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Review of Fiber Optical Sensors and Its Importance in Sewer Corrosion Factor Analysis. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9060118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects of wastewater on the hygiene of human and circumstances is a major issue in society. Appropriate refining systems with high efficiency is required to treat the wastewater. Sewage treatment plant plays a major and important role in conserving incredible nature of the environment. Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC) is an important phenomenon in sewage structures which causes the deterioration of infrastructures. Huge capital has been spent and efforts have been made on wastewater treatment infrastructure to increase operating efficiency and reliability of compliance. The investments in reimbursement and maintenance of sewer structures upsurge with an increase in the rate of MIC. The focus of this review is to describe MIC in sewer structure and the factors influencing the corrosion such as the generation of Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Relative Humidity (RH), pH of the concrete structure and temperature. Modern developments in the design of Fiber Optical Sensors (FOSs) for observing the parameters including pH, Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), RH and temperature will be discussed.
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2
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Li J, Wang L, Geng J, Li S, Yu Q, Xu K, Ren H. Distribution and removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in 15 municipal wastewater treatment plants in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126375. [PMID: 32151811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM), having complex structures like aromatic structure and double bond structure, is able to represent relatively refractory parts of dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study investigated the distribution of FDOM in the influents and the removal in the secondary effluents of 15 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 15 provincial capitals of China. Eight components have been identified using excitation emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Tryptophan-like (C1 or C4), terrestrial humic-like (C2) and microbial humic-like (C3) fluorescent components were major FDOM components in municipal wastewater, appearing in 11 WWTPs simultaneously. The removal of total fluorescence was generally about 30%-40%, while hydrophobic humic-like compounds (C5 and C8) were the most refractory components with 4%-16% removal and C3 was the second most refractory with -11%-41% removal. The compositions of FDOM in municipal wastewater were different in northeast/west and middle/east regions according to the self-organized map (SOM) analysis. Wastewater sources had more important influence on fluorescent characteristics of secondary effluents than biological treatment processes. Besides, this study found that humification index (HIX) was the most suitable index to describe the bulk fluorescent character of wastewater since it had a good correlation with abundance, removal and ratios of main fluorescent components either in the influents or in the secondary effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juechun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qingmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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3
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Carstea EM, Popa CL, Baker A, Bridgeman J. In situ fluorescence measurements of dissolved organic matter: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134361. [PMID: 31683216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for an inexpensive, reliable and fast monitoring tool to detect contaminants in a short time, for quick mitigation of pollution sources and site remediation, and for characterization of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM). Fluorescence spectroscopy has proven to be an excellent technique in quantifying aquatic DOM, from autochthonous, allochthonous or anthropogenic sources. This paper reviews the advances in in situ fluorescence measurements of DOM and pollutants in various water environments. Studies have demonstrated, using high temporal-frequency DOM fluorescence data, that marine autochthonous production of DOM is highly complex and that the allochthonous input of DOM from freshwater to marine water can be predicted. Furthermore, river measurement studies found a delayed fluorescence response of DOM following precipitation compared to turbidity and discharge, with various lags, depending on season, site and input of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. In addition, research has shown that blue light fluorescence (λemission = 430-500 nm) can be a good proxy for DOC, in environments with terrestrial inputs, and ultraviolet fluorescence (λemission = UVA-320-400 nm) for biochemical oxygen demand, and also E. coli in environments with sanitation issues. The correction of raw fluorescence data improves the relationship between fluorescence intensity and these parameters. This review also presents the specific steps and parameters that must be considered before and during in situ fluorescence measurement session for a harmonized qualitative and quantitative protocol. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the research on in situ fluorescence are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfrida M Carstea
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Cristina L Popa
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Andy Baker
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - John Bridgeman
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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4
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Review of Dissolved Oxygen Detection Technology: From Laboratory Analysis to Online Intelligent Detection. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19183995. [PMID: 31527482 PMCID: PMC6767127 DOI: 10.3390/s19183995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen is an important index to evaluate water quality, and its concentration is of great significance in industrial production, environmental monitoring, aquaculture, food production, and other fields. As its change is a continuous dynamic process, the dissolved oxygen concentration needs to be accurately measured in real time. In this paper, the principles, main applications, advantages, and disadvantages of iodometric titration, electrochemical detection, and optical detection, which are commonly used dissolved oxygen detection methods, are systematically analyzed and summarized. The detection mechanisms and materials of electrochemical and optical detection methods are examined and reviewed. Because external environmental factors readily cause interferences in dissolved oxygen detection, the traditional detection methods cannot adequately meet the accuracy, real-time, stability, and other measurement requirements; thus, it is urgent to use intelligent methods to make up for these deficiencies. This paper studies the application of intelligent technology in intelligent signal transfer processing, digital signal processing, and the real-time dynamic adaptive compensation and correction of dissolved oxygen sensors. The combined application of optical detection technology, new fluorescence-sensitive materials, and intelligent technology is the focus of future research on dissolved oxygen sensors.
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5
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Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:66-79. [PMID: 30056302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution and habitat degradation are the cause of increasing water scarcity and decline in aquatic biodiversity. While the freshwater availability has been declining through past decades, water demand has continued to increase particularly in areas with arid and semi-arid climate. Monitoring of pollutants in wastewater effluents are critical to identifying water pollution area for treatment. Conventional detection methods are not effective in tracing multiple harmful components in wastewater due to their variability along different times and sources. Currently, the development of biosensing instruments attracted significant attention because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost and real-time response. This paper provides a general overview on reported biosensors, which have been applied for the recognition of important organic chemicals, heavy metals, and microorganisms in dark waters. The significance and successes of nanotechnology in the field of biomolecular detection are also reviewed. The commercially available biosensors and their main challenges in wastewater monitoring are finally discussed.
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Pereira SAP, Costa SPF, Cunha E, Passos MLC, Araújo ARST, Saraiva MLMFS. Manual or automated measuring of antipsychotics' chemical oxygen demand. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:55-60. [PMID: 29407782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are becoming accumulated in terrestrial and aqueous resources due to their actual consumption. Thus, the search of methods for assessing the contamination load of these drugs is mandatory. The COD is a key parameter used for monitoring water quality upon the assessment of the effect of polluting agents on the oxygen level. Thus, the present work aims to assess the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of several typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in order to obtain structure-activity relationships. It was implemented the titrimetric method with potassium dichromate as oxidant and a digestion step of 2h, followed by the measurement of remained unreduced dichromate by titration. After that, an automated sequential injection analysis (SIA) method was, also, used aiming to overcome some drawbacks of the titrimetric method. The results obtained showed a relationship between the chemical structures of antipsychotic drugs and their COD values, where the presence of aromatic rings and oxidable groups give higher COD values. It was obtained a good compliance between the results of the reference batch procedure and the SIA system, and the APs were clustered in two groups, with the values ratio between the methodologies, of 2 or 4, in the case of lower or higher COD values, respectively. The SIA methodology is capable of operating as a screening method, in any stage of a synthetic process, being also more environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Besides, the studies presented open promising perspectives for the improvement of the effectiveness of pharmaceutical removal from the waste effluents, by assessing COD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A P Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Edite Cunha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marieta L C Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - André R S T Araújo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, n° 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal.
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Goffin A, Guérin S, Rocher V, Varrault G. Towards a better control of the wastewater treatment process: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter as a predictive tool of soluble BOD 5 in influents of six Parisian wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8765-8776. [PMID: 29327192 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The online monitoring of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw sewage water is expected to better control wastewater treatment processes. Fluorescence spectroscopy offers one possibility for both the online and real-time monitoring of DOM, especially as regards the DOM biodegradability assessment. In this study, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy combined with a parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has been investigated as a predictive tool of the soluble biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) for raw sewage water. Six PARAFAC components were highlighted in 69 raw sewage water samples: C2, C5, and C6 related to humic-like compounds, along with C1, C3, and C4 related to protein-like compounds. Since the PARAFAC methodology is not available for online monitoring, a peak-picking approach based on maximum excitation-emission (Ex-Em) localization of the PARAFAC components identified in this study has been used. A good predictive model of soluble BOD5 using fluorescence spectroscopy parameters was obtained (r2 = 0.846, adjusted r2 = 0.839, p < 0.0001). This model is quite straightforward, easy to automate, and applicable to the operational field of wastewater treatment for online monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Goffin
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.
| | - Sabrina Guérin
- SIAAP, Direction Innovation Environnement, Colombes, France
| | - Vincent Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction Innovation Environnement, Colombes, France
| | - Gilles Varrault
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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8
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Zulkifli SN, Rahim HA, Lau WJ. Detection of contaminants in water supply: A review on state-of-the-art monitoring technologies and their applications. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 255:2657-2689. [PMID: 32288249 PMCID: PMC7126548 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water monitoring technologies are widely used for contaminants detection in wide variety of water ecology applications such as water treatment plant and water distribution system. A tremendous amount of research has been conducted over the past decades to develop robust and efficient techniques of contaminants detection with minimum operating cost and energy. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques and biosensor approach have improved the detection sensitivities, quantitatively and qualitatively. The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has expanded the water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including successful establishment in hand-held sensing devices which improves portability in real-time basis for the detection of contaminant, such as microorganisms, pesticides, heavy metal ions, inorganic and organic components. This paper intends to review the developments in water quality monitoring technologies for the detection of biological and chemical contaminants in accordance with instrumental limitations. Particularly, this review focuses on the most recently developed techniques for water contaminant detection applications. Several recommendations and prospective views on the developments in water quality assessments will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herlina Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Woei-Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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9
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Wang Q, Sun H, Sha W, Chen J, Gu L, Wang D, Tang X. An optical material for the detection of trace S 2O 32- in milk based on a copper complex. Biometals 2017; 30:441-447. [PMID: 28405829 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel S2O32- luminescent sensor (Cu2+-p-CPIP) was developed and the presence of S2O32- caused an obvious fluorescence enhancement at 420 nm upon excitation at 330 nm, which could be distinguished with the naked eye under a UV lamp. Remarkably, the compound exhibited excellent selective and sensitive response to S2O32- over other common anions with a micromolar limit of detection (0.442 μM) in DMSO/H2O (v/v, 1:1) buffer. The absorbance intensity and the color of Cu2+-p -CPIP solution changed gradually with the increase of S2O32- concentration. The proposed method was applied to the determination of S2O32- in milk samples and the recoveries were 97.5-105%. The preparation of Cu2+-p -CPIP exhibited the quick, simple and facile advantages. The results showed that Cu2+-p -CPIP can be a good candidate for simple, rapid and sensitive colorimetric detection of S2O32- in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huifang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Sha
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyue Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Derrien M, Yang L, Hur J. Lipid biomarkers and spectroscopic indices for identifying organic matter sources in aquatic environments: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 112:58-71. [PMID: 28131099 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of organic matter (OM) and the roles in global and local carbon cycles is challenging to the fields of environmental sciences and biogeochemistry. The accurate identification of OM is an essential element to achieve this goal. Lipids, due to their ubiquitous presence and diagenetic and chemical stability, have long and successfully been used as molecular makers in assessing the sources and the fate of OM in natural environments. In parallel, optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been suggested as efficient tools in tracing OM sources. In this review, three representative lipid biomarkers and several common spectroscopic indices were compared for their capabilities to identify OM sources in various aquatic environments. Spectroscopic indices present various benefits in term of the high sensitivity, easy and rapid analysis, and a low cost, providing reliable information on major sources (i.e., autochthonous, allochthonous and anthropogenic) of DOM in given systems investigated. However, for further understanding the associated biogeochemistry (e.g., diagenetic changes in sources), using biomarkers is preferable due to their abilities to identify a wide spectrum of different sources simultaneously as well as their high resolution for mixed OM sources. Thus, a complementary use of both tools is highly recommended for accurately tracking OM sources and the dynamics in aquatic systems, particularly in a watershed affected by multiple sources. Nevertheless, future studies need to be carried out (1) to refine the accuracy of the source assignments in a wide range of settings along with the development of an extensive database encompassing various sources, environmental factors, and geographical locations and (2) to understand how biogeochemical processes reflect the biomarkers and the spectroscopic indices used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Derrien
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Liyang Yang
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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11
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Temporal-Lara B, Melendez-Pastor I, Gómez I, Navarro-Pedreño J. Wastewater Biosolid Composting Optimization Based on UV-VNIR Spectroscopy Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1919. [PMID: 27854280 PMCID: PMC5134578 DOI: 10.3390/s16111919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment generates large amounts of organic matter-rich sludge that requires adequate treatment to avoid public health and environmental problems. The mixture of wastewater sludge and some bulking agents produces a biosolid to be composted at adequate composting facilities. The composting process is chemically and microbiologically complex and requires an adequate aeration of the biosolid (e.g., with a turner machine) for proper maturation of the compost. Adequate (near) real-time monitoring of the compost maturity process is highly difficult and the operation of composting facilities is not as automatized as other industrial processes. Spectroscopic analysis of compost samples has been successfully employed for compost maturity assessment but the preparation of the solid compost samples is difficult and time-consuming. This manuscript presents a methodology based on a combination of a less time-consuming compost sample preparation and ultraviolet, visible and short-wave near-infrared spectroscopy. Spectroscopic measurements were performed with liquid compost extract instead of solid compost samples. Partial least square (PLS) models were developed to quantify chemical fractions commonly employed for compost maturity assessment. Effective regression models were obtained for total organic matter (residual predictive deviation-RPD = 2.68), humification ratio (RPD = 2.23), total exchangeable carbon (RPD = 2.07) and total organic carbon (RPD = 1.66) with a modular and cost-effective visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectroradiometer. This combination of a less time-consuming compost sample preparation with a versatile sensor system provides an easy-to-implement, efficient and cost-effective protocol for compost maturity assessment and near-real-time monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Temporal-Lara
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche (UMH), Avenida Universidad s/n Edificio Alcudia, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Melendez-Pastor
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche (UMH), Avenida Universidad s/n Edificio Alcudia, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Gómez
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche (UMH), Avenida Universidad s/n Edificio Alcudia, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Jose Navarro-Pedreño
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche (UMH), Avenida Universidad s/n Edificio Alcudia, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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12
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Carstea EM, Bridgeman J, Baker A, Reynolds DM. Fluorescence spectroscopy for wastewater monitoring: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 95:205-19. [PMID: 26999254 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater quality is usually assessed using physical, chemical and microbiological tests, which are not suitable for online monitoring, provide unreliable results, or use hazardous chemicals. Hence, there is an urgent need to find a rapid and effective method for the evaluation of water quality in natural and engineered systems and for providing an early warning of pollution events. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been shown to be a valuable technique to characterize and monitor wastewater in surface waters for tracking sources of pollution, and in treatment works for process control and optimization. This paper reviews the current progress in applying fluorescence to assess wastewater quality. Studies have shown that, in general, wastewater presents higher fluorescence intensity compared to natural waters for the components associated with peak T (living and dead cellular material and their exudates) and peak C (microbially reprocessed organic matter). Furthermore, peak T fluorescence is significantly reduced after the biological treatment process and peak C is almost completely removed after the chlorination and reverse osmosis stages. Thus, simple fluorometers with appropriate wavelength selectivity, particularly for peaks T and C could be used for online monitoring in wastewater treatment works. This review also shows that care should be taken in any attempt to identify wastewater pollution sources due to potential overlapping fluorophores. Correlations between fluorescence intensity and water quality parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total organic carbon (TOC) have been developed and dilution of samples, typically up to ×10, has been shown to be useful to limit inner filter effect. It has been concluded that the following research gaps need to be filled: lack of studies on the on-line application of fluorescence spectroscopy in wastewater treatment works and lack of data processing tools suitable for rapid correction and extraction of data contained in fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) for real-time studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfrida M Carstea
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor 409, 077125, Magurele, Romania.
| | - John Bridgeman
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Andy Baker
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Darren M Reynolds
- Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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13
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Li F, Wei Y, Chen Y, Li D, Zhang X. An Intelligent Optical Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Method Based on a Fluorescent Quenching Mechanism. SENSORS 2015; 15:30913-26. [PMID: 26690176 PMCID: PMC4721757 DOI: 10.3390/s151229837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key factor that influences the healthy growth of fishes in aquaculture. The DO content changes with the aquatic environment and should therefore be monitored online. However, traditional measurement methods, such as iodometry and other chemical analysis methods, are not suitable for online monitoring. The Clark method is not stable enough for extended periods of monitoring. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an intelligent DO measurement method based on the fluorescence quenching mechanism. The measurement system is composed of fluorescent quenching detection, signal conditioning, intelligent processing, and power supply modules. The optical probe adopts the fluorescent quenching mechanism to detect the DO content and solves the problem, whereas traditional chemical methods are easily influenced by the environment. The optical probe contains a thermistor and dual excitation sources to isolate visible parasitic light and execute a compensation strategy. The intelligent processing module adopts the IEEE 1451.2 standard and realizes intelligent compensation. Experimental results show that the optical measurement method is stable, accurate, and suitable for online DO monitoring in aquaculture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yaoguang Wei
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yingyi Chen
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Daoliang Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Pospíšilová M, Kuncová G, Trögl J. Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Fiber-Optic Bio-Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:25208-59. [PMID: 26437407 PMCID: PMC4634516 DOI: 10.3390/s151025208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes principles and current stage of development of fiber-optic chemical sensors (FOCS) and biosensors (FOBS). Fiber optic sensor (FOS) systems use the ability of optical fibers (OF) to guide the light in the spectral range from ultraviolet (UV) (180 nm) up to middle infrared (IR) (10 μm) and modulation of guided light by the parameters of the surrounding environment of the OF core. The introduction of OF in the sensor systems has brought advantages such as measurement in flammable and explosive environments, immunity to electrical noises, miniaturization, geometrical flexibility, measurement of small sample volumes, remote sensing in inaccessible sites or harsh environments and multi-sensing. The review comprises briefly the theory of OF elaborated for sensors, techniques of fabrications and analytical results reached with fiber-optic chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pospíšilová
- Czech Technical University, Faculty of Biomedical Engeneering, Nám. Sítná 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Kuncová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, ASCR, Rozvojová 135, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Trögl
- Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, KrálovaVýšina 3132/7, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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15
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Yang L, Han DH, Lee BM, Hur J. Characterizing treated wastewaters of different industries using clustered fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC and FT-IR spectroscopy: implications for downstream impact and source identification. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 127:222-228. [PMID: 25746920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The quantity and spectroscopic features of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in treated wastewaters were studied for up to 57 facilities across 12 industrial categories to evaluate the potential influences of the effluents on downstream ecosystems and the feasibility of spectroscopic techniques in discriminating pollution sources. The average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was 3.30±0.70-73.4±14.0 mg L(-1) for each category, high enough to pollute downstream waterbodies. The average specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA) for each category spanned a broad range between 0.79±0.24 and 5.35±1.41 L(mg m)(-1), suggesting a variable aromaticity of DOM. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) identified four humic-like and two protein-like components. The EEMs were grouped into seven clusters, five of which were dominated by a single PARAFAC component in each cluster. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed notable variations in relative intensities of several characteristic absorbance bands among different wastewaters. The large variability in SUVA, PARAFAC and FT-IR features indicated that the chemical composition of DOM greatly differ among industrial wastewaters, and further implied variable biogeochemical reactivity in downstream waterbodies. The results also suggested the potential of DOM features in discriminating different wastewaters, although the variations within each industrial category were also significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yang
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Dae Ho Han
- Division of Water Environment, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 339-007, South Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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16
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Yang L, Kim D, Uzun H, Karanfil T, Hur J. Assessing trihalomethanes (THMs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potentials in drinking water treatment plants using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 121:84-91. [PMID: 25475970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is a major challenge in drinking water treatments. This study explored the applicability of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) for assessing the formation potentials (FPs) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and the treatability of THM and NDMA precursors in nine drinking water treatment plants. Two humic-like and one tryptophan-like components were identified for the samples using PARAFAC. The total THM FP (TTHM FP) correlated strongly with humic-like component C2 (r=0.874), while NDMA FP showed a moderate and significant correlation with the tryptophan-like component C3 (r=0.628). The reduction by conventional treatment was more effective for C2 than C3, and for TTHM FP than NDMA FP. The treatability of DOM and TTHM FP correlated negatively with the absorption spectral slope (S275-295) and biological index (BIX) of the raw water, but it correlated positively with humification index (HIX). Our results demonstrated that PARAFAC components were valuable for assessing DBPs FP in drinking water treatments, and also that the raw water quality could affect the treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yang
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Habibullah Uzun
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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17
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Chong SS, Aziz ARA, Harun SW, Arof H. Temperature compensation in determining of Remazol black B concentrations using plastic optical fiber based sensor. SENSORS 2014; 14:15836-48. [PMID: 25166498 PMCID: PMC4208148 DOI: 10.3390/s140915836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the construction and test of tapered plastic optical fiber (POF) sensors, based on an intensity modulation approach are described. Tapered fiber sensors with different diameters of 0.65 mm, 0.45 mm, and 0.35 mm, were used to measure various concentrations of Remazol black B (RBB) dye aqueous solutions at room temperature. The concentrations of the RBB solutions were varied from 0 ppm to 70 ppm. In addition, the effect of varying the temperature of the RBB solution was also investigated. In this case, the output of the sensor was measured at four different temperatures of 27 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C, while its concentration was fixed at 50 ppm and 100 ppm. The experimental results show that the tapered POF with d = 0.45 mm achieves the best performance with a reasonably good sensitivity of 61 × 10−4 and a linearity of more than 99%. It also maintains a sufficient and stable signal when heat was applied to the solution with a linearity of more than 97%. Since the transmitted intensity is dependent on both the concentration and temperature of the analyte, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to combine the two independent variables into a single equation. The resulting equation was then validated experimentally and the best agreement between the calculated and experimental results was achieved by the sensor with d = 0.45 mm, where the minimum discrepancy is less than 5%. The authors conclude that POF-based sensors are suitable for RBB dye concentration sensing and, with refinement in fabrication, better results could be achieved. Their low fabrication cost, simple configuration, accuracy, and high sensitivity would attract many potential applications in chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Sin Chong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - A R Abdul Aziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sulaiman W Harun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hamzah Arof
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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18
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Yang L, Shin HS, Hur J. Estimating the concentration and biodegradability of organic matter in 22 wastewater treatment plants using fluorescence excitation emission matrices and parallel factor analysis. SENSORS 2014; 14:1771-86. [PMID: 24448170 PMCID: PMC3926638 DOI: 10.3390/s140101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at monitoring the changes of fluorescent components in wastewater samples from 22 Korean biological wastewater treatment plants and exploring their prediction capabilities for total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the biodegradability of the wastewater using an optical sensing technique based on fluorescence excitation emission matrices and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Three fluorescent components were identified from the samples by using EEM-PARAFAC, including protein-like (C1), fulvic-like (C2) and humic-like (C3) components. C1 showed the highest removal efficiencies for all the treatment types investigated here (69% ± 26%-81% ± 8%), followed by C2 (37% ± 27%-65% ± 35%), while humic-like component (i.e., C3) tended to be accumulated during the biological treatment processes. The percentage of C1 in total fluorescence (%C1) decreased from 54% ± 8% in the influents to 28% ± 8% in the effluents, while those of C2 and C3 (%C2 and %C3) increased from 43% ± 6% to 62% ± 9% and from 3% ± 7% to 10% ± 8%, respectively. The concentrations of TOC, DOC, BOD, and COD were the most correlated with the fluorescence intensity (Fmax) of C1 (r = 0.790-0.817), as compared with the other two fluorescent components. The prediction capability of C1 for TOC, BOD, and COD were improved by using multiple regression based on Fmax of C1 and suspended solids (SS) (r = 0.856-0.865), both of which can be easily monitored in situ. The biodegradability of organic matter in BOD/COD were significantly correlated with each PARAFAC component and their combinations (r = -0.598-0.613, p < 0.001), with the highest correlation coefficient shown for %C1. The estimation capability was further enhanced by using multiple regressions based on %C1, %C2 and C3/C2 (r = -0.691).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yang
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-ku, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-ku, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-ku, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
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