complete biological process by one-step fermentation from renewable resources is also currently being developed by metabolically engineered bacteria. We also summarize the strategies and procedures for metabolically engineering microorganisms producing PLA. In addition, there exists some challenges to efficiently produce PLA, therefore strategies to overcome these challenges through metabolic engineering combined with enzyme engineering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.H.); (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.H.); (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Limin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.H.); (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yanhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (S.H.); (Y.X.); (Y.M.)
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Meramo-Hurtado SI, González-Delgado ÁD. Process Synthesis, Analysis, and Optimization Methodologies toward Chemical Process Sustainability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Isaac Meramo-Hurtado
- Bussines Management and Productivity Research Group, Industrial Engineering Program, Fundación Universitaria Colombo International, Av. Pedro Heredia Sector Cuatro Vientos #31-50, Cartagena 130000, Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad EAN, Street 71 #9 - 84, Bogotá 111311, Colombia
| | - Ángel Dario González-Delgado
- Nanomaterials and Computer-Aided Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Piedra de Bolívar, Street 30 #48-152, Cartagena 130000, Colombia
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Kövilein A, Umpfenbach J, Ochsenreither K. Acetate as substrate for L-malic acid production with Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33622386 PMCID: PMC7903783 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial malic acid production is currently not able to compete economically with well-established chemical processes using fossil resources. The utilization of inexpensive biomass-based substrates containing acetate could decrease production costs and promote the development of microbial processes. Acetate is a by-product in lignocellulosic hydrolysates and fast pyrolysis products or can be synthesized by acetogens during syngas fermentation. For the fermentation of these substrates, a robust microorganism with a high tolerance for biomass-derived inhibitors is required. Aspergillus oryzae is a suitable candidate due to its high tolerance and broad substrate spectrum. To pave the path towards microbial malic acid production, the potential of acetate as a carbon source for A. oryzae is evaluated in this study. RESULTS A broad acetate concentration range was tested both for growth and malic acid production with A. oryzae. Dry biomass concentration was highest for acetic acid concentrations of 40-55 g/L reaching values of about 1.1 g/L within 48 h. Morphological changes were observed depending on the acetate concentration, yielding a pellet-like morphology with low and a filamentous structure with high substrate concentrations. For malic acid production, 45 g/L acetic acid was ideal, resulting in a product concentration of 8.44 ± 0.42 g/L after 192 h. The addition of 5-15 g/L glucose to acetate medium proved beneficial by lowering the time point of maximum productivity and increasing malic acid yield. The side product spectrum of cultures with acetate, glucose, and cultures containing both substrates was compared, showing differences especially in the amount of oxalic, succinic, and citric acid produced. Furthermore, the presence of CaCO3, a pH regulator used for malate production with glucose, was found to be crucial also for malic acid production with acetate. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluates relevant aspects of malic acid production with A. oryzae using acetate as carbon source and demonstrates that it is a suitable substrate for biomass formation and acid synthesis. The insights provided here will be useful to further microbial malic acid production using renewable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Kövilein
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Julia Umpfenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Sabater C, Ruiz L, Delgado S, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A. Valorization of Vegetable Food Waste and By-Products Through Fermentation Processes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581997. [PMID: 33193217 PMCID: PMC7606337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a general interest in finding new ways of valorizing fruit and vegetable processing by-products. With this aim, applications of industrial fermentation to improve nutritional value, or to produce biologically active compounds, have been developed. In this sense, the fermentation of a wide variety of by-products including rice, barley, soya, citrus, and milling by-products has been reported. This minireview gives an overview of recent fermentation-based valorization strategies developed in the last 2 years. To aid the designing of new bioprocesses of industrial interest, this minireview also provides a detailed comparison of the fermentation conditions needed to produce specific bioactive compounds through a simple artificial neural network model. Different applications reported have been focused on increasing the nutritional value of vegetable by-products, while several lactic acid bacteria and Penicillium species have been used to produce high purity lactic acid. Bacteria and fungi like Bacillus subtilis, Rhizopus oligosporus, or Fusarium flocciferum may be used to efficiently produce protein extracts with high biological value and a wide variety of functional carbohydrates and glycosidases have been produced employing Aspergillus, Yarrowia, and Trichoderma species. Fermentative patterns summarized may guide the production of functional ingredients for novel food formulation and the development of low-cost bioprocesses leading to a transition toward a bioeconomy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sabater
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Techno-Economic Analysis of Producing Glacial Acetic Acid from Poplar Biomass via Bioconversion. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184328. [PMID: 32967253 PMCID: PMC7571159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the current commercial production of glacial acetic acid (GAA) is by petrochemical routes, primarily methanol carbonylation. GAA is an intermediate in the production of plastics, textiles, dyes, and paints. GAA production from biomass might be an economically viable and sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived routes. Separation of acetic acid from water is a major expense and requires considerable energy. This study evaluates and compares the technical and economic feasibility of GAA production via bioconversion using either ethyl acetate or alamine in diisobutylkerosene (DIBK) as organic solvents for purification. Models of a GAA biorefinery with a production of 120,650 tons/year were simulated in Aspen software. This biorefinery follows the path of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, acetogen fermentation, and acid purification. Estimated capital costs for different scenarios ranged from USD 186 to 245 million. Recovery of GGA using alamine/DIBK was a more economical process and consumed 64% less energy, due to lower steam demand in the recovery distillation columns. The estimated average minimum selling prices of GGA were USD 756 and 877/ton for alamine/DIBK and ethyl acetate scenarios, respectively. This work establishes a feasible and sustainable approach to produce GGA from poplar biomass via fermentation.
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20
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Utilizing Gelatinized Starchy Waste from Rice Noodle Factory as Substrate for L(+)-Lactic Acid Production by Amylolytic Lactic Acid Bacterium Enterococcus faecium K-1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:353-366. [PMID: 32382944 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To valorize starchy waste from rice noodle factory, bioconversion of gelatinized starchy waste (GSW) to value-added product as L(+)-lactic acid, the monomer for polylactate synthesis, was investigated using amylolytic lactic acid bacterium, Enterococcus faecium K-1. Screening for appropriate nitrogen source to replace expensive organic nitrogen sources revealed that corn steep liquor (CSL) was the most suitable regarding high efficacy for L(+)-LA achievement and low-cost property. The successful applying statistic experimental design, Plackett-Burman design incorporated with central composite design (CCD), predicted the maximum L(+)-LA of 93.07 g/L from the optimized medium (OM) containing 125.7 g/L GSW and 207.3 g/L CSL supplemented with CH3COONa, MgSO4, MnSO4, K2HPO4, CaCl2, (NH4)2HC6H5O7, and Tween80. Minimizing the medium cost by removal of all inorganic salts and Tween80 from OM was not an effect on L(+)-LA yield. Fermentation using the optimized medium without minerals (OM-Mi) containing only GSW (125.7 g/L) and CSL (207.3 g/L) in a 10-L fermenter was also successful. Thinning GSW with α-amylase from Lactobacillus plantarum S21 increased L(+)-LA productivity in the early stage of 24-h fermentation. Not only showing the feasible bioconversion process for GSW utilizing as a substrate for L(+)-LA production, this research also demonstrated the efficient model for industrial starchy waste valorization.
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